The Stewardship Gap Project: Relationships Between ... · The Stewardship Gap Project:...

TheStewardshipGapProject:RelationshipsBetweenStewardshipGapAreasJanuary1,2017Thefollowingtableprovidesextractsoftextorparaphrasedorcombinedideasfromarticles,reports,andotherworksrelevanttothestewardshipgap,aswellascitationstotheirsources.Thetableindicatesthegapareathatthetextrelatestoandtheinfluencesbetweengapsinterpretedfromthetext.Abibliographyfollowsattheendofthedocument,andisalsolinkedtofromhttp://stewardshipgap.net.Notes:

1. “CMP”standsforCuration,Management,andPreservation2. "Other"designations(e.g.,Knolwedge:Other)refertoamiscellaneoussub-categoryofthemaingaparea.

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Source“Reusable”andreproduciblearerarelyfeasibleinanyabsolutesense Reuse:Difficultyof

ReusingDataCMP->Reuse Borgman2012

Acorechallengeforstaffingisthatmostofthelaborinvolvedindatamanagementisinvisiblework.Informationprofessionals,softwareengineers,scientificprogrammers,instrumentbuilders,andothertechnicalexpertsunderpinthefoundationsofscholarship.Theseskillsoftenareundervaluedandcareerpathsareunclear.Itisdifficulttorecruittalentedpeopleunder“softmoney”contractsthatlackjobsecurityandroutesforpromotion.Investmentsinthehumaninfrastructurewillbecrucialtothesuccessofkeepingandexploitingresearchdata.

Funding:LackofFunding

Culture->HumanResources

Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013;Lynch2008

Acorechallengeforstaffingisthatmostofthelaborinvolvedindatamanagementisinvisiblework.Informationprofessionals,softwareengineers,scientificprogrammers,instrumentbuilders,andothertechnicalexpertsunderpinthefoundationsofscholarship.Theseskillsoftenareundervaluedandcareerpathsareunclear.Itisdifficulttorecruittalentedpeopleunder“softmoney”contractsthatlackjobsecurityandroutesforpromotion.Investmentsinthehumaninfrastructurewillbecrucialtothesuccessofkeepingandexploitingresearchdata.

Funding->HumanResources

Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013;Lynch2008

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceakeydifficultyinassessingdigitalpreservationcostsliesindistinguishingbetweenthepreservationstageandotherstages,giventhatthepreservationcostsmaybeimpactedbydecisionsmademuchearlierinthelifecycleofthedigitalresource,perhapsevenatthetimeofitscreation

Knowledge:CostsofStewardship

Knowledge->Funding Eakinetal.n.d.;Hendley1998,quotedinEakinetal;RussellandWeinberger2000,quotedinEakinetal.

atensionbetweentwoneedsthatcannoteasilybereconciled:providingproductionsystemsforthecurrentgenerationofhigh-endusers,andmovingtothenexthighestlevelofcomputingcapability

InfrastructureandTools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds

Planning->InfrastructureandTools

Atkinsetal.2003

Accesstodata(sharing;benefits;valuepropositiontonotwithhold) LegalandPolicy:Incentives

Culture->SharingandAccess

Berman2008;Borgman2015;ScienceStaff2011

Achievingbalancebetweendomainscientistsandcomputerscientistsinanorganization[aboutcyberinfrastructure]

HumanResources:UnevenDistributionofSkills

HumanResources->CMP Atkinsetal.2003

Achievingbalancebetweendomainscientistsandcomputerscientistsinanorganization[aboutcyberinfrastructure]

HumanResources:UnevenDistributionofSkills

HumanResources->InfrastructureandTools

Atkinsetal.2003

Aninvestigatormaybepartofmultiple,overlappingcommunitiesofinterest,eachofwhichmayhavedifferentnotionsofwhataredataanddifferentdatapractices

Culture:DataDefinition

Borgman2012;Esanuetal.2004;Readetal.2015

andmaintainingasufficientlylongtimehorizonforaccessinthefaceofcontinualchangeindatadefinitions,digitaldatamediaandformats,andhardwareandsoftwareobsolescence

SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicandAdaptableInfrastructure

Planning->CMP BurdaandTeuteberg2013;Esanuetal.2004

andmaintainingasufficientlylongtimehorizonforaccessinthefaceofcontinualchangeindatadefinitions,digitaldatamediaandformats,andhardwareandsoftwareobsolescence

SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicand

BurdaandTeuteberg2013;Esanuetal.2004

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceAdaptableInfrastructure

Andyetthesystemofacademicresearchachievementdoesnotyetrecognizeorrewardresearchersforsharingtheirdata

LegalandPolicy:Incentives

Legal/Policy->CMP ThompsonReuters2013

Andyetthesystemofacademicresearchachievementdoesnotyetrecognizeorrewardresearchersforsharingtheirdata

Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess

ThompsonReuters2013

appropriateretentiontimingishardtoidentify Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015;Esanuetal.2004

Archivingrequirementsnolongerapplysolelytopost-researchpublicationactivities.Properlydocumentingdataforlong-termpreservationandaccessmustbecomepartofthedailypracticeofscientists.

Culture:Other CMP->Access Esanuetal.2004

Astronomersreportedvaryingpracticesforpreservingthesetypesofdata[secondarydata,dataonbackuptape],usuallystoringonlywhattheyexpectedtouseinthefuture.Nonereportedhavingpreservationresourcesfortheirworkoutsidetheirgroupofcollaborators

Funding->CMP STC2007

Astronomersreportedvaryingpracticesforpreservingthesetypesofdata[secondarydata,dataonbackuptape],usuallystoringonlywhattheyexpectedtouseinthefuture.Nonereportedhavingpreservationresourcesfortheirworkoutsidetheirgroupofcollaborators

Funding->Culture Wynholdsetal.2011

authorsdon’twanttorelinquishcontroloflargedatabasesthatcanbeminedgiventhelargeamountoftimetoputthemtogether

Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse

HumanResources->Legal/Policy

NRC2003

authorsdon’twanttorelinquishcontroloflargedatabasesthatcanbeminedgiventhelargeamountoftimetoputthemtogether

HumanResources->Sharing

NRC2003

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcebuildingbothfreeuniversal(generaluse)specializedcyberinfrastructure Infrastructureand

Tools:Difficultymeetinggeneralizedandspecialneeds

Cummingsetal.2008;Lynch2008

buildingtheinstitutionalcommitmentstomakethemintoresourceorreferencecollectionsisharder.

Commitment:LackofCommitment

Commitment->HumanResources

Borgman2015

buildingtheinstitutionalcommitmentstomakethemintoresourceorreferencecollectionsisharder.

Commitment:LackofCommitment

Commitment->InfrastructureandTools

Borgman2015

Buttoday,nomedia,hardwareorsoftwareexiststhatcanreasonablyassurelong-termaccessibilitytodigitalassets.Adynamicapproachthatanticipatesfailuresandobsolescencewillbeessential.

Rosenthal2005

CENSresearchersaremorewillingtoinvesteffortindocumentingdataforpeopletheyknowandtrust

Culture:ResearchandDevelopment

Culture->CMP Wallisetal.2013

Certaindevelopmentchallengesalsoexist,includingthetensionbetweencustomizationandsharedinfrastructureaswellasthedeployment,maintenance,andsupportofinfrastructure.

Cummingsetal.2008

certificationcanbeverylaborintensiveforarchivesalreadystretchedthin HumanResources:Time

HumanResources->CMP Edwardsetal.2013

Challengeof“Interpretable”:presumessufficientexpertisetoassesstheintegrityofthedataandtograsptheirmeaningandadequatedocumentationofthecontextofthedatacreation,processing,andprovenance.

Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData

Knowledge->Reuse Borgman2012

Challengeof“Interpretable”:presumessufficientexpertisetoassesstheintegrityofthedataandtograsptheirmeaningandadequate

HumanResources->Reuse

Borgman2012

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedocumentationofthecontextofthedatacreation,processing,andprovenance.challengeofcyberinfrastructureisprimarilyachallengetoourownacademiccultures

NSF2007

challengeofcyberinfrastructureisprimarilyachallengetoourownacademiccultures

Culture->InfrastructureandTools

NSF2007

challengeofestablishingtrustworthinessofdataforreuse Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData

CMP->Reuse Rauber2012;Wynholdsetal.2011

Challengeoffreeridersforcommon-poolresources Culture:Other Funding->InfrastructureandTools

Borgman2015

Challengeoffreeridersforcommon-poolresources Culture:Other Planning->Funding Borgman2015Challengeofsustainabilityforcommon-poolresources challengetodevelopknowledgeinfrastructuresthatservethediversityofideas,questions,methods,andresourcesthateachcontributestoscholarship

InfrastructureandTools:LackofInfrastructure

InfrastructureandTools->Scholarship

Borgman2015

challengesindataorganization;poororganization CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse

CMP->Reuse(byimplication)

Berman2008;ScienceStaff2011

Challengesinlinking;therobustnessofknowledgeinfrastructurestolinkpublicationsanddatafordiscoverabilitydependsoninvestmentsininformationprofessionalstodotherequisitework

HumanResources:Other

HumanResources->CMP Borgman2015

Challengesinlinking;therobustnessofknowledgeinfrastructurestolinkpublicationsanddatafordiscoverabilitydependsoninvestmentsininformationprofessionalstodotherequisitework

Borgman2015

challengesinpreservinginterpretiveinformation-protocols,codebooks,software,specimens,metadata,standards,andsoon(sizeofspaceavailabletoresearchers)

Funding->CMP Borgman2015

challengesinpreservinginterpretiveinformation-protocols,codebooks,software,specimens,metadata,standards,andsoon(sizeofspaceavailabletoresearchers)

InfrastructureandTools->CMP

Borgman2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceChallengesoffindingaplaceinshiftinglandscapewhereresearchuniversitiesarelookingmorelikecorporations.

