View
221
Download
0
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are? Our next adventure is into genetics or the study of heredity. Heredity is the passage of design information (DNA) from the parent(s) to the offspring.
Citation preview
TOPIC 3 Genetic Continuity Chapter 9 - Patterns of
Inheritance
AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we
are? TOPIC 3 Genetic Continuity Chapter 9 - Patterns of
Inheritance
AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we
are? Our next adventure is into genetics or the study of heredity.
Heredity is the passage of design information (DNA) from the
parent(s) to the offspring. Nature Nurture vs. Chapter 9 - Patterns
of Inheritance
AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we
are? Nature vs. Nurture Nature-Nurture is the classic debate
concerning genetics (ones inherited genes - nature) vs. environment
(nurture). Which is more important? Are you more intelligent than
your friend because of the genes you were given by your parents or
because of how your parents/teachers/etc raised you? Or both Nature
Nurture vs. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance
AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we
are? Nature vs. Nurture Which do you think is more important, the
genes that store the information to build your RNA and proteins,
which built your mind, OR the environment that your mind was built
in? Where would you look to determine if nature or nurture is more
important? Identical twins (better yet, identical twins that were
separated at birth) Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance
AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we
are? The Pit-bull (left) and the Rottweiler (right) were both
artificially selected for their aggression and natural tendency to
guard objects. This means that this tendency is built into the
wiring of their brains, which were built by proteins in cells,
which were built from the information stored in the genes, which
came from the dogs parents Chapter 9 - Patterns of
Inheritance
AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we
are? The Pit-bull (left) and the Rottweiler (right) were both
artificially selected for their aggression and natural tendency to
guard objects. Artificial Selection: When humans choose which
offspring to mate, forcing certain characteristics (traits).
Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance
AIM: Describe the rules that govern how traits are inherited.
Conclusion: The environment can affect gene expression (how much
protein is made, etc) Ancient Greece, Hippocrates Chapter 3 - The
Molecules of Cells
AIM: Describe the structure of DNA and RNA? Reminder Chromosomes
(DNA; the books) contain thousands of genes (sentences) that code
for RNA and in turn protein. **Proteins built you and maintain you
and therefore they determine your traits. Haploid human genome is
~3 billion base pairs Genes therefore determine your traits (the
color of your eyes, height, shape of your face, skin color, etc)
Heredity is the passing of ones genes to their offspring. Chapter 8
- The cellular bases of reproduction and inheritance
AIM: Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle. Lets look at the structure
of DNA once more quickly Chapter 8 - The cellular bases of
reproduction and inheritance
AIM: Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle. C-G G-C A-T T-A C-G G-C
A-T T-A DNA Chromosome Chromatin
Chapter 8 - The cellular bases of reproduction and inheritance AIM:
Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle. DNA Double-stranded nucleic
acid (the books) stuck in the nucleus (the library) in eukaryotes
that contains the information (genes) to build every mRNA, tRNA and
rRNA. Chromosome A single piece of double-stranded DNA and
associated proteins like histones. Humans have 46 chromosomes in
every cell with a nucleus (a single book). Chromatin All of the
chromosomes in the nucleus combined. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology
of the Gene
NEW AIM: How is DNA replicated DNA REPLICATION Immediately after
determining the structure of DNA (1953), Watson and Crick proposed
what is known as the semi-conservative model of DNA replication,
and they happened to be correct although they would now know this
until experiments done by American geneticists Meselson and Stahl
in 1958 Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is DNA replicated The semi-conservative model GENERAL
OVERVIEW What must happen first? The DNA strands must separate
(hydrogen bonds are broken between A-T and C-G base pairs). An
enzyme known as DNA helicase does this (an enzyme that unwinds and
opens a helix is called a helicase get it?) Chapter 10 - Molecular
Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is DNA replicated? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the
Gene AIM: How is DNA replicated The semi-conservative model GENERAL
OVERVIEW Tattoo templates Now what must happen? -The two strands
called template or parent strands will be used as a template to
fill in the new strands. -The template is what you look at to make
a new copy. It is a pattern you follow. Chapter 10 - Molecular
Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is DNA replicated? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the
Gene AIM: How is DNA replicated The semi-conservative model GENERAL
OVERVIEW Nucleotides, which are in high concentration and randomly
diffusing around the cell (in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are
correctly paired and attached to each other (dehydration synthesis)
by the enzyme DNA polymerase Fig. 10.4A Chapter 10 - Molecular
Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is DNA replicated? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the
Gene AIM: How is DNA replicated The semi-conservative model GENERAL
OVERVIEW Parent or template strands Daughter or complementary
strands The result is two identical daughter chromosomes, each
containing one strand from the original parent molecule and one
newly synthesized strand called the daughter strand, which is
complementary to the parent strand (semi-conservative). Fig. 10.4A
GENE EXPRESSION Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to
protein? GENE EXPRESSION Going from Gene to Protein ? Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to
protein? How is the genetic information transmitted from DNA to
protein so that the proteins can build and maintain you? ? Fig.
