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TRENDS IN FOOD AND NUTRIENT
INTAKES IN IRELAND
Janette Walton PhD
School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, UCC
Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance
www.iuna.net
Dietary surveys of Irish adults (18-64y)
National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008-2010)
4-day semi-weighed food diary
Nutrient intake estimated using UK food composition tables updated with Irish data
Anthropometry (measured)
North South of Ireland Food Consumption Survey (NSIFCS) (1997-1999)
7-day estimated food diary
Nutrient intake estimated using UK food composition tables updated with Irish data
Anthropometry (measured)
Irish National Nutrition Survey (INNS) (1988-1989)
7 day diet history
Anthropometry (measured)
Change in Body Mass Index (BMI)
25.7a24.9a26.9b
25.8b27.6c 26.4b
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Men Women
kg/m
2
INNS (1988-89) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
Boylan et al. 2013 PHN (In press)
Significance P<0.05 denoted by different superscript
Change in Weight Status Men (18-64y)
4133 30
51
4644
820 26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
INNS (1988-99) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
%
Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) Obese( ≥30kg/m2)
Boylan et al. 2013 PHN (In press)
Change in Weight Status Women (18-64y)
56 50 47
2833
31
13 16 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
INNS (1988-99) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
%
Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) Obese( ≥30kg/m2)
Boylan et al. 2013 PHN (In press)
Change in Food Intake between NSIFCS(1997-99) and
NANS (2008-10)
-17
6351
-13
17
96
-37
-6
92
-1
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
%
Change in patterns of bread intake (g/d)
78
51
45
52
15
12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
g/d Other
Brown/wholemeal
White
Change in patterns of breakfast cereal intake (g/d)
16
33
19
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
g/d
RTEBC
Porridge type
Change in patterns of milk intake (g/d)
150
102
88
93
5
17
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
g/d Other
Reduced fat
Whole
Change in patterns of fruit & vegetable intake (g/d)
104 94
17 20
97 91
33 50
0
100
200
300
400
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
g/d
Fruit Juice
Fruit
Vegetable Dishes
Vegetables
WHO recommendation of 400g/d
Change in macronutrient intake
15.6
35.2
44.3
4.6
16.9
33.8
42.6
5.30
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Protein (%TE) Fat (%TE) Carbohydrate (%TE)
Alcohol (% TE)
%
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
Change in dietary salt intake (g/d)
8.8
6.2
8.0
5.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Men Women
g/d
Mean daily salt intake (dietary)
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
Urinary data NANS : Additional intake of 25-30% from discretionary salt
FSAI target population intake of 6g/d
Changes in dietary salt sources
Food group NSIFCS
1997-99
NANS
2008-10
Difference
Salt intake (g/d)
Breads 2.10 1.50 ↓ 0.60
Cured/processed meats 1.68 1.33 ↓ 0.35
Spreading fats 0.48 0.23 ↓ 0.25
Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals 0.35 0.23 ↓ 0.10
Milk/milk products 0.68 0.60 ↓ 0.08
Processed vegetables/veg dishes 0.10 0.28 ↑0.18
Savouries including pizza/pasta dishes 0.24 0.33 ↑0.09
Change in Dietary Fibre intake (g/d)
24.6
18.921.1
17.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Men Women
g/d
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
*
* Denotes significant difference P<0.05
Dietary Fibre adequacy(NANS)
33.9
66.1
Men
Meeting recommendation
Not meeting recommendation
16.6
83.4
Women
Excludes under-reporters for energy Bannon 2011 PhD thesis
EFSA 2010 recommendation of Dietary Fibre Intake≥25g/d
13
24
20
26
45
14
35
21
12
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Vit A Vit D Vit E Vit B1 Vit B2 Vit B6 Vit B12 Folate Calcium Iron
%
Change in micronutrient intake between
NSIFCS(1997-99) and NANS (2008-10) Men
Change in micronutrient intake between
NSIFCS(1997-99) and NANS (2008-10) Women
138
29
6265
17
95
29
67
40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Vitamin D intake and adequacy
3.2 3.1
0.5 1.2
0
5
10
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
µg
/d
Nutritionsl Supplements
Food Sources
NANS (18-64y)
% population (18-64y)
Intake <10µg (IOM, 2010) 93%
Intake < 5µg 73%
Vitamin D status (NANS 2008-10)(18-64y)
2.8
14.1
27.7
10.9
30.8
55.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
<30nmol/l <40nmol/l <50nmol/l
Serum 25(OH)D
Summer
Winter
Cashman et al. (2013) Br J Nutr, 109, 1248-56.
Iron intake & status(women 18-50y)
10
10.5
4.1 3.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
mg
/d
Nutritional supplements
Food Sources
NANS (dietary & biochemical data)
Inadequate intake (%<EAR) 53%
Low Hb levels 8%
Low Fe stores 14%
Fe deficiency 4%
Folate intakes(women 18-50y)
Compliance with the folic acid supplementation recommendation of 400µg is low (6%)
This additional intake of 59µg may result in approx 13% reduction in risk of NTD-affected births*
223
254
34
62
0
100
200
300
400
NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)
µg
/d Nutritional Supplements
Food Sources
*estimated by linear extrapolation as per (Daly et al 1997 The Lancet 350,1666-1669)
Conclusions
↑ in prevalence of obesity in both men and women
↑ trend in intake of breakfast cereals, ‘rice, pasta &
savouries’ and yoghurts
↓ trend in intakes of bread, milk & spreading fats
No change in intakes of meat, fruit, vegetables or
alcoholic beverages
Conclusions
↓ in intake of fat-still higher than recommended
↓ in intake of salt but still higher than recommended
DF intakes inadequate for both men and women with intakes ↓ for men
↑trends in micronutrient intake
Nutritional supplements
Fortified foods
Vit D (men and women) and iron and folate (women of child-bearing age) still of public health concern
Acknowledgements
IUNA survey teams in UCC, UCD and UU led by Prof
Albert Flynn, Prof Mike Gibney & Prof Sean Strain
This work was funded by the Department of Agriculture,
Food and the Marine and the HRB under their joint Food
for Health Research Initiative (2007-2012).
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