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The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
The Skull Base
Arnab Rana
Last updated 1st July 2019
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Table of contents
1 Background
2 Skull base foramina
3 Skull base bones
4 Self learning exercise
5 References and feedback
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Aberdeen MBChB learning guide links
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) ENT Pg 24
Understand briefly the various structures that go to formthe base of the skullDescribe the internal auditory meatus and its contents
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) Neuro
Disorders of cranial nerves lecturePg 44 Describe the anatomy and function of the 12 cranialnervesPg 48 Describe the dural coverings of the brain andopening of the skull
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Aberdeen MBChB learning guide links
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) ENT Pg 24
Understand briefly the various structures that go to formthe base of the skull
Describe the internal auditory meatus and its contents
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) Neuro
Disorders of cranial nerves lecturePg 44 Describe the anatomy and function of the 12 cranialnervesPg 48 Describe the dural coverings of the brain andopening of the skull
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Aberdeen MBChB learning guide links
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) ENT Pg 24
Understand briefly the various structures that go to formthe base of the skullDescribe the internal auditory meatus and its contents
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) Neuro
Disorders of cranial nerves lecturePg 44 Describe the anatomy and function of the 12 cranialnervesPg 48 Describe the dural coverings of the brain andopening of the skull
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Aberdeen MBChB learning guide links
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) ENT Pg 24
Understand briefly the various structures that go to formthe base of the skullDescribe the internal auditory meatus and its contents
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) Neuro
Disorders of cranial nerves lecturePg 44 Describe the anatomy and function of the 12 cranialnervesPg 48 Describe the dural coverings of the brain andopening of the skull
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Aberdeen MBChB learning guide links
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) ENT Pg 24
Understand briefly the various structures that go to formthe base of the skullDescribe the internal auditory meatus and its contents
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) Neuro
Disorders of cranial nerves lecture
Pg 44 Describe the anatomy and function of the 12 cranialnervesPg 48 Describe the dural coverings of the brain andopening of the skull
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Aberdeen MBChB learning guide links
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) ENT Pg 24
Understand briefly the various structures that go to formthe base of the skullDescribe the internal auditory meatus and its contents
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) Neuro
Disorders of cranial nerves lecturePg 44 Describe the anatomy and function of the 12 cranialnerves
Pg 48 Describe the dural coverings of the brain andopening of the skull
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Aberdeen MBChB learning guide links
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) ENT Pg 24
Understand briefly the various structures that go to formthe base of the skullDescribe the internal auditory meatus and its contents
Year 2 Systems II (Part 1) Neuro
Disorders of cranial nerves lecturePg 44 Describe the anatomy and function of the 12 cranialnervesPg 48 Describe the dural coverings of the brain andopening of the skull
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Scope
There is an enormous amount which could be learnedabout the skull base
In the following slides I will mention some things which Ithink would help medical students pass exams
First, I will show you an intricately-labelled diagram whichI stumbled across on the internet
Please don’t learn it, it is only for amusement!
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Scope
There is an enormous amount which could be learnedabout the skull base
In the following slides I will mention some things which Ithink would help medical students pass exams
First, I will show you an intricately-labelled diagram whichI stumbled across on the internet
Please don’t learn it, it is only for amusement!
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Scope
There is an enormous amount which could be learnedabout the skull base
In the following slides I will mention some things which Ithink would help medical students pass exams
First, I will show you an intricately-labelled diagram whichI stumbled across on the internet
Please don’t learn it, it is only for amusement!
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Scope
There is an enormous amount which could be learnedabout the skull base
In the following slides I will mention some things which Ithink would help medical students pass exams
First, I will show you an intricately-labelled diagram whichI stumbled across on the internet
Please don’t learn it, it is only for amusement!
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Limitations
Limitations of the models
I have put 3D models in the online PDFs for my other 3Dtutorials. Unfortunately, the skull base model is toocomplicated for conversion, therefore only the text notesare available online.
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 1
One foramen magnum—cervicomedullary junction, twovertebral arteries—important for all nervous functionsunder the head
Two optic canals—optic nerve II—for vision
Two foramina ovalia—mandibular branch of trigeminalnerve V3—needle entry point for trigeminal nerveanaesthesia
Two foramina rotunda—maxillary branch of trigeminalnerve V2—numb patch on face after trauma
Two jugular foramina—sigmoid sinuses go through this tobecome the two internal jugular veins—the main venousoutflow tracts for blood from the brain
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 1
One foramen magnum—cervicomedullary junction, twovertebral arteries—important for all nervous functionsunder the head
Two optic canals—optic nerve II—for vision
Two foramina ovalia—mandibular branch of trigeminalnerve V3—needle entry point for trigeminal nerveanaesthesia
Two foramina rotunda—maxillary branch of trigeminalnerve V2—numb patch on face after trauma
Two jugular foramina—sigmoid sinuses go through this tobecome the two internal jugular veins—the main venousoutflow tracts for blood from the brain
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 1
One foramen magnum—cervicomedullary junction, twovertebral arteries—important for all nervous functionsunder the head
Two optic canals—optic nerve II—for vision
Two foramina ovalia—mandibular branch of trigeminalnerve V3—needle entry point for trigeminal nerveanaesthesia
Two foramina rotunda—maxillary branch of trigeminalnerve V2—numb patch on face after trauma
Two jugular foramina—sigmoid sinuses go through this tobecome the two internal jugular veins—the main venousoutflow tracts for blood from the brain
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 1