10.6A ? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
What is the first step and what enzyme is involved? ? Fig. 10.6A
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to
protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Transcribe means to
make a written copy. mRNA is a copy of a segment of DNA, a gene.
They are the same language nucleic acid language. By RNA polymerase
Use skeletal muscle cell example and the second step? Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to
protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Translate means to
convert between languages. In this case, nucleic acid language is
translated into amino acid language by the ribosome and tRNA. By
the ribosome and tRNAs Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the
Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Reminder (analogy): The
nucleus is the library, the DNA/chromosomes are the reference books
that cannot leave the library, and the mRNA is the transcription or
copy of a small part of the DNA, a gene, that is slipped through
the nuclear pore to a ribosome (rRNA +proteins) in the cytosol that
will be involved in translating the nucleic acid language into
amino acid language (a polypeptide) with the help of tRNA. Do
bacteria have a library? They do not have a nucleustranscription
occurs in the semifluid (cytoplasm) Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology
of the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
Fig. 10.7 Reminder: A single chromosome has thousands of genes Each
gene codes for? A complementary piece of RNA (mRNA, tRNA or rRNA)
If the gene codes for mRNA, then the mRNA will code for? A protein
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to
protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology What does the
sentence say?
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic
information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic
Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino acid language)
Genetic Code: The rules by which information is encoded in DNA/mRNA
and translated into polypeptide sequences. The chromosomes are
books, which would make a gene just one sentence in these books
Transcribed strand is the antisense strand Chromosomes = Books Gene
= Sentence in the Book RNA = A copy of the sentence What does the
sentence say? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
Cracking the Genetic Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino
acid language) All English books are written using 26 letters
arranged into different combinations to make words, which are
combined to make sentences... RNA Nucleic Acid Language is MUCH
simpler Transcribed strand is the antisense strand Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
Cracking the Genetic Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino
acid language) RNA Nucleic Acid Language is MUCH simpler 1. There
are only 4 letters (A,U,G,C) 2. These letters combine to make
words, called codons, which are only 3 letters long. Transcribed
strand is the antisense strand Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of
the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
Cracking the Genetic Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino
acid language) RNA Nucleic Acid Language is MUCH simpler 1. There
are only 4 letters (A,U,G,C) 2. These letters combine to make
words, called codons, which are only 3 letters long. Transcribed
strand is the antisense strand How many different codons can be
made from the four letters? *Only 64 words in the entire language!!
(It could not be any simpler and still work) 4 x 4 x4 = 64 Chapter
10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
Cracking the Genetic Code (Deciphering DNA/RNA Language) What do
these 64 codons code for? 1. Sixty-One of the codons code for an
amino acid Transcribed strand is the antisense strand Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
Cracking the Genetic Code (Deciphering DNA/RNA Language) What do
these 64 codons code for? 1. Sixty-One of the codons code for an
amino acid Example: The codon AUG codes for the amino acid
Methionine (Met) this is typically the first or starting codon,
which make __________ the first amino acid of most proteins
Transcribed strand is the antisense strand Methionine Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein?
Cracking the Genetic Code (Deciphering DNA/RNA Language) What do
these 64 codons code for? 1. Sixty-One of the codons code for an
amino acid Example: The codon AUG codes for the amino acid
Methionine (Met) this is typically the first or starting codon,
which make __________ the first amino acid of most proteins
Transcribed strand is the antisense strand Methionine 2. Three of
the codons tell the ribosome to stop UAG, UAA, UGA NEW AIM: How is
genetic information transmitted from DNA to Protein?
The genetic code was cracked in the 1960s, just after the structure
of DNA was elucidated. The chart to the right is used to look up
any RNA codon and determine the amino acid it codes for ONLY 1.5%
of our genome codes for proteins The Genetic Code Fig. 10.8A NEW
AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to
Protein?
