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The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies
The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies offers a lucidintroduction and overview of one of the most important strands in recentliterary theory and cultural studies. The volume aims to introduce readers tokey concepts, methods, theories, thematic concerns, and contemporary debatesin the field. Drawing on a wide range of disciplines, contributors explain theimpact of history, sociology, and philosophy on the study of postcolonial lit-eratures and cultures. Topics examined include everything from anticolonialnationalism and decolonization to globalization, migration flows, and the“brain drain” which constitute the past and present of “the postcolonialcondition.” The volume also pays attention to the sociological and ideolog-ical conditions surrounding the emergence of postcolonial literary studies asan academic field in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Companion turnsan authoritative, engaged, and discriminating lens on postcolonial literarystudies.
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THE CAMBRIDGE
COMPANION TO
POSTCOLONIALLITERARY STUDIES
EDITED BY
NEIL LAZARUS
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University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
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© Cambridge University Press 2004
Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004, 2011Second Edition 2012
Reprinted 2013
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataTh e Cambridge companion to postcolonial literary studies / [edited by] Neil Lazarus.
p. cm. – (Cambridge companions to literature)Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 0 521 82694 2 (hardback) – isbn 0 521 53418 6 (paperback)1. Postcolonialism in literature. 2. Decolonization in literature. 3. Postcolonialism.
4. Criticism – History – 20th century. I. Lazarus, Neil, 1953– II. Series.pn56.c63c36 2004
809 .93358 – dc22 2004040754
isbn 978-0-521-82694-5 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-53418-5 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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For Edward Said (1935–2003), who taught all of us
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CONTENTS
List of contributors page ixIndicative chronology xii
1 Introducing postcolonial studies 1neil lazarus
Part 1 Social and Historical Context
2 The global dispensation since 1945 19neil lazarus
3 Anticolonialism, national liberation, and postcolonialnation formation 41tamara sivanandan
4 The institutionalization of postcolonial studies 66benita parry
Part 2 The Shape of the Field
5 Postcolonial literature and the Western literary canon 83john marx
6 Poststructuralism and postcolonial discourse 97simon gikandi
7 From development to globalization: postcolonial studies andglobalization theory 120timothy brennan
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contents
8 Reading subaltern history 139priyamvada gopal
9 Temporality and postcolonial critique 162keya ganguly
Part 3 Sites of Engagement
10 Nationalism and postcolonial studies 183laura chrisman
11 Feminism in/and postcolonialism 199deepika bahri
12 Latin American postcolonial studies and globaldecolonization 221fernando coronil
13 Migrancy, hybridity, and postcolonial literary studies 241andrew smith
References 262Index 292
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CONTRIBUTORS
deepika bahri is Associate Professor of English at Emory University.She has published Native Intelligence: Aesthetics, Politics, and PostcolonialLiterature (2003), numerous essays in journals and collections, and co-editedRealms of Rhetoric (2003) and Between the Lines: South Asians and Post-coloniality (1996).
timothy brennan is Professor of Cultural Studies and ComparativeLiterature, and English, at the University of Minnesota, and the Directorof the Humanities Institute there. He has published widely on postcolonialstudies, social and cultural theory, comparative literature, and the problem ofintellectuals. He is the author of At Home in the World: CosmopolitanismNow (1997), Salman Rushdie and the Third World: Myths of the Nation(1989), and has edited and introduced Alejo Carpentier’s Music in Cuba(2001). He has just completed a book titled Cultures of Belief.
laura chrisman has published in the fields of postcolonial culturaltheory, black Atlantic cultural studies, South African literature, and Britishimperial literature and ideology. She is the author of Postcolonial Contra-ventions: Cultural Readings of Race, Empire and Transnationalism (2003)andRereading the Imperial Romance: British Imperialism and South AfricanResistance in Haggard, Schreiner and Plaatje (2000).
fernando coronil teaches in the Departments of History and Anthro-pology, and directs the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Program, atthe University of Michigan. He is the author of The Magical State: Nation,Money, and Modernity in Venezuela (1997), and has published widely insuch journals as Public Culture and Cultural Anthropology. His researchinterests include historical anthropology, capitalism, state formation, gen-der, and popular culture in Latin America.
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list of contributors
keya ganguly is Associate Professor in the Department of Cultural Stud-ies and Comparative Literature at the University of Minnesota. She is theauthor of States of Exception: EverydayLife andPostcolonial Identity (2001)and a senior editor ofCultural Critique. Her interests are in the social philos-ophy of the Frankfurt School, postcolonial studies, film theory, cultural stud-ies, and the intellectual history of modernism/modernity. She has publishedessays on critical theory, Indian cinema, popular culture, and the politics ofethnography, and is currently writing a book on the films of Satyajit Ray.
simon gikandi is Robert Hayden Professor of English Language andLiterature at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is author and editorof numerous works on postcolonial theory and the postcolonial literatures ofAfrica, the Caribbean, and the black Atlantic, includingWriting in Limbo:Modernism and Caribbean Literature (1992); Maps of Englishness: Writ-ing Identity in the Culture of Colonialism (1997); and Ngugi wa Thiong’o(2001). He is the editor of the Routledge Encyclopedia of African Litera-ture (2002), and co-editor (with Abiola Irele) of the Cambridge History ofAfrican and Caribbean Literature (2004).
priyamvada gopal is a University Lecturer at the Faculty of English,Cambridge University, and a Fellow of Churchill College. Her book onthe Indian Progressive Writers’ Association, Literary Radicalism in India:Gender, Nation and the Transition to Independence, will be published in2004.
neil lazarus is Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies atthe University of Warwick. He has published widely on postcolonial studies,social and cultural theory, and is the author of Resistance in PostcolonialAfrican Fiction (1990) and Nationalism and Cultural Practice in the Post-colonial World (1999), and co-editor, with Crystal Bartolovich, ofMarxism,Modernity and Postcolonial Studies (2001).
john marx is completing a bookmanuscript entitled “Modernist English”and beginning another called “Skepticism and the Arts of Global Adminis-tration.” His work has appeared in Modernism/Modernity, Diaspora, andNovel. He teaches modernist and contemporary literature and culture at theUniversity of Richmond.
benita parry is currently Honorary Professor in the Department ofEnglish and Comparative Literary Studies at the University of Warwick.She is the author of Delusions and Discoveries: Studies on India in the
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British Imagination, 1880–1930 (1972, republished 1998) and Conrad andImperialism: Ideological Boundaries and Visionary Frontiers (1983). Acollection of essays, Postcolonial Studies: AMaterialist Critique, will be pub-lished in 2004.
tamara sivanandan is Principal Lecturer in the Sociology and Crimi-nology group, School of Health and Social Sciences, atMiddlesex University.Her research interests are in race and representation, education, black Britishand Third-World politics and culture. She has written on postcolonial liter-atures and on issues of race in education.
andrew smith is currently the Sociological Review Fellow at the Univer-sity of Keele, and was previously an honorary research fellow of the Depart-ment of Sociology, University of Glasgow. His doctoral research focused onmigration and the Nigerian expatriate community in Scotland, and he haspublished articles dealing with postcolonial theory and with popular culturein West Africa.