Challengesofimplementingformal("differentialprivacy")andin(formalmethodsofallowingdatatobequeriedwhileprotectingprivacy

Legal/Policy->Reuse Marchionini,Lee,Bowden,2012

challengesofprovidinguniformaccesstoabroadvarietyofresearchoutputs—thetechnicalandcomputationallimitationsinmakingthedataavailable,searchableandretrievable

InfrastructureandTools:Other

InfrastructureandTools->Discovery

ThompsonReuters2013

challengesofusingcomputationalapproaches:lossofcontext,lossofprovenance,andthedifficultyofmaintainingtherelationshipsamongobjectsthatarenecessarytointerprettheresults

CMP->Reuse Borgman2015

clarifychallengesofprovidingtoolstoenablereuseofthosedata Knowledge:ChallengesofEnablingReuse

Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools

Brownetal.2015

InfrastructureandTools->Reuse

Brownetal.2015

Knowledge->Reuse Brownetal.2015

Clearlegalframeworksforthesharingofpublicationsandreuseofdatasetsareneededatthenationalandinternationallevels.

Legal/Policy->Reuse OECD2015

Clearlegalframeworksforthesharingofpublicationsandreuseofdatasetsareneededatthenationalandinternationallevels.

Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibit

Legal/Policy->Sharing OECD2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceStewardship,Access,andUse

Collaborationforpreservation:Inaddition,asarchives,repositories,anddatacentersincreasinglyprovideservicesthatintegratedatafrommultiplesources,theneedforsustainablecapabilitieswillbecomeevenmorepressing,asafailurebyonepro

Collaboration:NeedforCollaboration

Services->Planning DownsandChen2013;Ubaldi2013

commons-basedexchangeofresearchdataimpededbyaperceivedownershipofdata(righttopublishfirst)andneedforcontrol(reflectedinfearofmisuse)

Culture:Sharingattitudesandpractices

Fecheretal.2015

communityobjectivesassociatedwithdigitalpreservationandtheorganizationalincentivesthatmightmotivatetheirrealization(Lavoie2003)

Culture->CMP Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.;Eakinetal.n.d.;Lavoie2003,quotedinEakinetal.,n.d.

Culture->Legal/Policy Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.;Eakinetal.n.d.;Lavoie2003,quotedinEakinetal.,n.d.

Legal/Policy->CMP Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.;Eakinetal.,n.d.;Lavoie2003,quotedinEakinetal.,n.d.

Concernbydatamanagersthatthetoolsandinfrastructureavailabletothemwillsufficeforthedigitalpreservationobjectivestheyhavetoachieve

KuipersandvanderHoeven2009

Concernsfrompublishersaboutthesustainabilityofdatawhenthecurrentcustodianofthedataceasestoexistinthefuture

SustainabilityPlanning:Lackof

Planning->CMP KuipersandvanderHoeven2009

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceStrategyandPlanning

Considerableexpertise,effort,restructuring,andproprietarysoftwaremaybenecessarytoreusedata

Knowledge->Reuse Borgman2012;Wallisetal.2013

Considerablehumanexpertise,bothtechnicalandscientific,isrequiredtosupportactiveuseofthesesciencedataarchives

Wynholdsetal.2011

Considerablehumanexpertise,bothtechnicalandscientific,isrequiredtosupportactiveuseofthesesciencedataarchives

HumanResources->SharingandAccess

Wynholdsetal.2011

contextualizationanddescriptiontime-consuming HumanResources:Time

HumanResources->CMP McDonough2012

costsassociatedwithpreservingdatalongerterm Knowledge:CostsofStewardship

Knowledge->CMP Brownetal.2015

costsassociatedwithpreservingdatalongerterm Support:Costs Knowledge->Planning Brownetal.2015criteriaforidentifyingdataandforsharingthemarenotyetwellunderstood

Culture->Sharing Borgman2012

criteria(forappraisal)arehardtoidentify Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP Esanuetal.2004datacleaningandcuration(forexample,bydevelopingmetadata)isatime-consumingactivitythatisrarelyacknowledgedinevaluationmechanismsorgrantallocationprocedures.

HumanResources->CMP OECD2015

datacleaningandcuration(forexample,bydevelopingmetadata)isatime-consumingactivitythatisrarelyacknowledgedinevaluationmechanismsorgrantallocationprocedures.

HumanResources:Time

HumanResources->CMP OECD2015

Datacurationfacesthechallengethatthedatamustbehoused,managed,andmadeaccessiblepriortouse,butactualusesmaynotbeknownuntilaftersizeableinvestmentsaremade.

Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->CMP Wynholdsetal.2012

Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->Funding Wynholdsetal.2012

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceDatacurationfacesthechallengethatthedatamustbehoused,managed,andmadeaccessiblepriortouse,butactualusesmaynotbeknownuntilaftersizeableinvestmentsaremade.

Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->HumanResources

Wynholdsetal.2012

Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->InfrastructureandTools

Wynholdsetal.2012

Knowledge:Reuse Reuse->Planning Wynholdsetal.2012

datacurationforarchivingisfundedbythesamemechanismsthatfundprincipleaimsofaresearchproject

Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures

Funding->CMP EmberandHanisch2013

datacurationforarchivingisfundedbythesamemechanismsthatfundprincipleaimsofaresearchproject

Legal/Policy->Funding EmberandHanisch2013

dataisnotfitforuse;ithasnotundergoneacertainlevelofrefinementbeforebeingshared(e.g.,interpretationofrawdata,correctionofstatisticalerrors,anonymization);orisoutofdatebythetimeitispublished.

CMP:InsufficientDataCurationorManagement

CMP->Reuse RECODEproject;Sturgesetal.2015

datamanagementeffortsinadequatetotheamountsofdatabeinggenerated

HumanResources->CMP NAS2009

DataproducershavefewincentivesbesidestheNIJarchivingrequirementtodeposittheirdata,letaloneexpendextraefforttopreparetheirdatafordeposit,andseveraldisincentivesareinplace

Legal/Policy->Humanresources

HedstromandNiu2008

DataproducershavefewincentivesbesidestheNIJarchivingrequirementtodeposittheirdata,letaloneexpendextraefforttopreparetheirdatafordeposit,andseveraldisincentivesareinplace

HedstromandNiu2008

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedataqualityissuescanbedifficulttomonitor,astheprocessbywhichdatawereoriginallycollectedandmanagedmaybeuncertain

CMP:Quality Knowledge->CMP Tenopiretal.2015

datarepositorieswithsignificantstructuralfundingfeelthatcoreservicesarevaluedbythefunderandrelativelysecure,thesettlementisreasonable,butleaveslittleroomforinnovation,R&Doradditionalservicesunlessthesearespecificallycon

Funding->Planning Dilloetal.2015

datasetsarenotaseasilyidentifiedanddefinedasscholarlyresearcharticles.

OECD2015

datasharingisevenlesssystematicindomainswherefewcommon-poolresourcesexist

InfrastructureandTools->SharingandAccess

Borgman2015

datasetsquicklyfalloutofsynchronizationwithversionsofhardwareandsoftwareusedtocreateandanalyzethem

CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse

Borgman2015

De-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata

CMP->SharingandAccess

Pepeetal2014

Knowledge->CMP Pepeetal2014

Knowledge->Planning Pepeetal2014

Knowledge->Sharing Pepeetal2014

Planning->CMP Pepeetal2014

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceDe-fundedprojects(VORegistry,VAO),alsoserviceforlarge,homogenousdatasets,putdoubtinthemindsofastronomersthinkingaboutdoingextraworktosharetheirdata

Planning->Sharing Pepeetal2014

dealingwiththediversityofsources,formats,anddocumentation CMP:DifficultyManagingDataforReuse

Esanuetal.2004;Ubaldi2013

designingandstaffingoforganizationsthatworkwithfacultytoprovideaccessservices;managedata,preparedataforhandoff;datamining,makedecisionaboutwhetherservicescentralizedormodeledonindividualdepartments,etc.

Planning:DesignandStaffingofOrganizations

HumanResources->CMP Lynch2008

Lynch2008

HumanResources->Planning

Lynch2008

determininghowmuch,andwhat,digitalcontenttoproduce(talkingaboutscholarlypublishing)

SustainabilityPlanning:Other

Planning->Amountofdata

NSF2007

developmentofviableeconomicmodelsforensuringthattheresourcesneededforlong-termstewardshipareputinplace,whileatthesametimeaddressingtheneedsofthescientificcommunityandsocietymoregenerallyforopenaccesstoscientificdata

SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels

DownsandChen2013

developmentofviableeconomicmodelsforensuringthattheresourcesneededforlong-termstewardshipareputinplace,whileatthesametimeaddressingtheneedsofthescientificcommunityandsocietymoregenerallyforopenaccesstoscientificdata

Funding->InfrastructureandTools

DownsandChen2013

developmentofviableeconomicmodelsforensuringthattheresourcesneededforlong-termstewardshipareputinplace,whileatthesametime

SustainabilityPlanning:Business

Planning->Funding DownsandChen2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceaddressingtheneedsofthescientificcommunityandsocietymoregenerallyforopenaccesstoscientificdata

andEconomicModels

Differencesamongarchivesinnomenclatureandtaxonomyofdataexistwithin,aswellasacross,scientificcommunities

Culture->CMP Esanuetal.2004

differencesamongthemandatesandobjectivesofindividualarchives Culture:MandatesandObjectives

Differencesariseoverprivacyandconfidentiality,fromculturalattitudestoownershipanduse,inattitudestointellectualpropertyprotectionanditslimitsandexceptions,andbecauseofnationalsecurityconcerns.