There are Sixty-One codons coding for amino acids, but there are
only how many amino acids? 20 What does that mean? Some amino acids
are coded for by more than one codon like Leu, which is coded for
by 6 codons! ONLY 1.5% of our genome codes for proteins The Genetic
Code Fig. 10.8A AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from
DNA to Protein?
OVERVIEW This is it! This is how every RNA/polypeptide in all of
your cells is made starting from the gene!! Fig Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
NEW AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Mutagenesis
Muta- = mutation = any change in the sequence of DNA -genesis=
origin or production of Therefore, mutagenesis means to Produce a
mutation or to produce any change in the DNA sequence of an
organism. What causes mutations? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of
the Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? What causes
mutations? PCBs - polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric
fluids in transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants,
stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring
and electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] mutations 1. Radiation Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? mutations 1.
Radiation UV light from the sun - gamma rays from outside Earth
(ex. Distant supernova) - Soil and certain rocks in the Earths
crust contain radioactive radon gas PCBs - polychlorobiphenyls -
were used as dielectric fluids in transformers and capacitors,
coolants, lubricants, stabilizing additives in flexible PVC
coatings of electrical wiring and electronic components, pesticide
extenders, cutting oils, flame retardants, hydraulic fluids,
sealants (used in caulking, etc), adhesives, wood floor
finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and in carbonless copy
paper.[2] -color TV, smoke detectors, computer monitors, X-ray
machines, nuclear plants, etc Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 1. High energy radiation
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 1. High energy radiation PCBs - polychlorobiphenyls -
were used as dielectric fluids in transformers and capacitors,
coolants, lubricants, stabilizing additives in flexible PVC
coatings of electrical wiring and electronic components, pesticide
extenders, cutting oils, flame retardants, hydraulic fluids,
sealants (used in caulking, etc), adhesives, wood floor
finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and in carbonless copy
paper.[2] Induced mutations A. Mutagens (carcinogens) 1. High
energy radiation
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 1. High energy radiation PCBs - polychlorobiphenyls -
were used as dielectric fluids in transformers and capacitors,
coolants, lubricants, stabilizing additives in flexible PVC
coatings of electrical wiring and electronic components, pesticide
extenders, cutting oils, flame retardants, hydraulic fluids,
sealants (used in caulking, etc), adhesives, wood floor
finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and in carbonless copy
paper.[2] Induced mutations A. Mutagens (carcinogens) 2. Chemicals
B. Pollutants
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 2. Chemicals B. Pollutants Ex. Cigarette Smoke PCBs -
polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric fluids in
transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants, stabilizing
additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and
electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] A List of known carcinogens in
cigarette smoke
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? A List of known carcinogens in
cigarette smoke IQ 92-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline)
Isoprene Lead 5-Methyl-chrysene 2-Naphthylamine Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen mustard Nitromethane 2-Nitropropane
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA, MEN)
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP, NPP)
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR, NPY) Polonium-210 (Radon 222) Propylene
oxide Safrole Styrene Tetrachloroethylene o-Toluidine
(2-methylaniline) Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acrylamide Acrylonitrile
2-Amino-3,4-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ)
3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1)
2-Amino-l-methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP)
2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1)
3-Amino-l-methyl-5H-pyrido {4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2
2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAaC)
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AaC) 4-Aminobiphenyl
2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2) 0-Anisidine
Arsenic Benz[a]anthracene Benzene Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Benzo[b]furan Beryllium 1,3-Butadiene Cadmium Catechol
(1,2-benzenediol) p-Chloroaniline Chloroform Cobalt p,p'-DDT
Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid
(caffeic acid) Ethylbenzene Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Furan
Glycidol Heptachlor Hydrazine Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene PCBs -
polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric fluids in
transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants, stabilizing
additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and
electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] Trichloroethylene Urethane (carbamic
acid, ethyl ester) Vinyl acetate Vinyl chloride 4-Vinylcyclohexene
2,6-Xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline) Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 2. Chemicals
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 2. Chemicals D. Food Additives i. Acesulfame K PCBs -
polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric fluids in
transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants, stabilizing
additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and
electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] ii. Artificial coloring (blue-1,
blue-2, red-3, yellow-6) iii. BHA and BHT iv. Nitrite and Nitrate
v. Olestra vi. Potassium Bromate Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 5. Certain drugs
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens
(carcinogens) 5. Certain drugs Ex. Chemotherapy drugs 6. Viruses
(Oncoviruses) PCBs - polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric
fluids in transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants,
stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring
and electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] a. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) b. EBV
(Epstein Barr Virus) c. Hepatitis C virus Types of Mutations that
can occur.