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INDICATIVE CHRONOLOGY
Compiling a chronology for a volume such as this is a fraught undertaking.The more inclusive and comprehensive one tries to be, the greater becomesthe risk that the whole exercise will end up a baggy monster, shapeless andundiscriminating. Criteria for inclusion and exclusion are always relativelydifficult to justify and must, obviously, remain open to challenge. In drawingup the list that follows, I did not wantmerely to re-present in tabular form thematerial presented in the various chapters that make up this volume. Rather,my intentionwas to construct a list that gestures towards themultiplicity andhuge diversity, both of the literary works actually or potentially implicatedby the term “postcolonial literary studies,” and of the social and politicalevents that provide the overarching contexts for these works. As a field ofacademic specialization, postcolonial studies has tended (as several of thechapters in this volume suggest) to be overly schematic, restricted – not tosay attenuated – in its coverage, range of reference, and field of vision. Whatfollows is intended, therefore, in a rather utopian sense, as the outline of whatscholars in the field might – or ought to – consider within their purview.This chronology takes 1898 as its cut-off date. It would have been pos-
sible to begin earlier, of course – in 1870, say, or 1776, depending on whatone chose to emphasize; perhaps even much earlier, in 1492. To have doneso would have enabled one to reference some of the key historical eventsrelating to colonial conquest and resistance to it, to slavery, maroonage, andemancipation, and to the emergence of creole republicanism, anticolonialrevolution, and decolonization in the “New World” of the Americas. How-ever, while an expanded chronology of this kind would obviously have beenmore encyclopedic in its scope, and perhaps more fully representative of thework done in the field of postcolonial studies, it would also have been muchbulkier, more unwieldy, and, arguably, less reader-friendly than the one thatfollows. Moreover, 1898 does at least make a plausible cut-off date, inas-much as it is often taken to mark the emergence of the United States as animperialist power onto the world stage, and therefore to look forward to
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indicative chronology
the developments of the second half of the twentieth century – developmentsthat would leave the United States, by the end of that century, as the world’sonly hegemon and superpower.With respect to the historical events itemized, I have obviously referenced
those that might be said to be world-historical in their significance, as wellas those whose significance has resonated far beyond their specific locationin time and place. Uncontroversial examples of the first category wouldinclude the American destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in 1898,the Japanese sacking of Nanking (1937), the nuclear strikes on Hiroshimaand Nagasaki (1945), the partition of India (1947), the Chinese and Cubanrevolutions, the Vietnamese victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu in1954, the ethno-genocide in Rwanda in the mid-1990s, and the events of11 September 2001. Similarly uncontroversial examples of the second cate-gory would include the massacre at Jallianwallagh Bagh in Amritsar (1919),Abd al-Krim’s armed resistance to colonial domination in Morocco (1921–26), the massacre of Palestinian villagers by Zionist extremists at Dair Yasin(1948), the events at Sharpeville and Soweto in South Africa (1960 and1976, respectively), the American-assisted ouster and assassination of electedPresident Salvador Allende in Chile (1973), the Indonesian invasion andoccupation of East Timor (1975), and the military crackdown on studentdemonstrators at Tiananmen Square in Beijing (1989).In addition to events of these kinds, however, I have also chosen to include
references to events that might not themselves be world-historical, but thatare nevertheless epochal or otherwise decisive for those involved in them. Itseems particularly important to register events of this kind inasmuch as cri-tiques of Eurocentrism and of elitist or top-down historiography have beenamong the foundational gestures of postcolonial studies from the outset.So while it might be conceded that such events as the uprising against theFrench in Madagascar (1898–1904), the 1926 riots in Java and Sumatra,and the 1964 overthrow of Cheddi Jagan’s government in Guyana did notin themselves change the map of the world, they were nevertheless deeplyconsequential for those impacted by them, and they remain deeply conse-quential for contemporary researchers in postcolonial studies. Indeed, even ifsuch events are deemed relatively inconsequential when considered on theirown, their accumulative significance, as individual events in a sequence ofevents of a similar kind, is salutary. Thus if, between Madagascar in 1898and the East Indies in 1926, one inserts such events as the Ashanti Rebellionof 1900 in the Gold Coast, the 1904 uprisings by the Nama and Herero peo-ples in South West Africa and the Acehnese in Sumatra, the Maji Maji revoltof 1905–7 in Tanganyika, the Bambatha Rebellion of 1906 in South Africa,insurrections inCuba (1906) andNicaragua (1909), the onset of theMexican
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indicative chronology
revolution in 1910, and the overthrow of the empire and the establishmentof a republic in China (1911), one comes very quickly to an understandingof how ubiquitous and how continuous has been the resistance to colonialrule and imperialist domination.By the same token, let us think of the ouster of Cheddi Jagan in 1964 not
on its own but alongside such other more or less contemporaneous eventsas the following: the military coup in Thailand (1959) that served to usherin Sarit Thanarat’s dictatorship; the crisis in the Congo (1960) occasionedby the overthrow and then subsequently the murder of Patrice Lumumba;the toppling of the US-sponsored dictatorship of Syngman Rhee in the April19 revolution of 1960, followed, all too soon, by General Park Chung-hee’smilitary coup and the restoration of dictatorship in South Korea; the US-sponsored Bay of Pigs episode (1961); the massive clamp-down on leftistsin Peru (1963); the escalation of the US military campaign against Vietnamthroughout the mid-1960s; the US-backed military coup against a left-winggovernment in Brazil (1964); the Western-assisted military coups of Bokassain the Central African Republic,Mobutu in the Congo, Suharto in Indonesia,and Boumedienne in Algeria (all 1965); the intervention of US troops in theDominican Republic and the installation there of a puppet regime (1965); theassassination of Mozambican liberation struggle leader Eduardo Mondlane(1965); and the ousting of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana in a military coup(1966). To consider these events together is to understand that if it has, self-evidently, been hideously difficult to construct democracy in the postcolonialworld, one of the primary reasons for this has been the continuous and activesubversion of democracy and the “will of the people” by imperialist intrigueand military might, deriving invariably (in the post-1945 world) from theUnited States.The Chronology includes dates for the acquisition of political indepen-