Culture:SharingattitudesandpracticesLegal/Policy

Legal/Policy->Reuse NSF2007;Ubaldi2013

Differentpiecesofinfrastructureevolveondifferenttimescales(technologyfast,universitiesandpublishersmoreslowly).Startupcompaniescanmovequicklybutmaynotbeinvestingforlong-termsustainability

InfrastructureandTools:Differenttimescalesofinfrastructuredevelopmentandmaturity

Planning->CMP Borgman2015

differingcriteriaamongarchivesforappraisingvalueandselectingdataforpreservation

Culture:Identifyingwhatisvaluable

Difficulttoconvincegovernmentsandfundingagenciestoinvestinsharedtechnology,human,servicesinfrastructure

Culture:Priority Culture->Funding Borgman2015

Culture:Priority Culture->HumanResources

Borgman2015

Culture:Priority Culture->InfrastructureandTools

Borgman2015

difficulttodefinethearrayofskillsandqualificationsrequiredindatascienceprogramsandindatajobs

Knowledge:Skills Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015;Lynch2008

difficulttodefinethearrayofskillsandqualificationsrequiredindatascienceprogramsandindatajobs

Knowledge:Skills Knowledge->Humanresources

Borgman2015;Lynch2008

difficulttofindandretainskilledprofessionals Funding:LackofFunding

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedifficulttofindandretainskilledprofessionals Funding:Lackof

FundingHumanResources->SharingandAccess

Borgman2015

difficultiesinestimatingdatacreation/collectioncostsfromdepositorsurveys

Knowledge->Planning HoughtonandGruen2014

Difficultiesofmaintainingevidentiaryrecordas"scholarlycommunicationsarefragmented,dispersed,andreaggregatedinnewways"

CMP:DataManagementFragmented

CMP->CMP Borgman2015

difficultyofresolvingculturaldifferencesinbroadcollaborationaroundinfrastructure

Collaboration->Infastructure

FinholtandBirnholtz

Culture->Collaboration FinholtandBirnholtz

Culture->Infrastructure FinholtandBirnholtz

Difficultywithdefinitionof"data" Culture:DataDefinition

Culture->Legal/Policy Sturgesetal.2015

Difficultywithdefinitionof"data" Culture:DataDefinition

Sturgesetal.2015

disparateproceduresandmetricsamongarchivesfordataquality Culture:EvaluationofQuality

disparateproceduresandmetricsamongarchivesfordataquality Culture:PreservationPractices

CMP->Reuse Esanuetal.2004

distinguishingbetweenthecostsofpreservationandthecostsofaccesscanbeproblematic

Knowledge->Funding Eakinetal.n.d.

Diversityofscientificdataanddifferingtraditionsandstandardsintheirtreatmentarealsoissues.

Culture:Standards Culture->SharingandAccess

OECD2015

documentationofdataisoftenatime-consumingtaskthatiscompetingwithmanyotheractivitiesontheresearchersprioritylist

HumanResources:Time

HumanResources->CMP PampelandDallmeier-Tiessen2014

Domainrepositoriesfaceanuncertainfuturedespitethegrowingdemandfordatasharingandaccess

SharingandAccess->Planning

Kupiainen2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceEachfielddevelopsitsowninscriptionstodocument,describe,andrepresentwhatitconsiderstobedata.

Borgman2015

evidencemaybelostbecausetheoriginandauthenticityofthedatamaybeuncertain

Knowledge:ProvenanceandAuthenticity

Knowledge->CMP KuipersandvanderHoeven2009

fewlong-termstrategiesforOGDthattakeintoaccountcontextwithinthesocietyandinthepublicadministration,andcomprehensivelyaddresstechnical,economic,social,legal,institutionalandimplementation-relatedaspects

Planning->Funding Ubaldi2013

Ubaldi2013

Planning->Legal/Policy Ubaldi2013

financialtrade-offbetweencreatingnewdataandpreservingolddata Legal/Policy:Institutionalstructuresandpressures

Funding->CMP NAS2009

findwaysofpreservingandexchangingresearchdatathatarenotbasedonthecommodificationofresearchdata(makeacaseforpreservingpublicgoods)

Planning->CMP ARL2006

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcefindwaysofpreservingandexchangingresearchdatathatarenotbasedonthecommodificationofresearchdata(makeacaseforpreservingpublicgoods)

Planning->SharingandAccess

ARL2006

Focusingondatapublicationcouldfixpublicationdataintounitsthatpreventsbroaderuse

CMP:QualityandUsability

Culture->CMP Borgman2015

Formingthesepartnershipswithotherunitsattheinstitution]islistedasthebiggestchallengebyrespondents,andinsomecaseshasledtouncertainrolesattheinstitution-leveloverwhichunitshaveprimacyoverRDM.

Collaboration:ChallengesFormingPartnerships

Collaboration->CMP Fearonetal.2013

Collaboration->HumanResources

Fearonetal.2013

Collaboration->InfrastructureandTools

Fearonetal.2013

Collaboration->Responsibility

Fearonetal.2013

fundamentalissueinthedebateoverthesharingofpublicationrelateddata,information,andmaterialsiswhetherexceptionsshouldbemadetoacommunitystandardiftheprogressofsciencemightbeadvancedbythem

NRC2003

fundingforpreservation Funding:LackofFunding

Funding->CMP Pepeetal2014

Generallyspeaking,themorehandcraftedthedatacollectionandthemorelabor-intensivethepostprocessingforinterpretation,thelesslikely

HumanResources:Time

Borgman2012

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcethatresearcherswillsharetheirdata(goesontosaygeneralizationsdifficulttomake)Governmentagenciesoftenhavestrongtechnicalcapabilities,butaresubjecttopoliticalandbudgetarypressuresandcompetingpriorities

Culture->CMP DownsandChen2013

guardagainstfinancialthreats SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels

Planning->Funding DownsandChen2013

harddrivesnotasreliableasvendorssay InfrastructureandTools:Other

STC2007

HEIresearchdataholdingsareoftendistributedamongstschools,departments,groupsandindividuals.SeveralUniversitieshavedonesurveysthatshowtheirholdingsareveryfragmented,forexampleresidingonUSBdrivesorlocalserverswithinindividualresearchgroups

CMP->Knowledge Addis2015

Howaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignofdigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdata

Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->CMP Wynholdsetal.2012

Howaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignofdigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdata

Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->InfrastructureandTools

Wynholdsetal.2012

Howaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignof

Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->Legal/Policy Wynholdsetal.2012

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcedigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdataHowaredatausedandhowaretheyreused?Whattypesofdataaremostlikelytobereused,bywhom,andforwhatpurposes?Answerstothesequestionsareneededtoinforminformationpolicyandthedesignofdigitallibrariestosupportthecapture,management,use,andreuseofdata

Knowledge:Reuse Knowledge->Planning Wynholdsetal.2012

Howwillpublisherswhotraditionallyregardthemselvesascontentprovidersnegotiatethetransitiontoarolefocusingonserviceprovision?Howwillbusinessesandsystemsaccustomedtoapay-to-readmodeladapttoapay-to-publishmodel?

Culture:Other Planning->Funding ThompsonReuters2013

IfDMPsnotaccompaniedbymeansofsharing,maynotpromotesharingandreuse

InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools

Borgman2015

IfDMPsnotaccompaniedbymeansofsharing,maynotpromotesharingandreuse

Borgman2015

Iflefttotheirowndevices,mostscholarswilldocumenttheirdatajustwellenoughtoservethepurposesoftheirimmediateandplannedresearchprojects

HumanResources:Time

Iflefttotheirowndevices,mostscholarswilldocumenttheirdatajustwellenoughtoservethepurposesoftheirimmediateandplannedresearchprojects

HumanResources:Time

Borgman2015

Imbalanceinstructureanddistributionofknowledge(studyof"charismaticmegafuna"overotherbiotathataremorefundamentalecologicalprocess

Knowledge:ChallengesofEnablingReuse

Knowledge->? Edwardsetal.2013

Improvingdiscovery Discovery CMP->DiscoveryInfrastructure->DiscoveryThesearemainlyimpliedrelationshipshavingtodowithcurationaffect

Borgman2015;Readetal.2015;Wallisetal.2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceoninteroperability(tiedtodiscoverybutnotnecessarily)andfactthatyouneedinfrastructuretoenablediscovery.

inmanydisciplinestherearenostandardsinwhichthedatacanbedescribed

Culture:Standards Culture->CMP PampelandDallmeier-Tiessen2014

inpracticeitisraretofinddetailedinformationregardingpreservationcommitmentsofferedbyindividualrepositories

Knowledge:StewardshipCommitments

Knowledge-Planning LavoieandMalpas2015

Inpreparingsecondarydataproductsforaccess,repositoriesneedtoaddressissuesoftrust,documentation,interoperability,andongoingvalue.

CMP->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011

inresearch-fundingorgs,fundingforinfrastructurecompeteswithfundingforresearchwithoutexpansionofoverallfunding

Legal/Policy->Funding Berman2014

Intheacademicsector,universitylibrariesarenaturalfociforthestewardshipofdigitalresearchdata.Buttheyneedfinancialsupporttoevolveinthisdirectionatatimewhenmanybudgetsarebeingcut.

Bermanetal.2010

Intheacademicsector,universitylibrariesarenaturalfociforthestewardshipofdigitalresearchdata.Buttheyneedfinancialsupporttoevolveinthisdirectionatatimewhenmanybudgetsarebeingcut.

