TRENDS IN FOOD AND NUTRIENT

INTAKES IN IRELAND

Janette Walton PhD

School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, UCC

Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance

www.iuna.net

Dietary surveys of Irish adults (18-64y)

National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008-2010)

4-day semi-weighed food diary

Nutrient intake estimated using UK food composition tables updated with Irish data

Anthropometry (measured)

North South of Ireland Food Consumption Survey (NSIFCS) (1997-1999)

7-day estimated food diary

Nutrient intake estimated using UK food composition tables updated with Irish data

Anthropometry (measured)

Irish National Nutrition Survey (INNS) (1988-1989)

7 day diet history

Anthropometry (measured)

Change in Body Mass Index (BMI)

25.7a24.9a26.9b

25.8b27.6c 26.4b

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Men Women

kg/m

2

INNS (1988-89) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

Boylan et al. 2013 PHN (In press)

Significance P<0.05 denoted by different superscript

Change in Weight Status Men (18-64y)

4133 30

51

4644

820 26

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

INNS (1988-99) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

%

Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) Obese( ≥30kg/m2)

Boylan et al. 2013 PHN (In press)

Change in Weight Status Women (18-64y)

56 50 47

2833

31

13 16 21

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

INNS (1988-99) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

%

Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) Obese( ≥30kg/m2)

Boylan et al. 2013 PHN (In press)

Change in Food Intake between NSIFCS(1997-99) and

NANS (2008-10)

-17

6351

-13

17

96

-37

-6

92

-1

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

%

Change in patterns of bread intake (g/d)

78

51

45

52

15

12

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

g/d Other

Brown/wholemeal

White

Change in patterns of breakfast cereal intake (g/d)

16

33

19

24

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

g/d

RTEBC

Porridge type

Change in patterns of milk intake (g/d)

150

102

88

93

5

17

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

g/d Other

Reduced fat

Whole

Change in patterns of fruit & vegetable intake (g/d)

104 94

17 20

97 91

33 50

0

100

200

300

400

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

g/d

Fruit Juice

Fruit

Vegetable Dishes

Vegetables

WHO recommendation of 400g/d

Change in macronutrient intake

15.6

35.2

44.3

4.6

16.9

33.8

42.6

5.30

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Protein (%TE) Fat (%TE) Carbohydrate (%TE)

Alcohol (% TE)

%

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

Change in dietary salt intake (g/d)

8.8

6.2

8.0

5.9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Men Women

g/d

Mean daily salt intake (dietary)

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

Urinary data NANS : Additional intake of 25-30% from discretionary salt

FSAI target population intake of 6g/d

Changes in dietary salt sources

Food group NSIFCS

1997-99

NANS

2008-10

Difference

Salt intake (g/d)

Breads 2.10 1.50 ↓ 0.60

Cured/processed meats 1.68 1.33 ↓ 0.35

Spreading fats 0.48 0.23 ↓ 0.25

Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals 0.35 0.23 ↓ 0.10

Milk/milk products 0.68 0.60 ↓ 0.08

Processed vegetables/veg dishes 0.10 0.28 ↑0.18

Savouries including pizza/pasta dishes 0.24 0.33 ↑0.09

Change in Dietary Fibre intake (g/d)

24.6

18.921.1

17.3

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Men Women

g/d

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

*

* Denotes significant difference P<0.05

Dietary Fibre adequacy(NANS)

33.9

66.1

Men

Meeting recommendation

Not meeting recommendation

16.6

83.4

Women

Excludes under-reporters for energy Bannon 2011 PhD thesis

EFSA 2010 recommendation of Dietary Fibre Intake≥25g/d

13

24

20

26

45

14

35

21

12

5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Vit A Vit D Vit E Vit B1 Vit B2 Vit B6 Vit B12 Folate Calcium Iron

%

Change in micronutrient intake between

NSIFCS(1997-99) and NANS (2008-10) Men

Change in micronutrient intake between

NSIFCS(1997-99) and NANS (2008-10) Women

138

29

6265

17

95

29

67

40

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%

Vitamin D intake and adequacy

3.2 3.1

0.5 1.2

0

5

10

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

µg

/d

Nutritionsl Supplements

Food Sources

NANS (18-64y)

% population (18-64y)

Intake <10µg (IOM, 2010) 93%

Intake < 5µg 73%

Vitamin D status (NANS 2008-10)(18-64y)

2.8

14.1

27.7

10.9

30.8

55.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

<30nmol/l <40nmol/l <50nmol/l

Serum 25(OH)D

Summer

Winter

Cashman et al. (2013) Br J Nutr, 109, 1248-56.

Iron intake & status(women 18-50y)

10

10.5

4.1 3.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

mg

/d

Nutritional supplements

Food Sources

NANS (dietary & biochemical data)

Inadequate intake (%<EAR) 53%

Low Hb levels 8%

Low Fe stores 14%

Fe deficiency 4%

Folate intakes(women 18-50y)

Compliance with the folic acid supplementation recommendation of 400µg is low (6%)

This additional intake of 59µg may result in approx 13% reduction in risk of NTD-affected births*

223

254

34

62

0

100

200

300

400

NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (2008-10)

µg

/d Nutritional Supplements

Food Sources

*estimated by linear extrapolation as per (Daly et al 1997 The Lancet 350,1666-1669)

Conclusions

↑ in prevalence of obesity in both men and women

↑ trend in intake of breakfast cereals, ‘rice, pasta &

savouries’ and yoghurts

↓ trend in intakes of bread, milk & spreading fats

No change in intakes of meat, fruit, vegetables or

alcoholic beverages

Conclusions

↓ in intake of fat-still higher than recommended

↓ in intake of salt but still higher than recommended

DF intakes inadequate for both men and women with intakes ↓ for men

↑trends in micronutrient intake

Nutritional supplements

Fortified foods

Vit D (men and women) and iron and folate (women of child-bearing age) still of public health concern

Acknowledgements

IUNA survey teams in UCC, UCD and UU led by Prof

Albert Flynn, Prof Mike Gibney & Prof Sean Strain

This work was funded by the Department of Agriculture,

Food and the Marine and the HRB under their joint Food

for Health Research Initiative (2007-2012).