dence in numerous former colonial territories, from Syria and Lebanon in1945, the Philippines in 1946, and India in 1947 to Namibia in 1990 andEritrea in 1993. It does not, however, detail the formation of the myriadparties, organizations, fronts, and alliances that fought for independence inall these territories. The one exception to this is the Indonesian CommunistParty (PKI), formed in 1920, which warrants special mention both because itgrew to become the largest such party outside the Soviet Union, and becauseit was so brutally crushed, with the physical liquidation of hundreds of thou-sands of its members, by the police and military of Suharto’s “New Order”regime in 1965–66.Also not included in the Chronology are details relating to the “white”
Anglophone settler colonies of Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. Therehas been some debate in postcolonial studies over the status of these societies
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as erstwhile colonies and therefore contemporary “post-colonies.” Withoutgoing into this debate, however, it seems to me that little would be gainedby treating twentieth-century developments in Canada, New Zealand, Aus-tralia, and, for that matter, the United States in analogy with developmentsin such societies as Cuba, East Timor, Mali, Malaysia, and Mexico.The left-hand column in the Chronology is devoted to “Political/Historical
Events,” in terms of the criteria specified above. The right-hand column isthen devoted to writings of various kinds. These writings can be categorizedunder the following rubrics:a) instances of colonial discourse (fictional or non-fictional) – examples
include Joseph Conrad’sHeart of Darkness and Albert Sarraut’s The Eco-nomic Development of the French Colonies;
b) writings byWestern authors that have proved valuable to the general causeof anticolonialism or anti-imperialism – examples include E. D. Morel’sThe Congo Slave State and Lenin’s Imperialism: The Highest Stage ofCapitalism;
c) important political writings by representatives of “colonial” peoples –examples include M. N. Roy’s India in Transition and Sun Yat-sen’s TheThree Principles of the People;
d) works of literature by colonial and postcolonial writers – examplesinclude Rabindranath Tagore’sHome and theWorld andNizar Qabbani’sOn Entering the Sea;
e) important critical and/or scholarly writings by colonial and postcolonialauthors: examples include Jose Enrique Rodo’s Ariel and Eric Williams’sCapitalism and Slavery;
f) key texts in the academic field of postcolonial studies: examples includeEdwardW. Said’sCulture and Imperialism and Declan Kiberd’s InventingIreland: The Literature of the Modern Nation.
I have used the following abbreviations to signal the status of the writingscited:A autobiographyCD colonial discourseD dramaF fictionNF non-fictionP poetryKT key text in postcolonial studiesIn most cases, writers are cited only once – to signal their entry into promi-nence or else their most significant work. Thus the Ghanaian writer AyiKwei Armah is listed under 1968, the date of publication of his first, andstill his best-known, novel, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born. In some
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limited cases, however, writers are cited more than once, to signal their writ-ing of a second (or even third) especially significant work. Thus GabrielGarcıa Marquez is listed under 1967 (the date of publication of One Hun-dred Years of Solitude) but also 1985 (the date of publication of Love inthe Time of Cholera, which many consider to be an even greater work);and the same is true of Nadine Gordimer, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, and SalmanRushdie, among others. Still other writers receive double (or multiple) cita-tions because their work has been important in different contexts: thus WoleSoyinka appears as the author of the drama The Road in 1965, the vol-ume of poetry, Idanre in 1967, the critical volumeMyth, Literature and theAfrican World in 1976, and of course as the recipient of the Nobel Prize forLiterature in 1986.In almost every case, I have listed the work cited under an English title,
even where (as in the case of Yi Kwang-su’s 1917 novel, Heartlessness, orHafiz Ibrahim’s 1937Diwan, for example) no translation exists as yet.Wheretranslations into English exist, I have used the available title, but indexed tothe date of original publication of the work in question: Edouard Glissant’sLa lezardewas translated into English under the title of The Ripening only in1985, for instance, but it appears in the Chronology asThe Ripening (1958) –the date of original publication of La lezarde.Finally, it needs to be said that the list of works of creative literature
provided here is not intended to serve as a “postcolonial canon” in anysense. Rather it is meant to testify to the vast range and sheer diversity of theliterary works that might be said to fall within the compass of “postcolonialstudies” as a field of academic specialization.
Neil Lazarus
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Chronology
Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
1898
Spanish–American
War:destruction
ofSpanishfleetinManila
Bay
announcesem
ergenceof
USas
imperialistpower;invictory,US
acquiresPhilippines,C
uba,Puerto
Rico,andGuamfrom
Spain;US
immediatelymovesto
putdowninsurrection
(189
6–19
02)inthe
Philippines
Sudan:Battleof
Omdurm
an,M
ahdistforcesdefeated
byBritish
Madagascar:revoltagainstFrench
colonialpower(–
1904)
1899
SouthAfrica:outbreak
ofAnglo-BoerWar
(–19
02)
Joseph
Conrad,HeartofDarkness(F;C
D)
Rudyard
Kipling,TheWhiteMan’sBurden(N
F;CD)
1900
China:B
oxerRebellion,anti-W
estern
uprising;forciblyputdown
ForakerActrendersPuerto
Ricoacolony
oftheUS
GoldCoast:A
shantirebellion
FirstPan-African
Conference,London
Solomon
T.Plaatje(South
Africa),BoerWarDiary
(NF)
JoseEnrique
Rodo,Ariel(N
F)
1901
Rudyard
Kipling,Kim
(F;C
D)
1902
Cuba:PlattAmendm
ent;USappropriatespartof
Guantanam
oBay;
imposesquasi-protectoratestatus
onCuba
J.A.H
obson,Imperialism(N
F)
1903
USoccupiesPanama,forcingitsseparation
from
Colom
bia
E.D
.Morel,TheCongoSlaveState(N
F)
1904
Russo-JapaneseWar,ends(1
905)
withdefeatof
Russians
Nam
ibia:uprisingof
HereroandNam
aagainstGerman
rule
EastIndies:revoltby
AcehneseinSumatra;forciblyputdown
Joseph
Conrad,Nostromo(F;C
D)
1905
India:launch
ofswadeshi(“of
ourow
ncountry”)movem
ent(–
1908),
inprotestatBritish
decision
topartitionBengal
Tanganyika:M
ajiM
ajirevolt(–
1907)
(cont.)