Bermanetal.2010

Inthepresentclimate,domainrepositorieshavedifficultysupportingtechnicalsystemsandstaffexpertiserequiredforlong-termpreservation

EmberandHanisch2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceInadequateincentivesforscientistparticipationindatapreservation LegalandPolicy:

IncentivesLegal/Policy->CMP ARL2006

inadequateknowledgeofresearchersofwheretoupload/depositdata Knowledge:WheretoDepositData

Knowledge->CMP Sturgesetal.2015;Wallisetal.2013

inadequateknowledgeofresearchersofwheretoupload/depositdata Knowledge:WheretoDepositData

Knowledge->SharingandAccess

Sturgesetal.2015;Wallisetal.2013

inconsistenciesandalackofstandardisationinjournalpoliciesaboutdatadeposit

LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment

Legal/Policy->CMP Sturgesetal.2015

increasedpressureonresearcherstoshare,butlittlemotivation LegalandPolicy:Incentives

Wallisetal.2013

infrastructuresarelong-terminitiativesthatmustnavigateshort-termfundingcyclesandpoliticalturnover.

Commitment:DurationofCommitment

Commitment->Infrastructure

Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013

infrastructuresarelong-terminitiativesthatmustnavigateshort-termfundingcyclesandpoliticalturnover.

Commitment->Funding Borgman2015;EmberandHanisch2013

Institutionalrepositoriescannotofferthefeaturesandvisibilitytoresearchersthatdisciplinaryrepositoriesspecializingindatasetsforaspecificaudienceareabletoprovide

InfrastructureandTools->Discovery

Reevesetal.2015

Institutionalrepositoriescannotofferthefeaturesandvisibilitytoresearchersthatdisciplinaryrepositoriesspecializingindatasetsforaspecificaudienceareabletoprovide

Reevesetal.2015

Insufficientdataarereleasedtojustifydevelopingarepository,andinsufficientdemandexiststojustifyreleasinganddepositingdata

Culture:DemandforData

Wallisetal.2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceInsufficientdataarereleasedtojustifydevelopingarepository,andinsufficientdemandexiststojustifyreleasinganddepositingdata

Sharing->Funding Wallisetal.2013

Sharing->InfrastructureandTools

Wallisetal.2013

Sharing->Planning Wallisetal.2013

insufficientresources,will,andleadershiptobuildcyberinfrastructureforthehumanitiesandsocialsciences

Culture:Priority Culture->HumanResources

NSF2007

insufficientresources,will,andleadershiptobuildcyberinfrastructureforthehumanitiesandsocialsciences

Culture:Priority Culture->InfrastructureandTools

NSF2007

integratingstorageandcomputeresourcesbetweenlocalandnationalinfrastructures

InfrastructureandTools->ResearchCollaboration

Lynch2008

Interoperabilityallowssomedataandstakeholdersinandkeepsothersout.Policy,practice,standards,businessmodels,andvestedinterestsoftenaregreaterdeterminantsofinteroperabilitythanistechnology

CMP:Interoperability

Culture->CMP Borgman2015

Funding->CMP Borgman2015

Legal/Policy->CMP Borgman2015

itisdifficulttoreuseothers'data.Thefurtheryouareaway,theharderitis

Itisnotsufficienttodocumentdatapre-processingsteps;theprocessesthemselvesmustbecaptured

CMP->Reuse Rauber2012

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceItistimeforafinancialreviewofthesituation:weneedtounderstandthefullcostsofcuratingdatasothatwecanplanandbudgetfortherequiredinfrastructuremoreeffectively

Lyon2007

Itistimeforafinancialreviewofthesituation:weneedtounderstandthefullcostsofcuratingdatasothatwecanplanandbudgetfortherequiredinfrastructuremoreeffectively

Knowledge->Planning Lyon2007

knowledge-workers'institutionsactwithoutvision/strategy;piecemeal SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning

Borgman2012

lackastandardizedmechanismtoreferenceresources(fromastronomy) Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse? Pepeetal2014lackofaclearOGDstrategythatprovidesincentivestopublicofficialstoinvestinOGDactivities

Legal/Policy->Funding Ubaldi2013

lackofaclearOGDstrategythatprovidesincentivestopublicofficialstoinvestinOGDactivities

Planning->Legal/Policy Ubaldi2013

lackofanongoingandefficientflowofresourcestopreservationthroughoutthedigitallifecycle

Funding->CMP Bermanetal.2010;EmberandHanisch2013

lackofbusinessmodel SustainabilityPlanning:BusinessandEconomicModels

Planning->CMP ThompsonReuters2013

lackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor

Knowledge->CMP Weigert2015

lackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor

Knowledge->Planning Weigert2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor

Planning->CMP Weigert2015

lackofcertaintyabouthowmuchitwillallcostandhowtosustainresourcesinthelongterm...Thedifficultyhereistoestimatehowmuchdatatherewillbeandhowmorestoragetobudgetfor[Duplicate]

Knowledge:Amountofdata

Knowledge->CMP Weigert2015

lackofclarityaboutownershipofdata;ownershipoflarge-scaledatasets,potentiallycollectedbymachinesorsoftwareproviders

lackofclearguidelinesaroundtextanddatamining Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse

lackofcommonrequirementsandenforcementpracticesfordatasharingacrossagencies

Legal/Policy->Sharing Reevesetal.2015

lackofcommonstandardsfordatamanagementandarchiving Culture:Standards Culture->CMP Reevesetal.2015Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel

SustainabilityPlanning:LackofStrategyandPlanning

Culture->Planning Berman2014

Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel

Planning->CMP Berman2014

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceLackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel

Planning->HumanResources

Berman2014

Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoprimarilybadnews,aweakervalueproposition,andachallengingbusinessmodel

Berman2014

Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoamorechallengingbusinessmodel

Planning->CMP Berman2014

Lackofcomprehensiveplanforresearchdatastewardshipandpreservationduetoamorechallengingbusinessmodel

Berman2014

Lackofconsistencyfromfundersabouthowdataishandled(whethermadeaccessibleornot)

Borgman2012

lackofcoordinationofroles,responsibilities,andfundingsourcesamongthosebestpositionedtopreservedata(researchers)

Responsibility:CoordinateStewardshipActivities

Collaboration->CMP Bermanetal.2010

lackofcoordinationofroles,responsibilities,andfundingsourcesamongthosebestpositionedtopreservedata(researchers)

Responsibility->CMP Bermanetal.2010

lackofcriticalmasstodevelopandsustainshareddataresources Collaboration:LackofCriticalMass

Borgman2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofdemonstrateddemandforresearchdataoutsideofgenomics,climatescience,astronomy,socialsciencesurveys,andafewotherareas

Culture->Reuse? Borgman2012

lackofeffectiveincentivemechanismstopromotedata-sharingpracticesamongresearchers

OECD2015

lackofexpertise,resourcestomakemetadataavailable HumanResources:Skills

HumanResources->CMP Eakinetal.n.d.

lackofexpertise,resourcestomakemetadataavailable HumanResources:Skills

Eakinetal.n.d.

lackoffundingandresources(librariesandmuseums)neededforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship

Funding->CMP DownsandChen2013;Erway2015

DownsandChen2013;Erway2015

lackofincentivesforcompetitiontransparency;impacts LegalandPolicy:Incentives

Manyikaetal.2011

lackofincentivestoexperimentwithcyberinfrastructureinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;

Legal/Policy->CMP NSF2007

Legal/Policy->Humanresources

NSF2007

Legal/Policy->InfrastructureandTools

NSF2007

lackofinformationaboutcostsfordecisionmaking Knowledge:CostsofStewardship

Knowledge->Planning STC2007

lackofinformationaboutcostsofkeepingsystemsuptodateasnewtechnologiesemerge

Knowledge->CMP Brownetal.2015

Knowledge->Planning Brownetal.2015

Planning->CMP Brownetal.2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofinformationaboutwhohaspreviouslyenhanced,annotatedorhadaccesstothedata

Knowledge:ProvenanceandAuthenticity

Knowledge->CMP(quality,trustworthiness)

ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010

lackofinfrastructureforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship;lackofrepositoriesforCENSresearchareas

DownsandChen2013;Wallisetal.2013

lackofinsightintoareasonablefeestructure/amount:“TryingtofigureouttherightcostforaTerabyteofdata,or7hoursofcuration

Knowledge->Planning Kupiainen2015

lackofinteroperability(amongsilosofinformation) CMP:Interoperability

Infrastructure->SharingandAccess

Borgman2015;ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010;Ubaldi2013

Lackofknowledgeaboutpreservationpractices Knowledge:Howtopreserve

Knowledge->CMP STC2007

lackofliabilityarrangementsmaypreventresearchersfromstoringdata Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse

Legal/Policy->CMP ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010

lackofliabilityarrangementsmaypreventsharing Legal/Policy:DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse

Legal/Policy->Sharing Borgman2015

lackofperceiveddemand;CENSinvestigatorsinvestlittleeffortinmetadatacreationbecausetheycannotforeseewhomightusetheirdata

Knowledge->Curation Wallisetal.2013

lackofrewardorcreditforsharing LegalandPolicy:Incentives

Borgman2012

lackofstandardizedarchivalpracticesanddataformats(curation) Culture:Standards Culture->CMP STC2007lackofstandards(includingInternetofThings) Culture:Standards Culture->Sharingand

AccessNAS2009

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelackofstandardsforinfrastructure Culture:Standards Culture->Sharingand

AccessBorgman2015

lackofstandardsforinfrastructure Culture:Standards Culture->InfrastructureandTools

Borgman2015

lackofsupportfordatamanagementforresearchersinshortandlongterm

HumanResources:SupportforDataManagement

HumanResources->CMP Giarlo2012;Tenopiretal.2011

lackofunderstandingofpreservationissuesrelatedtodatasets Knowledge:Howtopreserve

Knowledge->Planning Brownetal.2015

lackofvocabularies(forquality)applicableacrossdomains Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse McDonough2012legalcontractsbywhichdatawereobtainedmaypreventsharing Legal/Policy:

DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse

Legal/Policy->Sharing Borgman2015

legislationforsharingdatabaseshasbeenproblematic;itisproblematicforresearcherstohavetoagreetorestrictivetermstouseadatabase

Legal/Policy->Reuse NRC2003

legislationforsharingdatabaseshasbeenproblematic;itisproblematicforresearcherstohavetoagreetorestrictivetermstouseadatabase

Legal/Policy->Sharing NRC2003

Librariesarenotoftensetupwiththeproperinfrastructureandsupporttoquicklyadapttonewdigitalstrategiesandbusinessmodels

InfrastructureandTools->Planning

Johnsonetal.2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelikelihoodthatrecipientwillnotreciprocate Culture:Sharing

attitudesandpractices

NRC2003

linksto“personaldatasets”,i.e.,linkstopotentialdatahostedonastronomers'personalwebsites,becomeunreachablemuchfasterthanlinkstocurated“institutionaldatasets”

Culture->CMP Pepeetal2014

linksto“personaldatasets”,i.e.,linkstopotentialdatahostedonastronomers'personalwebsites,becomeunreachablemuchfasterthanlinkstocurated“institutionaldatasets”

Pepeetal2014

Littleknownaboutbeginning,middle,andendofknowledgeinfrastructuresandwhathappenstothedatatheyheld.Whenresearchfundingends,collaborationsmaydisbandgracefully,takingresourcesandexpertisetothenextprojects.