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Types of Mutations that can occur.
PCBs - polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric fluids in
transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants, stabilizing
additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and
electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] Somatic mutations vs germ line
mutations Types of Mutations Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the
Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Types of
Mutations Fig B Types of Mutations Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology
of the Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Types of
Mutations 1. Point mutations this type of mutation is called a
point mutation because it happens at a single point (single letter)
Types of Mutations Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Types of
Mutations In this case, the mutation caused an amino acid change in
the protein, which will cause a structural change in the
protein/polypeptide and possibly a change in the proteins function.
Types of Mutations Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Fig B 2.
Deletions one or more nucleotides are lost. If a multiple of 3 are
lost (3,6,9,etc), then only those amino acids are lost from the
polypeptide. However, if any other number are lost, all the amino
acids change (called a reading frame shift or a frame shift
mutation). Types of Mutations Types of Mutations Chapter 10 -
Molecular Biology of the Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Cause of Tay
Sachs 3. Insertions one or more nucleotides are gained. If a
multiple of 3 are inserted (3,6,9,etc), then new amino acids are
added to the polypeptide. However, if any other number are
inserted, all the amino acids change (reading frame shift). Types
of Mutations Types of Mutations Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of
the Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Large Scale
mutations (introduce congenital) Second copy is free of selective
pressures, mutations do not affect organisms typically Tends to
happen during crossing over or retrotransposition Accompanied by a
deletion - one gamete gets deletion, one gets duplication 1- major
role in evolution 2 - can result in overexpression of the gene -can
cause cancer if an oncogene is duplicated 4. Inversions Segments of
the DNA get flipped (inverted) Types of Mutations 1. Point mutants
or substitutions 2. Deletion 3. Insertion
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Types of Mutations 1. Point mutants
or substitutions 2. Deletion 3. Insertion 4. Inversion CML (chronic
myelogenous leukemia) Reciprocal Translocation Somatic Germline
mutations vs
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Somatic vs Germline mutations PCBs
- polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric fluids in
transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants, stabilizing
additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and
electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] Somatic mutations vs germ line
mutations Somatic (body cell) mutations
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? Somatic (body cell) mutations
Mutations occurring in body cells that can lead to cancer, but are
not heritable (CANNOT be passed to offspring). Is cancer itself
heritable? Cancer is NOT heritable, but the predisposition to get
cancer IS! PCBs - polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric
fluids in transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants,
stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring
and electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] Somatic mutations vs germ line
mutations Germline mutations Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the
Gene
AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Germline
mutations Germline cells - gametes and the cells that will become
gametes after meiosis. How are these mutations different? Mutations
that occur in these cells can be inherited by the offspring. These
are the critical ones in terms of evolution. PCBs -
polychlorobiphenyls - were used as dielectric fluids in
transformers and capacitors, coolants, lubricants, stabilizing
additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and
electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame
retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc),
adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and
in carbonless copy paper.[2] Somatic mutations vs germ line
mutations The mutations Randomly Create New Genes
Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes
altered and what is the result? What do all these germline
mutations have in common whether positive or negative? The
mutations Randomly Create New Genes Without mutation, there would
be no new genes, organisms would never change (no evolution!). Why
would this not be good? Because the environment changes over time,
and if organisms cannot change to keep up with it there will be no
organisms. GENETIC ENGINEERING Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the
Human Genome
Genetically modify organisms and transgenic organisms GENETIC
ENGINEERING Cry genes (produce Bt toxin) from Bacillus thurengensis
(Bt) put into peanut plant - European corn borer larvae Genetically
engineered sheep with the human gene responsible for the production
of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) transferred into their DNA. When the
AAT is eventually extracted from their milk, it will be used as
therapy for humans deficient in AAT. The deficiency causes
emphysema (a breathing disorder) in approximately 100,000 people in