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Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
1906
SouthAfrica:Bam
bathaRebellion(Zuluuprising),begins
asprotest
againstpolltax
UStroops
occupy
Cuba(–
1909)
1907
Britaingrantsdominionstatus
toitsself-governing
(white)colonies
1908
Ch’oe
Nam
-son
(Korea),“F
romtheSeato
aYouth”(P)
RabindranathTagore(India),Homeandthe
World(F)
1909
India:Morley–Minto
reform
sUStroops
occupy
Nicaragua
(–19
25)
MohandasK.G
andhi(India),HindSwaraj(N
F)
1910
Korea:annexationby
Japan;colonialruleto
1945
Mexico:revolution
begins
withconstitutionalandguerrilla
challenges
tothedictatorshipof
PorfirioDıaz
1911
China:R
evolutionends
imperialregime,establishesprovisional
republic
Mexico:Dıazregimefalls;liberalreform
erFranciscoMaderoassumes
presidency
IliyaAbu
Madi(Lebanon),TheMemorialofthe
Past(P)
J.E.C
asely-Hayford
(GoldCoast),Ethiopia
Unbound
(F)
Muham
mad
Iqbal(India),“Com
plaint”(P)
1912
Cuba:uprising
ledby
IndependentMovem
entof
Peopleof
Color,
forciblyputdownwithassistance
ofUS
1913
SouthAfrica:NativeLandAct
Mexico:Maderodeposed,then
murdered;Pancho
Villaresumes
guerrilla
campaign
RabindranathTagorewinsNobelPrizeforLiterature
1914
Outbreakof
FirstWorldWar
GabrielaMistral(Chile),SonnetsofDeath
(P)
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1915
Ceylon:Sinhalaanti-M
uslim
riots;colonialgovernmentdeclares
martiallaw
UStroops
occupy
Haitito
preventacession
topresidency
ofRosalvo
Bobo;occupation
lastsuntil1
934
NikolaiBukharin,ImperialismandWorldEconomy
(NF)
Mariano
Azuela(M
exico),TheUnderdogs
(F)
1916
Ireland:EasterRising
1917
BolshevikRevolution,firsteruptsinSt.Petersburg
Balfour
Declaration,promisesa“nationalhom
e”forJewsinPalestine
andprotection
ofciviland
religious
rightsof
non-Jewsintheterritory
V.I.L
enin,Imperialism:TheHighestStageof
Capitalism(N
F)RabindranathTagore(India),Nationalism(N
F)YiK
wang-su
(Korea),Heartlessness(F)
1918
Arm
istice
treatysigned,bringsFirstWorldWar
toan
end
Declaration
oftheIrishRepublic
LuHsun(China),“A
Madman’sDiary”(F)
1919
Leagueof
Nations
createdatPeaceConference,Versailles
German
coloniesinAfricatransferredto
Britain,F
rance,andBelgium
asMandates
China:M
ayFo
urth
Movem
ent–demands
radicalm
odernization,
opposesimperialism
India:Montagu–C
helmsfordreform
s(permitting
limited
self-governm
ent);R
owlattAct(givescolonialpolicewidespread
powersto
investigateandcrushopposition);Gandhicallsfor
all-Indiamassprotestmovem
ent;massacreof
civilians
atJallianwallahBaghinAmritsar
Establishm
entof
theThird
International(Com
intern)
Outbreakof
Anglo-Irish
War
(–19
21)
Mexico:rebelleaderEmilianoZapatakilledby
governmenttroops
Korea:uprisingagainstJapanesecolonialism
LiT
a-chao
(China),“A
New
Era”(N
F)Chu
Yo-han(Korea),Fireworks
(P)
Third
British–A
fghanWar
FirstPalestinianNationalC
ongressrejectsBalfour
Declaration,calls
forArabindependence
(cont.)
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Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
1920
BritaingainsmandatecontroloverIraq,T
rans-Jordan,Palestine;
anti-British
revoltinIraq
Governm
entof
IrelandAct
India:GandhilaunchesNon-Cooperation
movem
ent
Mozam
bique:colonialruleinMozam
biquesystem
atized:population
subjectedto
forced
labor
Indonesia:Com
munistParty(PKI)isform
ed;becom
eslargestsuch
partyintheworldoutsideof
socialiststatebloc
beforeitis
obliterated
bySuhartoinbrutalcampaign(1
965–
66)
1921
Ireland:outbreak
ofcivilw
ar(–
1923)
Morocco:arm
edresistance
toFrench
andSpanishdomination,ledby
Abd
al-Krim(–
1926)
China:Sun
Yat-sen
electedpresident;civilw
arbreaks
outbetweenhis
regimeandwarlordsinthenorth
1922
Declaration
oftheIrishFree
State
FrederickLugard,TheDualMandateinBritish
TropicalAfrica(N
F;CD)
M.N
.Roy
(India),IndiainTransition(N
F)ReneMaran
(Martinique),Batouala(F)
1923
Ceylon:generalstrike,militant
fusion
ofnationalistandclass-based
demands
Mexico:Pancho
Villamurdered
AlbertSarraut,TheEconomicDevelopmentofthe
FrenchColonies(N
F;CD)
Zhu
Ziqing(China),“D
estruction”(P)
1924
China:Sun
Yat-sen
dies;leadershipof
Kuomintang
(NationalPeople’s
Party)assumed
bytheanti-com
munistChiangKai-shek
India:communalistviolence
betweenHindusandMuslim
s;Gandhi
begins
hungerstrike
as“a
penanceandaprayer”
E.M
.Forster,APassagetoIndia(F;C
D)
PabloNeruda(Chile),TwentyLovePoemsanda
SongofDespair(P)
JoseEustasioRivera(Colom
bia),TheVortex(F)
1925
China
/HongKong:massive
strike,boycottof
foreigngoods
(–19
26)
Syria:Druze
revolt(–
1927)
SunYat-sen
(China),TheThreePrinciplesofthe
People(N
F)Kim
So-wol(Korea),Azaleas
(P)
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1926
Indonesia:riotsinJava
andSumatra,forciblyputdownby
Dutch
China:C
hiangmovesto
establishhegemonyoverpartsof
thecountry
stillundercontrolofwarlords;capturesWuhan
(192
6)andShanghai
(192
7);inShanghai,orchestratesmassacreof
labororganizers,
communists,and
otheractivists;subsequent