One foramen magnum—cervicomedullary junction, twovertebral arteries—important for all nervous functionsunder the head
Two optic canals—optic nerve II—for vision
Two foramina ovalia—mandibular branch of trigeminalnerve V3—needle entry point for trigeminal nerveanaesthesia
Two foramina rotunda—maxillary branch of trigeminalnerve V2—numb patch on face after trauma
Two jugular foramina—sigmoid sinuses go through this tobecome the two internal jugular veins—the main venousoutflow tracts for blood from the brain
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 1
One foramen magnum—cervicomedullary junction, twovertebral arteries—important for all nervous functionsunder the head
Two optic canals—optic nerve II—for vision
Two foramina ovalia—mandibular branch of trigeminalnerve V3—needle entry point for trigeminal nerveanaesthesia
Two foramina rotunda—maxillary branch of trigeminalnerve V2—numb patch on face after trauma
Two jugular foramina—sigmoid sinuses go through this tobecome the two internal jugular veins—the main venousoutflow tracts for blood from the brain
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 2
The cribriform plate—many small holes for the olfactoryreceptor neurones—anosmia after trauma
Two superior orbital fissures—oculomotor III, trochlear IV,ophthalmic V1 and abducens VI—pupil dilatation,drooping eyelid, eye movement syndrome and foreheadsensation
Two internal auditory meatii—facial VII andvestibulocochlear VIII—unilateral sensorineural deafness investibular schwannoma
Two stylomastoid foramina—facial nerves VII
Two carotid canals—internal carotid artery
Two foramina spinosa—middle meningeal artery—arterymay be damaged further up, deep to the pteryon
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 2
The cribriform plate—many small holes for the olfactoryreceptor neurones—anosmia after trauma
Two superior orbital fissures—oculomotor III, trochlear IV,ophthalmic V1 and abducens VI—pupil dilatation,drooping eyelid, eye movement syndrome and foreheadsensation
Two internal auditory meatii—facial VII andvestibulocochlear VIII—unilateral sensorineural deafness investibular schwannoma
Two stylomastoid foramina—facial nerves VII
Two carotid canals—internal carotid artery
Two foramina spinosa—middle meningeal artery—arterymay be damaged further up, deep to the pteryon
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 2
The cribriform plate—many small holes for the olfactoryreceptor neurones—anosmia after trauma
Two superior orbital fissures—oculomotor III, trochlear IV,ophthalmic V1 and abducens VI—pupil dilatation,drooping eyelid, eye movement syndrome and foreheadsensation
Two internal auditory meatii—facial VII andvestibulocochlear VIII—unilateral sensorineural deafness investibular schwannoma
Two stylomastoid foramina—facial nerves VII
Two carotid canals—internal carotid artery
Two foramina spinosa—middle meningeal artery—arterymay be damaged further up, deep to the pteryon
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 2
The cribriform plate—many small holes for the olfactoryreceptor neurones—anosmia after trauma
Two superior orbital fissures—oculomotor III, trochlear IV,ophthalmic V1 and abducens VI—pupil dilatation,drooping eyelid, eye movement syndrome and foreheadsensation
Two internal auditory meatii—facial VII andvestibulocochlear VIII—unilateral sensorineural deafness investibular schwannoma
Two stylomastoid foramina—facial nerves VII
Two carotid canals—internal carotid artery
Two foramina spinosa—middle meningeal artery—arterymay be damaged further up, deep to the pteryon
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 2
The cribriform plate—many small holes for the olfactoryreceptor neurones—anosmia after trauma
Two superior orbital fissures—oculomotor III, trochlear IV,ophthalmic V1 and abducens VI—pupil dilatation,drooping eyelid, eye movement syndrome and foreheadsensation
Two internal auditory meatii—facial VII andvestibulocochlear VIII—unilateral sensorineural deafness investibular schwannoma
Two stylomastoid foramina—facial nerves VII
Two carotid canals—internal carotid artery
Two foramina spinosa—middle meningeal artery—arterymay be damaged further up, deep to the pteryon
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are the openings of the skull?
Selected list page 2
The cribriform plate—many small holes for the olfactoryreceptor neurones—anosmia after trauma
Two superior orbital fissures—oculomotor III, trochlear IV,ophthalmic V1 and abducens VI—pupil dilatation,drooping eyelid, eye movement syndrome and foreheadsensation
Two internal auditory meatii—facial VII andvestibulocochlear VIII—unilateral sensorineural deafness investibular schwannoma
Two stylomastoid foramina—facial nerves VII
Two carotid canals—internal carotid artery
Two foramina spinosa—middle meningeal artery—arterymay be damaged further up, deep to the pteryon
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are contents of the interal auditory canal?
Facial nerve VII
Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What are contents of the interal auditory canal?
Facial nerve VII
Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What structures form the skull base?
Bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary and palatine bones if viewed from below
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What structures form the skull base?
Bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary and palatine bones if viewed from below
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What structures form the skull base?
Bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary and palatine bones if viewed from below
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What structures form the skull base?
Bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary and palatine bones if viewed from below
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What structures form the skull base?
Bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary and palatine bones if viewed from below
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
What structures form the skull base?
Bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary and palatine bones if viewed from below
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Picture from http://aofoundation.org
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
More detailed picture from Clemente
Zoom for detail
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Self learning exercise
Name the channels for as many of the following nerves as youcan
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Acknowledgement of references / sources
AO Foundation Surgery reference https:
//www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery
My favourite anatomy book. Carmine D Clemente.Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body (thirdedition). Baltimore–Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg,1987.
Encyclopedia Britannica www.britannica.com
Dr H Jastrow’s webpagehttp://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/
workshop/bones/skullbase.html
The SkullBase
Arnab Rana
Background
Skull baseforamina
Skull basebones
Self learningexercise
Referencesand feedback
Feedback contact
Thank you for viewing this presentation
Any feedback, positive or negative, will be appreciated
Feedback can e-mailed to arnab.rana@abdn.ac.uk
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