the western world. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human
Genome
Genetically modify organisms and transgenic organisms Genetically
modified organisms (GMOs): -Organisms whose genes have been altered
using genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic organisms - Most
GMOs are transgenic organisms they have received genes from a
different organism. Cry genes (produce Bt toxin) from Bacillus
thurengensis (Bt) put into peanut plant - European corn borer
larvae Genetically engineered sheep with the human gene responsible
for the production of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) transferred into
their DNA. When the AAT is eventually extracted from their milk, it
will be used as therapy for humans deficient in AAT. The deficiency
causes emphysema (a breathing disorder) in approximately 100,000
people in the western world. Ex. A mouse is given a gene from a
human. The mouse is a transgenic GMO. Trans- ; across (across
species in this case) Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human
Genome
Genetically modify organisms (GMOs) and transgenic organisms GMOs
at home: GloFish Zebra danio 1. Zebra danio was genetically
engineered with a gene from sea coral that causes the fish to glow
in the presence of environmental toxins. 2. Gene was inserted into
the embryo of the fish. 3. First GMO available as a pet. GMO food:
Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome
Genetically modify organisms (GMOs) and transgenic organisms GMO
food: Ordinary rice Golden rice - Golden rice is genetically
engineered with genes that code for enzymes that make
beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A for countries deficient in
foods with Vit. A - This rice has never been used because of
environmental concerns. GMO medicine: AAT Sheep
Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome Genetically modify
organisms and transgenic organisms GMO medicine: Cry genes (produce
Bt toxin) from Bacillus thurengensis (Bt) put into peanut plant -
European corn borer larvae Genetically engineered sheep with the
human gene responsible for the production of alpha-1-antitrypsin
(AAT) transferred into their DNA. When the AAT is eventually
extracted from their milk, it will be used as therapy for humans
deficient in AAT. The deficiency causes emphysema (a breathing
disorder) in approximately 100,000 people in the western world.
Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is a glycoprotein and
generally known as serum trypsin inhibitor. Alpha 1- antitrypsin is
also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) because it
is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), inhibiting a wide variety
of proteases.[1] It protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory
cells, especially elastase, and has a reference range in blood of
gram/liter (in US the reference range is generally expressed as
mg/dL or micromoles), but the concentration can rise manyfold upon
acute inflammation.[2] In its absence, elastase is free to break
down elastin, which contributes to the elasticity of the lungs,
resulting in respiratory complications such as emphysema, or COPD
(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in adults and cirrhosis in
adults or children. AAT Sheep Genetically engineered sheep with the
human gene foralpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT). AAT is extracted from
their milk and used to treat humans deficient in AAT, which is one
cause of emphysema (a breathing disorder) in approximately 100,000
people in the western world. GMO medicine: E. Coli with the human
insulin gene
Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome Genetically modify
organisms and transgenic organisms GMO medicine: E. Coli with the
human insulin gene Cry genes (produce Bt toxin) from Bacillus
thurengensis (Bt) put into peanut plant - European corn borer
larvae Genetically engineered sheep with the human gene responsible
for the production of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) transferred into
their DNA. When the AAT is eventually extracted from their milk, it
will be used as therapy for humans deficient in AAT. The deficiency
causes emphysema (a breathing disorder) in approximately 100,000
people in the western world. Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or 1-antitrypsin
(A1AT) is a glycoprotein and generally known as serum trypsin
inhibitor. Alpha 1- antitrypsin is also referred to as alpha-1
proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) because it is a serine protease
inhibitor (serpin), inhibiting a wide variety of proteases.[1] It
protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory cells, especially
elastase, and has a reference range in blood of gram/liter (in US
the reference range is generally expressed as mg/dL or micromoles),
but the concentration can rise manyfold upon acute inflammation.[2]
In its absence, elastase is free to break down elastin, which
contributes to the elasticity of the lungs, resulting in
respiratory complications such as emphysema, or COPD (chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease) in adults and cirrhosis in adults or
children. - Insulin is made using the bacterium E. coli. - The
human gene coding for insulin is inserted into E. coli, which will
then make insulin for us (we will see how this is done shortly)
Review Slide Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome
How can we use bacteria to manipulate DNA and protein? Review Slide
Bacterial and human DNA is cut using restriction enzymes (enzymes
that act like DNA scissors) The DNA is then combined and added back
to a bacterium, which will make the protein or more of the gene
when it divides. Fig. 12.3
Recommended