communist-leduprisings
inNanch’ang
andHunan
arecrushed
Nicaragua:rebellionagainstauthoritarianregimeof
AdolfoDıaz;US
intervention,successfully
resisted
byforcesunderAugustino
Cesar
Sandino
HoChiMinh(Vietnam
),ColonizationonTrial(N
F)Ricardo
Guiraldes(Argentina),DonSegundo
Sombra(F)
MartınLuisGuzman
(Mexico),TheEagleandthe
Serpent(F)
Thomas
Mofolo(South
Africa),Chaka
(F)
1927
InternationalC
onferenceAgainstIm
perialismandColonial
Oppression,Brussels
Bolivia:m
assive
revoltof
indigenous
peopleagainstgovernment
AndreGide,VoyagetotheCongo
(NF;
CD)
Cho
Myong-hui(Korea),TheNaktonggangRiver(F)
Taha
Husain(Egypt),TheDays(vol.i
i,19
39)(A)
JoseVasconcelos,TheCosmicRace(N
F)
1928
China:captureof
Beijingby
Chiang’sforces;hebecomesnational
president
Mariode
Andrade
(Brazil),Macunaıma(F)
JoseCarlosMariategui,SevenEssaystowardsan
InterpretationofPeruvianReality(N
F)
1929
Nigeria:A
ba“w
omen’sriots”
India:MeerutConspiracyCaseagainst31
laborleaders
Palestine:riotssparkedby
founding
oftheJewishAgency;several
hundredkilled,manyby
British
soldiers
GenevaConventionsigned,regulatingtreatm
entof
prisonersof
war
Rom
uloGallegos(Venezuela),DonaBarbara
(F)
Wen
I-to
(China),DeadWater(P)
1930
India:GandhilaunchesCivilDisobedienceMovem
ent
Vietnam
:peasant
uprising,coincideswithform
ationof
Com
munist
Party
Brazil:military
coup
Mao
Tse-tung(China),“A
SingleSparkCan
Starta
PrairieFire”(N
F)Launchof
Negritude
movem
entinParisby
FrancophoneintellectualsincludingLeopoldSedar
Senghor,AimeCesaire,and
LeonDam
asNicolasGuillen(Cuba),SonMotifs(P)
Solomon
T.Plaatje(South
Africa),Mhudi(F)
(cont.)
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Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
1931
British
Com
monwealthof
Nations
created
Japaneseinvade
Manchuria
1932
Thailand:absolutemonarchyoverthrowninbloodless
civilian–military
coup
ElSalvador:insurrection
ledby
FarabundoMartıcrushed;supported
byUS,dictator
MaximilianoHernandez
overseespogrom
inwhich
30,0
00arekilled
EvelynWaugh,BlackMischief(F;C
D)
GregorioLopez
yFu
entes(M
exico),TheLand(F)
Ahm
adShauqi(Egypt),Diwan
1933
Nicaragua:take-overof
powerby
AnastasioSomozaGarcıa,supported
byUS;Sandinomurdered
MulkRajAnand
(India),Untouchable(F)
Tewfiq
al-H
akim
(Egypt),ThePeopleoftheCave(D)
ClaudeMcK
ay(Jam
aica),BananaBottom(F)
Mao
Tun(China),Midnight(F)
Gilberto
Freyre,TheMasterandtheSlaves(N
F)
1934
China:“LongMarch”begins,asMao
Tse-tungandhissupporterstrek
toremoteYenan
toescape
liquidation
byKMTforces
GeorgeOrw
ell,BurmeseDays(F;C
D)
Hsiao
Hung(China),TheFieldofLifeandDeath
(F)
JorgeIcaza(Ecuador),Huasipungo(F)
AlfredMendes(Trinidad),PitchLake(F)
Shen
Ts’ung-wen
(China),BorderTown(F)
HuShih,TheChineseRenaissance
(NF)
1935
Mussolini’s
forcesinvade
andoccupy
Ethiopia
Passageof
Governm
entof
IndiaAct
Waveof
strikesinCentralAfrican
copper-belt
China:JapaneseforcesseizeBeijing,setup
puppetregimeinnorth
JorgeLuisBorges(Argentina),AUniversalHistoryof
Infamy(F)
1936
SpanishCivilWar
erupts
Paraguay:m
ilitary
coup;fascistregimeinstalled
Palestine:Arabrevolt(–
1939),protesting
British
ruleand
dispossessions
caused
byZionistsettlement;brutallycrushedby
British,w
ithmorethan
1,00
0Palestiniandeaths
Meo
Tse-tung(China),ProblemsofStrategyin
China’sRevolutionaryWar
(NF)
JayaprakashNarayan
(India),WhySocialism?(N
F)JawarharlalNehru
(India),AnAutobiography
ManikBandopadhyay(India),TheHistoryof
Puppets(F)
C.L
.R.Jam
es(Trinidad),MintyAlley(F)
Lao
She(China),CamelHsiang-tzu(F)
Prem
chand(India),TheGiftofaCow
(F)
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1937
China:Shanghaifallsto
Japanese;N
anking
sacked,m
orethan
100,
000
killed;Mao
issues“N
ationalSalvation
Program”calling
forunited
frontagainstJapanese;formstemporary
military
alliancewith
Chiang’sKMT
Jamaica:riotsagainstBritish
rule(–
1938)
Trinidad:nationalistriots
Karen
Blixen
(Denmark),OutofAfrica(N
F;CD)
HafizIbrahim(Egypt),Diwan
R.K
.Narayan
(India),TheBachelorofArts(F)
Siburapha(Thailand),BehindthePainting
(F)
1938
JomoKenyatta(Kenya),FacingMountKenya
(NF)
CiroAlegrıa(Peru),TheHungryDogs(F)
MarıaLuisa
Bom
bal(Chile),TheHouseofMist(F)
D.O
.Fagunwa(N
igeria),TheForestofaThousand
Daemons(F)
SadeqHedayat(Iran),TheBlindOwl(F)
Graciliano
Ram
os(Brazil),BarrenLives(F)
RajaRao
(India),Kanthapura(F)
GeorgeAntonius,TheArabAwakening(N
F)C.L
.R.Jam
es,TheBlackJacobins
(NF)
1939
German
invasion
ofPoland;outbreakof
Second
WorldWar
JoyceCary,MisterJohnson(F;C
D)
AimeCesaire(M
artinique),“Notebookof
aReturn
totheNativeLand”
(P,revised
1947,1
956)
Juan
CarlosOnetti(Uruguay),ThePit(F)
Tuan-m
uHung-liang
(China),TheSteppeofthe
KhorchinBanner(F)
1940
Fallof
France
toNaziforces
Vietnam
:revoltsinsouthern
MekongDelta
TarashankarBandyopadhyay
(India),“T
heWitch”(F)
Ts’ao
Yu(China),PekingMan
(D)
CesarVallejo(Peru),Spain,TakeThisCupfromMe(P)
Fernando
Ortiz,CubanCounterpoint:Tobaccoand
Sugar(N
F)
(cont.)