Knowledge:Other Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015

Lotsofcollections,resourcesoutthere;notaprogrammaticwayofdealingwiththem

Planning->CMP Palmer2015

Lowfundingpriorityfordatamanagementandpreservationinmanyscientificdisciplines;lackoffunding

Culture:Priority Culture->DataManagementandPreservation

Esanuetal.2004;NAS2009;NRC2003

Lowfundingpriorityfordatamanagementandpreservationinmanyscientificdisciplines;lackoffunding

Culture:Priority Culture->Funding Esanuetal.2004;NAS2009;NRC2003

managementofmetadataiscriticalforarchivists,butnotpriorityformanufacturersorusers

Culture:Priority Culture->CMP STC2007

Managingdatarequiresamuchdifferentarchitecturethansystemsforpublicationsorothertextualdocuments.Rarelyaredataself-describing,nordotheystandaloneasindependentunits

CMP:Other InfrastructureandTools->CMP

Borgmanetal.2014

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceManagingresearchdataisaknowledgeinfrastructureproblembeyondthescopeofindividualresearchersorprojects

Collaboration->CMP Borgmanetal.2014

Manybemoanedthelackofcommonmetadataandarchivesasamainimpedimenttousingandstoringdata

Culture:Standards Culture->CMP ScienceStaff2011

Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse ScienceStaff2011

ScienceStaff2011

manyexistingrepositorieswillnotscaletofuturedemands,interoperatewellamongdisciplines,norguaranteelong-termaccess

Atkinsetal.2003

Manygovernmentsandresearchinstitutionsarecurrentlybearingthecostsofofferingopenaccesstoarticlesandtodata,aswellasthecostsofstorageandthepreservationofdatasetsonline.Giventherapidlyincreasingamountsofdata,publicinstitutionswillbechallengedtofindsustainablefundingandbusinessmodels.Public-privatepartnershipswithprivateserviceprovidersmayofferinnovativesolutions.

Collaboration->Funding OECD2015

Manygovernmentsandresearchinstitutionsarecurrentlybearingthecostsofofferingopenaccesstoarticlesandtodata,aswellasthecostsofstorageandthepreservationofdatasetsonline.Giventherapidlyincreasingamountsofdata,publicinstitutionswillbechallengedtofindsustainablefundingandbusinessmodels.Public-privatepartnershipswithprivateserviceprovidersmayofferinnovativesolutions.

Planning->Funding OECD2015

Manytraditionalinformationpreservationandaccessinstitutionssuchaslibrariesandmuseumsarestrugglingtodeveloptheskills,resources,andinfrastructureneededforlargescale,long-termdigitaldatastewardship

HumanResources:Skills

HumanResources->CMP DownsandChen2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcemisalignmentbetweenthescaleoftheneedforon-campusdatacurationandthelevelofcommitmentbyacademiclibrariestoaddressthisneed(asmeasuredbytheamountofresourcesallocatedtothisneedvs.otherneeds)

Commitment:ExtentofCommitment

Commitment->CMP Giarlo2012

misalignmentbetweenthescaleoftheneedforon-campusdatacurationandthelevelofcommitmentbyacademiclibrariestoaddressthisneed(asmeasuredbytheamountofresourcesallocatedtothisneedvs.otherneeds)

Commitment->Funding Giarlo2012

Giarlo2012

mismatchbetweenjobclassificationslikearchivistandlibrarian,andtheactualdemandsofthedataworld.Theimplicationisthatrepositoriescannotoperateeffectivelyonsoftmoney;thereneedstobeanunderlyingsustainablefundingbase

EmberandHanisch2013

mismatchbetweenthelong-termcommitmenttopreservationinherentintheworkofarchiving,andtheshort-termandepisodicfundinguponwhichthisworkisbased;long-termpreservationnowonlycoveredforfirst5years(RDA)

Commitment->CMP Kupiainen2015;EmberandHanisch2013

Commitment->Funding Kupiainen2015;EmberandHanisch2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcemismatchbetweenthelong-termcommitmenttopreservationinherentintheworkofarchiving,andtheshort-termandepisodicfundinguponwhichthisworkisbased;long-termpreservationnowonlycoveredforfirst5years(RDA)

Kupiainen2015;EmberandHanisch2013

Morelaborisrequiredtodescribeuniqueitemsortomergethemintocommonstructures.Eachresearchdatasetisuniqueandrequiresitsownmetadataandprovenancerecords.

HumanResources:Time

Mostevaluationsofuniversitiesandresearchersarealmostentirelybasedonteachingandbibliometricindicators,attributinglittlevaluetothesharingofpre-publicationinputsandpost-publicationoutcomes,suchasdataandotherrelevantinformation

Legal/Policy->CMP OECD2015

Mostevaluationsofuniversitiesandresearchersarealmostentirelybasedonteachingandbibliometricindicators,attributinglittlevaluetothesharingofpre-publicationinputsandpost-publicationoutcomes,suchasdataandotherrelevantinformation

OECD2015

Mostresearcherswillsharemorereadilywiththeirpeers,giventheconcernsforlabor,interpretation,andlikelihoodofreuse

HumanResources:Time

Borgman2012

Muchofthedatabeingsoughtis“preserved”inadhocandfragmentedways,andalltoooftenendsupin“datamortuaries”ratherthanarchives

CMP:Other CMP->Reuse Atkinsetal.2003;Wynholdsetal.2011

Muchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculturebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestments

Culture->Collaboration Atkinsetal.2003

Muchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculture

Atkinsetal.2003

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestmentsMuchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculturebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestments

Atkinsetal.2003

Muchoftheeffortunderwaytousecyberinfrastructureforcollaborativeresearchisnotgivingadequateattentiontosociologicalandculturebarrierstotechnologyadoptionthatmaycausefailure,evenafterlargeinvestments

Infrastructure->CollaborativeResearch

Atkinsetal.2003

needtoensuredataareaccessible,usablebygeneralpublic;thistakesmoreworkthanmakingdataaccessibletofellowspecialistsandmayrequirefocusedefforts

HumanResources:Time

Wynholdsetal.2011

needtoensuredataareaccessible,usablebygeneralpublic;thistakesmoreworkthanmakingdataaccessibletofellowspecialistsandmayrequirefocusedefforts

HumanResources:Time

Wynholdsetal.2011

Neithertheproducersofdatanortheagenciesthatrequiresharingcanagreeonwhatarethedata

Borgman2012

Noenterpriseyethasalong-termstrategyorsolution[fordigitalpreservation]thatdoesnotrequiresignificantandongoingcapitalinvestmentandoperationalexpense.

Funding->CMP STC2007

STC2007

SustainabilityPlanning:Business

STC2007

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceandEconomicModels

Nofundingforinvestigatingfeasiblebusinessmodels;notpartofcontracteddeliverables.

Funding->Planning Kupiainen2015

nogroupwhosemainstreammissionitistoplanandcoordinatethedatainfrastructureneededfortheresearchcommunity(reasonfornocomprehensiveplan)

Berman2014

Commitment->Planning Berman2014

Berman2014

Nomechanismforexpressingorknowingifaccesstodatasetsisrequiredonatime-framefasterthannormalqualitycontrolprocessesallow(toenforcequalitystandardsondatabeforetheyareused)

Discovery Discovery->Reuse Ashley2012

nooneknowswhatwillhavevalue;difficulttodeterminewhatwillbeofvalue;

Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015;Brownetal.2015;Esanuetal.2004

noonesectorwillbeabletotakeontheresponsibilityforstewardshipofallresearchdata

Responsibility:ConductStewardshipActivities

Berman2010

nosingleprivatefoundationintheUnitedStates—withtheexceptionoftheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,whichprimarilyfundshealthinitiatives—hasannualfundingthatequalsthebudgetofCISE.Amongthe

Funding:ImbalanceinFunding

NSF2007

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcelargeprivatefoundations,fewarefocusedonhumanitiesandsocialsciencesnosingleprivatefoundationintheUnitedStates—withtheexceptionoftheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,whichprimarilyfundshealthinitiatives—hasannualfundingthatequalsthebudgetofCISE.Amongthelargeprivatefoundations,fewarefocusedonhumanitiesandsocialsciences

NSF2007

Nostandardpolicyaboutopenaccessandarchivingamongfunders LegalandPolicy:LackofConsistencyandAlignment

ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010

notallresearchersarenecessarilyawareofthepossibilitiesofferedbyopenscience.

