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8/9/2019 The Education System and Nation Building
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Malay, Chinese and Indian
Education
Major educational policies
Moral, religious and civic education
The Education
System and Nation
Building
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MALAY, CHINESE & INDIAN
EDUCATION
Before & After
Independence
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Before colonization
religion-oriented education(focus on Quranicmemorization and 3 skills).
Pondok/Madrasaheducation.
During colonization
Dualism was introduced
education based on socialstratification-the elite & thecommoners.
No social mobility-unemployment/underpaid.
EDUCATION FOR THE MALAYS
Before
Independence
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After Independence
y National (Malay-medium) and national-type(Chinese/Tamil/English-medium) schools wereestablished.
y
1970s gradual conversion to Malay-medium nationalschools.
y KBSR & KBSM were introduced.
y Other types of school (religious-based): Sekolah Agama
Rakyat (S
RA) &Se
kolah Me
ne
ngah Agama (S
MA).
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Chinese Education
y Before Independence:
Vernacular school.
Autonomous governance.
Use syllabus, text books and teachers from China.
Located in urban areas.
Better social mobility compared to the Malays &
Indians.
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After Independencey Early independence: granted funds by the government
but has to adopt the national curriculum.
y A few rejected Chinese independent high schools.y These schools are mostly funded by the Malaysian
Chinese public.y Coordinated by Dong Jiao Zong.
y Has standardized tests known as Unified ExaminationCertificate (UEC).
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Indian Educationy Before Independence:
Penang Free School was openedTamil schools weregranted.
Labour Act 1923- every rubber plantation with morethan 10 children must have a school.
Poor condition of schools, under qualified teachers.
Primary education only.
Located in plantation areas/estates.
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After Independence
y Tamil vernacular schools were converted into national-type
schools (with the same condition as proposed to Chinese
schools).
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MAJOR EDUCATIONAL POLICIES
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Introduction
The education system during colonization did not
emphasize on the development of national identity and
integrity among its citizens, thus encourages the
establishment of Educational Policies
Here are some of the major educational policies :
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Objective Strategy
To establish an education systemthat
1) fulfills the countrys needs 2)
encourages cultural, social,
economy and political growth.(Education Act, 1961)
To develop a nation that is :1) Knowledgeable
2) Innovative
3) Morally good
4) Contributive to nationsdevelopment
To unite multi racial children and
to train them for work force
1) To use the National Language
2) To use the same curriculum in
schools
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Objective Strategy
To fulfill the workforce quota forlong and short term
+
to produce a united, disciplined and
trained society
1) Improve the quality ofeducation as a whole, balanced
and integrated system.
2) Create basic education
opportunity for school children
To produce knowledgeable, moral
and balanced individuals
1) To create more educational
facilities at tertiary level
2) To upgrade spiritual, moral anddisciplined education
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Objective Strategy
To change education system
towards better quality, up-to-date
and universal
1) BM and English as compulsory
subjects
2) Give opportunities to other
languages (Chinese, Tamil) to
used in the curriculum
To create a teaching and learning
environment that is suitable with
the latest education development
1) International integration
2) Encourage thinking process
based on knowledge and
technology
3) Flexible curriculum according
to changes and suitability
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MORAL, RELIGIOUS & CIVICS
EDUCATION
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Moral Education
y Aim: to develop individuals who are responsibleand able
to contribute towards the prosperity and stability of the
nation as well as the global community.
yHelp students master skills such as generic skills, creativeand critical thinking skills, problem solving skills and
social skills.
y Taught to students in all levels for secondary school (only
in Standard 4-6 for primary school).
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Content Areas (Values) in Moral
Education
y Self-Development
y Family
y Environment
y Patriotismy Human Rights
y Democracy
y Peace & Harmony
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Religious Education
y Aim : to develop a balanced individual: pious and
religious, educated, courteous, responsible and dynamic.
y Before Independence, religious education was taughtinformally.
y Focus only on aqidah and ibadah.
y After Independence, Islamic education was given an
official & special status (1962).
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Continue
y Other type of religious school: Sekolah Agama Rakyat
(SAR).
y In 1970s, Islamic consciousness increased.
y Introduction to Islamic policy 1983-establishment ofIIUM & Islamic banking.
y The importance of Islamic Education:
universality and relevance in terms of
integration of personalityattitude
development asbasis to nation building.
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Civics Education
y Aim: create awareness about students roles, their rights
& responsibility towards society & country.
y taught formally in school before the Integrated
Curriculum (KBSR, 1982 & KBSM 1988) wereintroduced.
y Reason of discontinuation: teaching & learning process
were unsatisfactorily done.
y Reintroduction (in phases) starting 2005.
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Common Challenges
y Lack of pedagogical skills in teaching & learning these
subjects.
y School administrators need to be more supportive- nominate
professionally knowledgeable teachers with moralcommitment.
y Lack of parental commitment.
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ReferenceChang Lee Hon. Pendekatan pendidikan sivik dan kewarganegaraan dalam millenium baru. (2005).
Masalah Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya, 195-203.
Education in Malaysia. (n.d). Retrieved July 28th, 2010 fromhttp://www.wikipedia.org/Education_in_Malaysia
Haris Md. Jadi. (1990). Etnik, politik dan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur:Dewan Bahasa danPustaka.
Hasan Langgulung & Che Noraini Hashim. (n.d). Islamic religious curriculum in muslimcountries: Theexperiences ofIndonesia andMalaysia. Retrieved August 9th, 2010 fromhttp://www.hijrahmedia.com/proto/iidl2/artikel/edu6.php
Kurikulum bersepadu sekolah menengah: Huraian sukatan pelajaran pendidikan moral.
Mahathir Mohamad. (1995). The Challenge. Selangor: Pelanduk Publications.
Rosnani Hashim. (2002). Balancing educationalpluralityand nationality: the case studyofMalaysia.
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