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Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
1941
Ethiopia:AlliescaptureAddisAbaba
from
Italians,enablingHaile
Selassieto
return
afterfive-year
absence
Japanesetroops
captureCam
bodia,Vietnam
,Thailand;inresponse,
HoChiMinhlaunchesVietMinhindependence
movem
ent
H.I.E
.Dhlom
o(South
Africa),ValleyofaThousand
Hills(P)
Edgar
Mittelholzer(Guyana),CorentyneThunder(F)
IbrahimTu
qan(Palestine),Diwan
Japanbombs
USfleetinPearlH
arbor,precipitatingUSinto
War;
Japaneseinvade
andoccupy
HongKong,Malaya
1942
India:GandhilaunchesQuitIndiaMovem
ent
JapaneseforcescaptureSingapore,Java,B
urma,andthePhilippines;
attack
Solomon
IslandsandNew
Guinea
AlbertCam
us,TheOutsider(F;C
D)
JorgeAmado(Brazil),TheViolentLand(F)
1943
India:armed
struggleunderleadershipof
Subhas
Chandra
Bose
launched
againstBritish
forcesinnorth-east;devastating
faminein
Bengal(–1
944)
kills
almost4millionpeople
IshaqMusaal-H
usaini(Palestine),AChicken’s
Memoirs(F)
1944
Vietnam
:major
faminekills
2millionpeople
US:Bretton
Woods
conference;foundationof
InternationalM
onetary
Fund
(IMF)
andWorldBank
Guatemala:regimeof
GeneralCastaneda
overthrownin“O
ctober
Revolution”
Palestine:Zionistforcesbeginguerrilla
warfareagainstBritish;tactics
includeterror
andassassinations
JoseMarıaArguedas(Peru),Everyone’sBlood
(F)
IsmatChughtai(India),TheQuiltandOtherStories
JacquesRoumain(H
aiti),MastersoftheDew
(F)
EricWilliams,CapitalismandSlavery(N
F)
1945
War
ends
inEurope
USdropsnuclearbombs
onHiroshimaandNagasakiinJapan,leading
toJapanesesurrender
Algeria:F
renchrepression
ofnationalists;m
ajor
uprising
follows;
thousandskilled
RevolutioninVietnam
brings
HoChiMinh’sVietMinhto
power;
French
forcesattempt
torecapturecolonialpower;w
arensues
(–19
54)
GabrielaMistralwinsNobelPrizeforLiterature
GopinathMohanty(India),Paraja(F)
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Indonesia:“R
evolutionof
1945”inwhich
Republic
isdeclared;fierce
fightingas
Dutch
attempt
toreinstallcolonialpow
er(–
1949);civil
war
inJava
(–19
48)inwhich
manyleftistsaremurdered
Philippinesliberated
from
Japaneseoccupation
Syria,Lebanon
gainindependence
FifthPan-African
CongressheldinManchester,England,proclaims
“right
ofallcolonialpeoplesto
controltheirow
ndestiny”
1946
UnitedNations
convenesforthefirsttime
Thailand:m
ilitary
overthrowsnationalistleaderPridiPhanomyong
Indochina:fierceresistance
toFrench
attempt
toreinstallcolonialrule
afterSecond
WorldWar
(–19
54)
Argentina:G
eneralJuan
Peronassumespresidency
Philippinesgainsindependence
Palestine:militant
right-wingZionistguerrillasblow
upBritish
Arm
yheadquartersinJerusalem;A
rabanti-Zionistprotestscontinue
TruongChinh
(Vietnam
),TheAugustRevolution(N
F)JawaharlalN
ehru
(India),TheDiscoveryofIndia(N
F)PeterAbraham
s(South
Africa),MineBoy
(F)
MiguelA
ngelAsturias(Guatemala),Mr.President
(F)
1947
Indiagainsindependence;birth
ofPakistan
followingpartitionof
sub-continent;hundreds
ofthousandsdieininter-communal
violence;8.5millionrefugeescrossborderinboth
directions
Burma:UAungSan,hero
ofindependence
movem
ent,assassinated
Palestine:UNannouncesplan
forpartition,granting
bulkof
land
tominorityJewishpopulation
Korea:U
SestablishesSyngman
Rheeas
leaderof
governmentinSouth;
pursuesauthoritarianpolicies,targetsthemassrevolutionary
movem
entthathaddevelopedafterliberationfrom
Japanese
occupation
in19
45
JawaharlalN
ehru
delivers“T
rystwithDestiny”
speech
BabaniB
hattacharya(India),SoManyHungers!(F)
Ch’ienChung-shu
(China),FortressBesieged(F)
BiragoDiop(Senegal),TalesofAmadouKoumba
(F)
SuryakantTripathi“Nirala”
(India),TheEarthly
Knowledge(P)
PaChin(China),ColdNights(F)
BadrShakiral-Sayyab(Iraq),WitheredFingers(P)
1948
Burma,SriL
anka
(Ceylon)
gainindependence;insurrectionary
challengeto
fledglingBurmesestatefrom
leftparties
SouthAfrica:AfrikanerNationalistPartycomesto
power,implem
ents
policyofapartheid
GrahamGreene,TheHeartoftheMatter(F;C
D)
AlanPaton(South
Africa),Cry,theBelovedCountry
(F;C
D)
G.V
.Desani(India),AllAboutH.Hatterr(F) (cont.)