Knowledge:ReusePossibilities

Knowledge->Reuse OECD2015

notclearhowsuchlongtermstewardshipshouldbefundedandsupported

Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities

Commitment->Responsibility

DownsandChen2013

notclearhowsuchlongtermstewardshipshouldbefundedandsupported

Responsibility->Funding DownsandChen2013

notclearwhatorganizationsorinstitutionscanandshouldmaintainandstoresuchdata,ensuringtheirlong-termintegrityandusability

Responsibility->CMP Bermanetal.2010;Borgman2015;DownsandChen2013

Notpossibletoknowcostsuntilapreservationstrategyischosen Knowledge:CostsofStewardship

Planning-Knowledge Eakinetal.,n.d.;Lavoie2006,(quotedinEakinetal.n.d.)

notyetagreeduponstandards(e.g.,inbrainimaging)forhowtoshare,annotate,etc

Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse NRC2003

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcenotyetagreeduponstandards(e.g.,inbrainimaging)forhowtoshare,annotate,etc

NRC2003

OGD:Acriticalelementofaccessibilityistoknowthesourceofwhattheuserissearchingfor,andinmanyinstances,wheretobeginsearchingcanposeachallenge

Discovery Discovery->Reuse Ubaldi2013

OGD:Certainlegalrequirements,aswellasfragmentedanddiverselegislationconcerningprivacy(e.g.UKDataProtectionAct,re-useandsometimesfees(e.g.inSwedenandGermany36)cancreateconfusionforend-users,orcanmakeitmoredifficultfor

Legal/Policy->Reuse Ubaldi2013

OGD:challengeswhenfederalgovernmentseekstoimposecoordinationorconsistencyacrossthebroadrangeofrulemakingprocesses,dataandportalsenablingaccesstogovernmentdata(needtocollaborateandcoordinate)

Collaboration->SharingandAccess

Ubaldi2013

OGD:Convertinglargevolumesofdataintore-useableformatshascostimplications

Ubaldi2013

OGD:difficultfromtheuserperspectivetoknowwhichpieceofdataisvalidorshouldbetrusted

CMP->Reuse Ubaldi2013

OGD:everypublicagencyhasitsownsetofdata,formatsandstandards[Duplicate]

Culture:Standards Culture->Reuse Ubaldi2013

OGD:everypublicagencyhasitsownsetofdata,formatsandstandards.Thiscanmakeitdifficultfromtheuserperspectivetoknowwhichpieceofdataisvalidorshouldbetrusted.Acriticalelementofaccessibilityistoknowthesourceofwhattheuserissearchingfor,andinmanyinstances,wheretobeginsearchingcanposeachallenge.

Culture->Reuse Ubaldi2013

OGD:howtodevelopanewbusinesscaseandfinancingmodelforcollecting,converting,anddiffusingpublicdatainlightoftheaccessibilityprinciplethatopengovernmentdatashouldbefreeorprovidedatcost

Planning->CMP Ubaldi2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceOGD:howtodevelopanewbusinesscaseandfinancingmodelforcollecting,converting,anddiffusingpublicdatainlightoftheaccessibilityprinciplethatopengovernmentdatashouldbefreeorprovidedatcost

OGD:howtodevelopanewbusinesscaseandfinancingmodelforcollecting,converting,anddiffusingpublicdatainlightoftheaccessibilityprinciplethatopengovernmentdatashouldbefreeorprovidedatcost

Ubaldi2013

OGD:internalcultureofpublicsectorinstitutionsisnotimmediatelyconducivetodatasharingandrequiresadditionalefforts

Ubaldi2013

OGD:lackofappropriateinstitutionalstructurestoensureaccountability,transparency,qualityofdataandresponsibilityinacontextofcollaboration

Collaboration:SupportStructures

Culture->Collaboration Ubaldi2013

OGD:lackofintegrationofOGDtoolsandapplications InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools

Ubaldi2013

OGD:lackofproceduresandstandardsonhowtodealwithopendataingovernments(e.g.lackoftoolsavailabletomakedataopen,ofvalidationstructuresandguidelines,guidelinesondatacollectionthatcancompromisethequalityofthedataandeven

Ubaldi2013

OGD:Needforengagementmodelsandstrategiestoallowtwo-waydialoguetotakeplacebetweenthepublicsectorandtheusersofgovernmentdata

Collaboration:LackofCollaboration

Planning->Reuse Ubaldi2013

OGD:Proliferationofregulatorycompliancerequirements:federalwebdesignersinacomplianceminefieldthatmakesithardforthemtoavoidbreakingtherules–whiledivertingenergyfrominnovationtowardscompliance

Legal/Policy->InfrastructureandTools

Ubaldi2013

OGD:Thereisasubstantialcommitmentandinvestmentonthepartofpublicagenciesastheyneedtoacquirenewskills,trainemployees,

Commitment:Other

Commitment->Funding Ubaldi2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcepurchasetechnologies,andupgradenetworkinfrastructure,whichneedtobeaccountedfor.OGD:Thereisasubstantialcommitmentandinvestmentonthepartofpublicagenciesastheyneedtoacquirenewskills,trainemployees,purchasetechnologies,andupgradenetworkinfrastructure,whichneedtobeaccountedfor.

Commitment:Other

Ubaldi2013

OGD:Thereisasubstantialcommitmentandinvestmentonthepartofpublicagenciesastheyneedtoacquirenewskills,trainemployees,purchasetechnologies,andupgradenetworkinfrastructure,whichneedtobeaccountedfor.

Commitment:Other

Ubaldi2013

OGD:Useofdatarestrictedduetodisclosurepoliciesthatlimitdatatransparencyorcopyrightsthatresultinlackofclarityoverwhoownsgovernmentdata.

Legal/Policy->Reuse Ubaldi2013

OGD:valueandtransparencymightbehinderedifdataarenotsimpletoaccessduetoitsformats

Access->Knowledge Ubaldi2013

Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,businesssectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.

Culture:Other Collaboation->InfrastructureandTools

OECD2015

Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,businesssectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.

Culture:Other Collaboration->HumanResources

OECD2015

Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,business

Culture:Other Collaboration->Planning OECD2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcesectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.Openscienceeffortsinvolvedifferentcommunitiesanddifferentactors:researchers,governmentalinstitutions,universitiesandresearchcentres,librariesanddatacentres,privatenon-profitorganisations,businesssectororganisationsincludingprivateacademicpublishers,supra-nationalentities,citizens,etc.

Culture:Other Collaboration->SharingandAccess

OECD2015

organizationalstructuresarenotrobustenoughtosupportresourcesmovingbetweenlocalandnationalresourcesortoallowdesignoftomorrow'sarchitectures,tools,andservices(seedomainrepositoryproblemofhavingresourcestoinvestigatebusiness

Lynch2008

organizationalstructuresarenotrobustenoughtosupportresourcesmovingbetweenlocalandnationalresourcesortoallowdesignoftomorrow'sarchitectures,tools,andservices(seedomainrepositoryproblemofhavingresourcestoinvestigatebusiness

Culture->Collaboration Lynch2008

particulardomainsmayhavevaluablesystemssetupthatclashwiththeexpectationsofcertification—forinstance,inoceanographyresearchersarerequiredtoputtheirdataincertainrepositoriesandcertificationwouldrequiretherepositoriestoreje

Legal/Policy->CMP Edwardsetal.2013

Planninganddevelopingrequirementsfordataarchivesmustaccommodatethecontinualchangeandevolutioninthepracticeofscience;thelocalvariabilityinfocus,practice,andavailabletechnologyandotherphysicalandhumaninfrastructure;thedifferingmandatesandobjectivesofdifferentdataproducers,aswellasadiversityofpotentialusers,includingscientists,educationalinstitutions,businesses,policymakers,andordinarycitizens

Culture->Planning Esanuetal.2004

Planninganddevelopingrequirementsfordataarchivesmustaccommodatethecontinualchangeandevolutioninthepracticeofscience;thelocalvariabilityinfocus,practice,andavailabletechnologyandotherphysicalandhumaninfrastructure;thedifferingmandatesand

SustainabilityPlanning:PlanningforDynamicand

HumanResources->Planning

Esanuetal.2004

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceobjectivesofdifferentdataproducers,aswellasadiversityofpotentialusers,includingscientists,educationalinstitutions,businesses,policymakers,andordinarycitizens

AdaptableInfrastructure

InfrastructureandTools->Planning

Esanuetal.2004

SharingandAccess->Planning

Esanuetal.2004

plansforthereevaluationofresourcesalsoneedtoprotectdigitalresourcesthathappentobereviewedwhentherepresentedtopicsordisciplinesareunpopularorwhenbudgetsarebeingscrutinizedinjudiciously

Planning->CMP DownsandChen2013

Policiestopromoteopendataarelessmaturethanthosetopromoteopenaccesstoscientificpublications.

OECD2015

Policymakersneedtopromoteopennessinsciencewhileatthesametimepreservingcompetition;pushingforopenaccessandopendatatooearlymaybecounterproductiveinsomecases.

OECD2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcepoorinteroperabilityofdatasourcesandsteeplearningcurve CMP:

InteroperabilityCMP->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011

Popularattentiondrawntoextremefutures;missmiddlegroundofgettingthere

Culture->Planning Edwardsetal.2013

preservationisanorganizationalaswellasatechnicalchallengeandtheresponsibility,ashasbeenwidelyrecognized,spansabroadrangeofstakeholders

ARL2006;Turneretal.2015

privacyprotectionsmakedatahardertouseorlessuseful Reuse:DifficultyofReusingData

Legal/Policy->Reuse Fiore2012

Privatefoundationsareimportantsourcesofsupportinthehumanitiesandthesocialsciences[forcyberinfrastructure],buttheycannotmakeupforthelowleveloffederalfunding.

