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Topic 12: Free-Sporing Plants(Bryophytes & Pteridophytes)
Hoefnagels (2018) Section 19.2‐19.3 (p. 384‐387)Hardy & Wagner (2018) Bryophytes & Pteridophytes.
Optional: Rushforth et al. (2016). Chap6 (Bryophytes) & Chap 7 (Seedless Vascular Plants)
“Leafy” “Thalloid”
Dichotomously branched
Pores and polygonal air
chambers
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Pores and polygonal air
chambersGemmae cups
Antheridia on Antheridiophores
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© Karen Renzaglia.
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Leafy Liverwort
gametophyte
Sporophyte
Leafy Liverwort
gametophyte
Sporophyte
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Phyllids on simple axis
Archegonia atop female
Antheridia atop male
Sporophytes atop female
gameotphytes.
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A. Rhyniophytes
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B. Lycopods (e.g., club-mosses, spike-mosses)
• Extant• Microphylls & roots• Rhizomatous• Dichotomously branched• Sporangia axillary or on sporophylls
Lycopodium (ground-pine)
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Huperzia (shining-firmoss)
C. Horsetails & Scouring-Rushes
• Extant• Microphylls (reduced from macrophylls) & roots• Rhizomatous• Ribbed stems & hollow internodes• Whorled phyllotaxy• Lateral branching (interaxillary)• Sporangia in strobili
D. Ferns• Roots
• Stem usually short and rhizomatous
• Macrophyll leaves; alternate and in rosette; often pinnate, circinate vernation.
• Branching various
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D. Ferns• Leptosporangium
annulus
stalk
Jacket enclosing spores
D. Ferns• Leptosporangium
D. Ferns
• Sporangia in sori (singular, sorus) on abaxial leaf surface.
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D. Ferns
• Sori naked or indusiate.
D. Ferns
• Sori naked or indusiate.
E. Ancient Coal Swamps
• Carboniferous period (359-299 mya)
E. Ancient Coal Swamps
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Pteridophyte swamps. What good were these?
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Formation of Pangea• Destroyed much free-sporing habitat• Created dryer environment more conducive to seed plants• Seed plants better trees (with eustele & wood)
Surviving Free-sporing plants• Small and relegated to moister habitats
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