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Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
Indo-Pakistanwar
overdisputed
stateof
Kashm
irIndia:Gandhiassassinated
Palestine:fightingbetweenPalestinians
andZionistsescalatesinto
civil
war;m
assacreof
PalestinianvillagersatDairYasinby
Zionistultras;
Palestinians
driven
outof
theirhomesandofftheirland;independent
Jewishstatedeclared;declaration
immediatelyrecognized
byUS;by
year’send,numberof
Palestinianrefugeesestimated
at1million
Malaya:massive,com
munist-inspired
insurgency,guerrillawar
against
British
colonialrule(–
1953);eventuallydefeated
Philippines:H
ukrebellion
–peasantstruggleagainstlanded
oligarchy–
begins;eventually
crushed(1
954)
Cam
bodiagainsindependence
UNadoptsDeclaration
ofHum
anRights
SaadatHasan
Manto
(Pakistan),“To
baTekSingh”
(F)
Ernesto
Sabato
(Argentina),TheTunnel(F)
LeopoldSedarSenghor,ed.Anthologiedelanouvelle
poesienegreetmalgachedelanguefrancaise(P)
Jean-PaulSartre,“B
lack
Orpheus”(N
F)
1949
China:victory
ofcommunistforcesunderMao
Tse-tung;People’s
Republic
proclaimed;C
hiangKai-shek’snationaliststake
refuge
inTaiwan
Indonesiagainsindependence
underSukarno
Laosgainsindependence
MiguelA
ngelAsturias(Guatemala),MenofMaize
(F)
AlejoCarpentier(Cuba),TheKingdom
ofThis
World(F)
KhalilMutran(Lebanon),Diwan
V.S.R
eid(Jam
aica),NewDay
(F)
Ma’rufal-Rusafi
(Iraq),Diwan
TingLing(China),TheSangkanRiver(F)
1950
Outbreakof
US–Koreanwar
(–19
53);casualtieswilltop
1million
Tibet:C
hina
invades,assumescontrol
Jordan
annexesWestBank,absorbing60
0,00
0Palestinians
DorisLessing,TheGrassisSinging(F;C
D)
PabloNeruda(Chile),Cantogeneral(P)
OctavioPaz,LabyrinthofSolitude(N
F)
1951
Egypt:guerrillawar
againstBritish
forcesinSuez
CanalZone
Libya
gainsindependence
Iran
nationalizesitsoilindustry
Nirad
C.C
haudhuri(India),TheAutobiographyof
anUnknownIndian
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1952
SouthAfrica:African
NationalC
ongresslaunchesDefiance
Cam
paign
Kenya:Stateof
Emergencydeclared
asanti-colonialinsurrection
(“Mau
Mau”)
intensifies
Vietnam
:Francelaunchesmassive
offensiveagainstVietMinhforces
Ralph
deBoissiere(Trinidad),CrownJewel(F)
AndreeChedid(Egypt),From
SleepUnbound
(F)
Mochtar
Lubis(Indonesia),ARoadwithNoEnd
(F)
Amos
Tutuola(N
igeria),ThePalm-WineDrinkard(F)
FrantzFanon,BlackSkin,WhiteMasks
(NF)
1953
Cuba:FidelC
astroleadsabortive
assaulton
Moncada
Barracksin
Santiago
deCuba;manyof
themilitantsarekilled;others,including
Castro,arecaptured
Iran:C
IA-backedcoup
deposesnationalistleader,M
ossadegh
British
Guiana:uprising,led
byPeople’sProgressiveParty,
againstcolonialism;put
downby
military
force;constitution
suspended
FidelC
astro(Cuba),“History
willabsolveme”
(NF)
AlejoCarpentier(Cuba),TheLostSteps(F)
GeorgeLam
ming(Barbados),IntheCastleofMy
Skin(F)
Cam
araLaye(Guinea),TheAfricanChild(F)
RogerMais(Jam
aica),TheHillsWereAllJoyful
Together(F)
1954
Vietnam
esearmyledby
HoChiMinhdefeatsFrench
colonialforces
atDienBienPhu;France
suesforpeace;theVietMinhtake
Hanoi
Egypt:G
amalAbdelNassertakespower
Algeria:w
arof
independence
begins
(–19
62)
Guatemala:USorchestratesoverthrowof
nationalistgovernmentof
Jacobo
Arbenz
Samira‘Azzam
(Palestine),LittleThings(F)
MartinCarter(Guyana),PoemsofResistance
DrissChraıbi(M
orocco),TheSimplePast(F)
Kam
alaMarkandaya(India),NectarinaSieve(F)
Nicanor
Parra(Chile),PoemsandAntipoems
Abd
al-Rahman
Sharqawi(Egypt),TheEarth
(F)
1955
Bandung
Conferenceof
independentAsian
andAfrican
states;
declarationupholdsprinciplesof
nationalsovereignty,human
rights,
andequalityam
ongnationsandstates
SouthAfrica:FreedomCharteradoptedatCongressof
thePeople
Vietnam
:outbreakof
civilw
arinSouth;Ngo
DinhDiemdeclares
SouthVietnam
arepublic
AimeCesaire(M
artinique),Discourseon
Colonialism(N
F)UNu(Burma),AnAsianSpeaks
(NF)
AmritaPritam
(India),Messages(P)
Juan
Rulfo
(Mexico),PedroParamo(F)
SaadiY
oussef(Iraq),SongsNotforOthers(P)
WangMeng(China),TheYoungNewcomer(F) (cont.)