Funding->CMP NSF2007

NSF2007

Problemsinusingbigdata(privacy,hidescomplexitiesandexpertiseinvolved)

Processformanagingchangesovertimeinneedsandresponsibilitiesofdataauthors,managers,users,fundingagenciesatthelevelofthedisciplineorcommunityisnolongeradequategiventhesubstantialcostofcreatingdatacollectionsandmanaging

NSB2005

Processformanagingchangesovertimeinneedsandresponsibilitiesofdataauthors,managers,users,fundingagenciesatthelevelofthedisciplineorcommunityisnolongeradequategiventhesubstantialcostofcreatingdatacollectionsandmanaging

Collaboration->Planning NSB2005

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceproliferationofMTAsisanimpedimenttosharingpub-relatedmaterials Legal/Policy:

DeficienciesThatInhibitStewardship,Access,andUse

Legal/Policy->Sharing NRC2003

properlymanagingdatavolume(thenumberofbitsisenormousandgrowing)

Esanuetal.2004;STC2007

Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescomputationalpower

Borgman2015

Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescomputationalpower

Borgman2015

Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescontinualinvestmentincuration

Funding:Other Funding->CMP Borgman2015

Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequirescontinualinvestmentincuration

Funding:Other Funding->SharingandAccess

Borgman2015

Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequiresstaffexpertisetoassistusersinexploitingtheresources

Knowledge->CMP Borgman2015

Providingaccessinwaysthatsustaintheirvalueforresearchrequiresstaffexpertisetoassistusersinexploitingtheresources

Borgman2015

publishersappreciatedthebenefitsofsharingdata,butfeltthattheirserverswouldhavedifficultyholdingthequantityofdataincludedineacharticleandthatrepositoriesweretherightplace

Responsibility->CMP DownsandChen2013;Sturgesetal.2015

publishersappreciatedthebenefitsofsharingdata,butfeltthattheirserverswouldhavedifficultyholdingthequantityofdataincludedineacharticleandthatrepositoriesweretherightplace

Responsibility->InfrastructureandTools

DownsandChen2013;Sturgesetal.2015

pushtowardsopenaccess,whilecreatingmoreequityofaccessforthecommunityofusers,createsaBurdanfordomainrepositoriesbecauseit

Culture:Other Legal/Policy->Funding EmberandHanisch2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcenarrowstheirfundingpossibilities.Withoutcare,thisshiftmaycreateadifferentkindofinequity—lesswell-RDMSrequiresadiverserangeofskills,manyoutsidethetypicalexpertiseoflibrarystaffandnotalllibrariescanaffordtohirenewand/orretrainstaff.Creatingarchivinginfrastructureandcuratingresearchdataarealsoexpensiveendeavors.

Funding->CMP Fearonetal.2013

RDMSrequiresadiverserangeofskills,manyoutsidethetypicalexpertiseoflibrarystaffandnotalllibrariescanaffordtohirenewand/orretrainstaff.Creatingarchivinginfrastructureandcuratingresearchdataarealsoexpensiveendeavors.

Fearonetal.2013

RDMSrequiresadiverserangeofskills,manyoutsidethetypicalexpertiseoflibrarystaffandnotalllibrariescanaffordtohirenewand/orretrainstaff.Creatingarchivinginfrastructureandcuratingresearchdataarealsoexpensiveendeavors.

Fearonetal.2013

relativelyfewformaldigitalcommunitiesandrelativelyfewinstitutionalplatformsforonlinecollaborationinthehumanities

Collaboration:LackofCollaboration

InfrastructureandTools->Collaboration

NSF2007

Reluctancetousedatasetsforwhichtheresearcherlackedprerequisiteexpertise.

Knowledge->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011

researchersdonotprovidedatamanagerswithalltypesofdatatheymakeuseof,e.g.sourcecodeandrawdatasets

Culture->CMP ThaesisandvanderHoeven2010

researchersdon'trealizeplanningearly[fordatamanagement]couldsaveexpenseandpainlater

Planning->Funding Lynch2008

researchersdon'trealizeplanningearly[fordatamanagement]couldsaveexpenseandpainlater

Lynch2008

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceresearcherslackexpertiseindatamanagementanddatacuration HumanResources:

SkillsHumanResources->CMP Wallisetal.2013

Researchersproducelargeamountsofdata,someofwhichmaybeusefultoothers.Makingthosedatausefultoothersrequiresasubstantialinvestmentindocumentation,andoftenininterpersonalnegotiation,aboveandbeyondtheconductoftheresearchperse.Itisnotpossibletojustifymakingthatlevelofinvestmentinalldatajustincasesomeone,somewhere,atsomefuturetime,mightwishtousethem.

HumanResources:Time

HumanResources->CMP Wallisetal.2013

Researchersproducelargeamountsofdata,someofwhichmaybeusefultoothers.Makingthosedatausefultoothersrequiresasubstantialinvestmentindocumentation,andoftenininterpersonalnegotiation,aboveandbeyondtheconductoftheresearchperse.Itisnotpossibletojustifymakingthatlevelofinvestmentinalldatajustincasesomeone,somewhere,atsomefuturetime,mightwishtousethem.

HumanResources:Time

Wallisetal.2013

Researchersworryaboutvaluableearlierworkthattheystillstore,butthatinrealityisunavailableforusebecauseitisrecordedonoutdatedmedia(e.g.,floppydisks),formattedforobsoletesoftware,orreliesonantiqueprogramminglanguages.Som

CMP->Reuse KrollandForsman2010

Researchers’skillsneededforsharingarticlesordatasetsopenlyonlineareunevenlydistributed(DisciplineslikeCSandphysicshavelongertraditionofuploadingtorepositoriesandcuratinglargedatasets;researchersinotherdisciplinesmayneed

OECD2015

Reticencetotrustdata:Theastronomerswerewaryofthedangersoftreatingthedataasgivenorasanaggregationoffactsratherthanastheoutputofcomplexobservationalinstruments.

Knowledge->Reuse Wynholdsetal.2011

Scholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceScholarsneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater

Borgman2015

scholarshipisexploratory,local,diverse,andlackssharedcommunityresources

Scientificdataareheterogeneous,andbothinterpretationandmanagementrequiredeepexpertiseinthedomain.

HumanResources->CMP Wynholdsetal.2011

Wynholdsetal.2011

shortageofqualifiedpeopletoworkatrepositories,particularlyindevelopingdatamanagementsystems,definingdatamodels,andprogramming

HumanResources->CMP EmberandHanisch2013

shortageofqualifiedpeopletoworkatrepositories,particularlyindevelopingdatamanagementsystems,definingdatamodels,andprogramming

EmberandHanisch2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceShouldaprimaryandbackuparchivesystembeconnected,ornotbeconnected,byanetwork?

Knowledge:Howtopreserve

STC2007

sinceitcanbedifficulttotrustdataquality,etc.,isitnotbettertocollectneworadditionaldata?

Knowledge->Reuse Tenopiretal.2015

skillsrequiredforpreservationareinshortsupply HumanResources:Skills

HumanResources->CMP Brownetal.2015

SomeinstitutionshavenotfullyconsideredhowtosustainRDMforthelongterm

Planning->CMP Brownetal.2015

SomeinstitutionshavenotfullyconsideredhowtosustainRDMforthelongterm

Brownetal.2015

Stakeholdersmaydisagreeonwhatkindsofdatainanydomainmightbeworthyofthatdegreeofinvestmentortowhomthosedatamightbevaluable

Commitment:Other

Culture->Commitment Borgman2015

Stakeholdersmaydisagreeonwhatkindsofdatainanydomainmightbeworthyofthatdegreeofinvestmentortowhomthosedatamightbevaluable

Commitment:Other

Culture->Reuse Borgman2015

Standardscanimprovetheflowofinformationwithincommunitiesbutalsocancreateboundariesbetweenthem

Culture:Standards Culture->Knowledge Borgman2015

studentsandcitizensneedtoacquiretheskillstotakeadvantageof,useandreusedatasetsharedbytheresearchcommunity.

OECD2015

tensionbetweenadesiretostoredatainformatswhichrenderitfitforlong-termaccessandadesiretostoredatainformatswhichrenderitfitforimmediateuse

CMP:Tradeoffsbetweendatamanagementforshortorlongterm

CMP->Reuse McDonough2012

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourcetheabilityoftheNEA,NEH,andIMLStofundcyberinfrastructuredirectlyisdiminishedbecausemuchofthemoneyintheseagencybudgetsgoestostatesthroughblockgrantsoverwhichtheagencieshavelittlecontrol.

Legal/Policy->Funding NSF2007

theconstructionandoperationofVOsislimitedbyeitherthelackoftechnologyorthelackoforganizationalunderstandingthatcouldbegainedfrommoresystematiccodifyingandsharingofinformation.