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Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
1956
Egypt:N
assernationalizesSuez
Canal;E
gypt
invadedby
Israel,w
ith
British
andFrench
support;withdrawalof
theseforcesnegotiated
Sudangainsindependence;arm
edresistance
continuesinthesouth
(–19
72)
Morocco,T
unisiagainindependence
Cuba:Castroinitiatesrevolution
whenhe
returnsto
Cubawithsm
all
armed
force
Yem
en:anti-British
strikesinAden;clashesbetweenBritish
andYem
eni
troops
(–19
57)
SovietUnion:at20th
Congressof
theCom
munistPartyof
theSoviet
Union,N
ikitaKhruschev
denouncesStalin’scrimes;initiates
de-Stalinization
Hungary:anti-Stalinistuprising
crushedby
Soviettroops
China:M
aointroduces“H
undred
Flow
ers”
campaign(“Letahundred
flowersbloom,letahundredschoolsof
thoughtcontend”)
Firstinternationalconferenceof
blackwritersand
artists(Paris)
GeorgePadm
ore(Trinidad),PanAfricanismor
Communism?(N
F)CarlosBulosan
(Philippines),Americaisinthe
Heart(A)
Mongo
Beti(Cam
eroon),ThePoorChristof
Bomba
(F)
Chang
Ai-ling(China),NakedEarth
(F)
DavidDiop(Senegal),HammerBlows(P)
FaizAhm
edFaiz(Pakistan),PrisonThoughts(P)
Joao
GuimaraesRosa(Brazil),TheDeviltoPayin
theBacklands
(F)
NaguibMahfouz
(Egypt),CairoTrilogy
(–19
57)(F)
FerdinandOyono
(Cam
eroon),Houseboy(F)
SamuelSelvon(Trinidad),TheLonelyLondoners(F)
Kushw
antSingh(India),TraintoPakistan
(F)
1957
Ghana
gainsindependence;alsopeninsular
Malaya(becom
esMalaysia
in19
63withincorporationof
Sarawak,Sabah
andSingapore)
Indonesia:Sukarnodeclaresmartiallaw;revoked
1963
Algeria:B
attleof
Algiers
Kwam
eNkrum
ah(Ghana),Ghana:Autobiography
OctavioPaz(M
exico),Sunstone(P)
AlbertM
emmi,TheColonizerandtheColonized
(NF)
1958
Pakistan:m
ilitary
coup
brings
Moham
med
AyubKhanto
power
Guineagainsindependence
Cam
eroun:ReubenUmNyobe,U
PCleader,killed
All-African
People’sConference,Accra
ChinuaAchebe(N
igeria),ThingsFallApart(F)
Edouard
Glissant
(Martinique),TheRipening(F)
N.V
.M.G
onzalez(Philippines),BreadofSalt(F)
LuduUHla(Burma),TheCagedOnes(F)
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-53418-5 - The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary StudiesEdited by Neil LazarusFrontmatterMore information
SriL
anka:riotserupt,as
Sinhalachauvinistsattack
Tamils;hundreds
killed;stateof
emergencyeventuallydeclared
Venezuela:dictatorMarcosPerezJimenez
ousted
incoup
China:M
aolaunches“G
reatLeapFo
rward”,program
meof
rapid
industrializationandcollectivization,markedalso
bydenigrationof
intellectuals
1959
Cuba:overthrowof
Batistaregime;FidelC
astroassumespower
China:devastating
famine(–
1961),kills
asmanyas
40million
Zam
bia:Kenneth
Kaundaimprisoned,U
nitedIndependence
Party
banned;leads
civildisobediencecampaignwhenreleased
Thailand:SaritThanaratseizespowerthroughcoup;installs
dictatorship,continued
byhissuccessors(–
1973)
Tibet:rebellioncrushedby
Chineseforces;D
alaiLam
afleesinto
exile
Laos:PathetLao
communistrebelslaunch
major
offensiveagainststate
QurratulainHyder(India),RiverofFire(F)
Es’kiaMphahlele(South
Africa),DownSecond
Avenue(A)
1960
HaroldMacmillan’s“w
inds
ofchange”speech
SouthAfrica:Sharpeville
massacre,as
policeopen
fireon
unarmed
gathering–67
killed;ANCandPan-African
Congressbanned
Benin,B
urkino
Faso,C
entralAfrican
Republic,C
had,Congo,G
abon,
IvoryCoast,M
adagascar,Mali,Mauritania,Niger,N
igeria,Senegal,
Somalia,T
ogogainindependence
Congo:attem
pted
secessionof
Katanga
province;m
artiallawdeclared
bynewpresidentPatriceLum
umba;m
ilitary
seizespower,supported
byUSandBelgium
;Lum
umba
arrested
SouthKorea:A
pril
19studentrevolution
topplesregimeof
Syngman
Rhee;democracy
short-lived,asGeneralPark
Chung-hee
takes
powerinmilitary
coup
Wilson
Harris(Guyana),PalaceofthePeacock(F)
HwangSun-won
(South
Korea),TreesonaCliff(F)
OusmaneSembene
(Senegal),God’sBitsofWood(F)
GeorgeLam
ming,ThePleasuresofExile(N
F)
(cont.)
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-53418-5 - The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary StudiesEdited by Neil LazarusFrontmatterMore information
Date
Political/historicalevents
Literaryandotherwritings
1961
US-sponsoredBay
ofPigs
invasion
ofCubathwarted
Cam
eroon,Sierra
Leone,T
anzaniagainindependence
Congo:L
umum
bamurderedwhileincustody
Angola:armed
strugglebegins
SouthAfrica:AlbertLuthuli,Presidentof
ANC,awardedNobel
PeacePrize
FirstConferenceof
Non-AlignedCountries,B
elgrade
NnamdiAzikiwe(N
igeria),Zik:SelectedSpeeches
(NF)
FrantzFanon(M
artinique),TheWretchedofthe
Earth
(NF)
VoNguyenGiap(Vietnam
),People’sWarPeople’s
Army(N
F)Ernesto
“Che”Guevara
(Argentina/Cuba),Guerrilla
Warfare(N
F)Adonis(Syria),SongsofMihyartheDamascene
(P)
Cyprian
Ekw
ensi(N
igeria),JaguaNana(F)
AttiaHosain(India),SunlightonaBroken
Column(F)
CheikhHam
idou
Kane(Senegal),Ambiguous
Adventure(F)
V.S.N
aipaul(Trinidad),AHouseforMr.Biswas
(F)
1962
Algeria,B
urundi,Jam
aica,R
wanda,T
rinidadandTo
bago,U
ganda
gainindependence
Borderwar
betweenIndiaandChina
Cuban
missilecrisis:U
SPresidentKennedy
authorizesblockade
ofCubainbidto
preventdeploymentof
Sovietnuclearweapons
MehdiBen
Barka
(Algeria),“R
esolving
the
Ambiguitiesof
NationalSovereignty”(N
F)Kenneth
Kaunda(Zam
bia),ZambiaShallBeFree
(A)
PatriceLum
umba
(Congo),CongoMyCountry
(NF)
AlbertL
uthuli(South
Africa),LetMyPeopleGo(N
F)CarlosFu
entes(M
exico),TheDeathofArtemio
Cruz(F)
F.SionilJose(Philippines),ThePretenders(F)
AlexLaGum
a(South
Africa),AWalkinthe
Night
(F)
CarlosMartınezMoreno(Uruguay),TheWall(F)
MarioVargasLlosa
(Peru),TheTimeoftheHero(F)
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-53418-5 - The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary StudiesEdited by Neil LazarusFrontmatterMore information
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