Cummingsetal.2008

SharingandAccess->InfrastructureandTools

Cummingsetal.2008

SharingandAccess->Knowledge

Cummingsetal.2008

thecostofopeningupgovernmentdata,althoughsuchcost–aswellasthecostofdataproduction–hasnotbeensufficientlyappraisedsofar

Ubaldi2013

Thegrowthofnewwaysofknowingmaycomeattheexpenseofoldoralternativeones.Effortstoexpandaccesstoknowledgeforsomegroupsmaycurtailorlimittheeffectiveaccessofothers

Knowledge:Other Knowledge->SharingandAccess

Edwardsetal.2013

themostrobust,importantandadoptedinfrastructure-relatedeffortsoftheVAO,liketheVO“Registry”essentialfortoolstofinddata,arenotatallsecurefromfundingcuts

Pepeetal2014

themostseriouschallengetodatacurationarisesatthesemanticlevel,ensuringtheauthenticityandcorrectinterpretabilityofdata

CMP->Reuse Rauber2012

theNVOandVAOeffortsskewedtowardslarge,homogenousdatasets Culture:Priority Culture->CMP Pepeetal2014Therealchallengeslieindesigningdigitallibrariestoassistinthecapture,management,interpretation,use,reuse,andstewardshipofresearchdata.Opportunitiesandchallengesforthedigitallibrarycommunityareplentiful.(8)

Planning->CMP Borgmanetal.2014

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceTherealchallengeslieindesigningdigitallibrariestoassistinthecapture,management,interpretation,use,reuse,andstewardshipofresearchdata.Opportunitiesandchallengesforthedigitallibrarycommunityareplentiful.(8)

Planning->Reuse Borgmanetal.2014

Thescienceandtechnologystudiesliteratureismoreconcernedwiththeprocessesbywhichpublicationsanddataarecreatedthanwithsubsequentcurationactivities[6–8].

Culture:Priority Culture->CMP Wynholdsetal.2011

thesize,privacy,longevity,preservation,access,andotherrequirementsforresearchdataprecludea"one-size-fitsall"approachtocreationofsupportingdatacyberinfrastructure

Culture->Infrastructure Berman2010

CMP->Infrastructure Berman2010

SharingandAccess->InfrastructureandTools

Berman2010

thesubstantialamountoflaborrequiredtodocumentdatainreusableforms

HumanResources:Time

HumanResources->CMP Borgman2012;Wallisetal.2013

thesubstantialamountoflaborrequiredtodocumentdatainreusableforms

HumanResources:Time

Borgman2012;Wallisetal.2013

thethirdbiggestchallengereportedisfaculty(non)engagementduetoalackofawarenessofservicesthatthelibraryprovides,lowperceivedvalueofservices,andresistancetodatasharing.

Knowledge->Culture? Fearonetal.2013

Thevastmajorityofinformationcreatedis"unstructured" CMP:DataManagementFragmented

Gantz2007

TheweaknessofNSFstrategiesandpoliciesgoverninglong-liveddatacollectionsisthattheyhavebeendevelopedincrementallyandhavenotbeenconsideredcollectively.

SustainabilityPlanning:Lackof

Planning->CMP NSB2005

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceStrategyandPlanning

NSB2005

therearefewrobustsystemsformakingdecisionsaboutwhattopreserve InfrastructureandTools:LackofTools

Bermanetal.2010

thereisalotofworkforceturnover,sosubstantialeffortisgoingintotrainingandretraining;oncepeoplearetrainedtheybecomedesirableinthemarketandthereiscompetitionforthem.Thisleadstoalackofcontinuityandalossofinstitutionalknowledge

HumanResources->CMP EmberandHanisch2013

thereisnotthesameinterestinmaximizingthesharingofresearchdatasetsasthereisforpublishedresearcharticles,especiallyatthepre-publicationstage.

OECD2015

Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.

Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreuse

Borgman2015

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourcethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.Toimprovedataaccess,moredatamustbekeptinreusableforms,whichrequiresachangeinincentives.Formostscholars,thefundamentalproblemisbettermanagementoftheirowndata.Theyneedtools,services,andassistanceinarchivingtheirowndatainwaystheycanreusethem,whichincreasesthelikelihoodthattheirdatawillbeusefultootherslater.

Borgman2015

Legal/Policy->CMP Borgman2015

Legal/Policy->Reuse Borgman2015

Borgman2015

Toobtainfunding,investigatorsmustpitchradicallynew,ratherthanincremental,scientificgoals.Asaresult,theymayriskreinventionratherthanlearningfromthestrengthsandweaknessesofprojectsthatwentbefore–digitallibraryandotherwis

Borgmanetal.2014

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceuncertaintyaboutthefuturemechanisms,forms,andeconomicsofscholarlypublishingandscholarlycommunicationmoregenerally;[impactscreationofcyberinfrastructure]

Knowledge:ScholarlyPublishing

Knowledge->CMP NSF2007

uncertaintyaboutthefuturemechanisms,forms,andeconomicsofscholarlypublishingandscholarlycommunicationmoregenerally;[impactscreationofcyberinfrastructure]

Knowledge->Humanresources

NSF2007

Knowledge->Planning NSF2007

uncertaintyoflong-termcostsremainsproblematic Knowledge:CostsofStewardship

Knowledge->Planning Bradley2005,quotedinEakinetal.n.d.

uncertaintypersistsamongresearchersregardingthelegalorproprietarydistinctionsintermsofwhichshareddataislicensedorcopyrightedversuswhatbecomespartofthepublicdomain

Legal/Policy->Reuse ThompsonReuters2013

undevelopednotionoftimeontheWeb;difficulttoassigncreationtimestocontent

Nelson2012

Unequalaccesstotheresourcesandexpertisenecessarytocreateandoperateadigitaldatacollection(forindividualsestablishingresearchcollections,andthosetryingtryingtoestablishresourceandreferencecollections).

HumanResources:UnequalAccesstoResourcesandExpertise

HumanResources->CMP NSB2005

Unequalaccesstotheresourcesandexpertisenecessarytocreateandoperateadigitaldatacollection(forindividualsestablishingresearchcollections,andthosetryingtryingtoestablishresourceandreferencecollections).

HumanResources:UnequalAccesstoResourcesandExpertise

NSB2005

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence Sourceusersmaybeunabletounderstandorusethedatae.g.thesemantics,formatoralgorithmsinvolved

CMP->Reuse KuipersandvanderHoeven2009

Valuepropositionforstewardship Culture:Priority Culture->HumanResources

Bermanetal.2010

Valuepropositionforstewardship Culture:Priority Culture->InfrastructureandTools

Bermanetal.2010

Valuepropositionforstewardship Culture:Priority Culture->Legal/Policy Bermanetal.2010Weviewthechallengeofstewardingresearchasamutuallybeneficialpartnershipamongscholars,universities,andthepublic,andthisperspectiveinfluenceswhatfollows.

UNC-CH2012

Whataretheincentivesandbenefits,suchasrecognition,formakingtheirresearchpublic?

ThompsonReuters2013

Whatdatashouldbesaved,andwhatshouldnotbesaved? Knowledge:Value Knowledge->CMP STC2007Whatisthebestdigitalpreservationstrategy? Knowledge:Howto

preserveKnowledge->Planning STC2007

Whatlevelofgeographicalseparationshouldbeachieved;i.e.,howfarapartisfarenough?

Knowledge:Howtopreserve

STC2007

Whatpolicymakersneedandwhatscientistsfindinterestingareoftentoodifferent;mismatchinwhatinfrastructureshavebeenbuilttodoforpoliticalreasonsandwhatismostneeded(e.g.,globalclimateknowledgeandregionalclimateknowledge).

Edwardsetal.2013

Wherefundingfordomainrepositoriesdoesexist,itisoftenassociatedwithaparticular[short-term]projectorprogramandlacksanylong-termcommitment

Commitment->Funding Dilloetal.2015;EmberandHanisch2013

Wherefundingfordomainrepositoriesdoesexist,itisoftenassociatedwithaparticular[short-term]projectorprogramandlacksanylong-termcommitment

Dilloetal.2015;EmberandHanisch2013

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceWherefundingfordomainrepositoriesdoesexist,itisoftenassociatedwithaparticular[short-term]projectorprogramandlacksanylong-termcommitment

Dilloetal.2015;EmberandHanisch2013

Whilealong-termpreservationstrategyisgenerallyacknowledgedtobeavitalcomponentofresearchdatamanagementplans,institutionalcomplianceconcernshavethusfarcenteredonaccessratherthanarchiving

Legal/Policy->CMP LavoieandMalpas2015

LavoieandMalpas2015

Planning->CMP LavoieandMalpas2015

WhiletheprincipleofopenaccesstoscientificdataiswellestablishedinOECDcountries,thescopeofaccessvariesgreatlyacrosscountries.

CMP:Other Legal/Policy->SharingandAccess

OECD2015

whowillpaythecostsassociatedwiththiscurationandqualitycontrol Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities

Responsibility->CMP ThompsonReuters2013

whowillpaythecostsassociatedwiththiscurationandqualitycontrol Responsibility:SupportStewardshipActivities

Responsibility->Funding ThompsonReuters2013

Withbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourcethesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasksWithbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,thesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasks

EmberandHanisch2013

Withbothcontent-areaanddigitalcurationexpertise,domainrepositoriesareuniquelycapableofensuringthatdataandotherresearchproductsareadequatelypreserved,enhanced,andmadeavailableforreplication,collaboration,andcumulativeknowledgebuilding.However,thesystemscurrentlyinplaceforfundingdomainrepositoriesintheUSareinadequateforthesetasks

EmberandHanisch2013

Funding->ResearchCollaboration

EmberandHanisch2013

Funding->SharingandAccess

EmberandHanisch2013

withtheexceptionofleadingjournalsinEconomics,therearefewcasesinwhichthesenormativestatements[policiesfordatasharing]arecoupledwithpenaltiesorincentivestoreinforcethem

Legal/Policydoesnotaffectdatasharing(needssomethingbehindit)

Pientaetal.2010

Relevanttextandideas GapArea GapInfluence SourceWithoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)

Collaboration->CMP BermanandCerf2013

Withoutexplicitincentivesandcredits,itischallengingforcompaniestostepforwardandpartnerproductivelytosupportthecommongood(referringtostewardship)

Collaboration->Funding BermanandCerf2013

BermanandCerf2013

Collaboration->Infastructure

BermanandCerf2013

Collaboration->SharingandAccess

BermanandCerf2013

Legal/Policy->Collaboration

BermanandCerf2013

Legal/Policy->Funding BermanandCerf2013

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