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The Cost of the Double Burden of Malnutrition
WFP Executive BoardJune 2017
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact.
Pilot study in Chile, Ecuador and México
Rodrigo MartínezSenior Social Affairs Officer
Social Development DivisionECLAC
Rome, June 13, 2017
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
BACKGROUND
A model was designed and applied to estimate the effects of the double
burden of malnutrition (undernutrition and overweight-obesity) on
health, education and productivity throughout the life cycle.
General coordination by ECLAC, WFP and the National Institute of
Public Health of Mexico.
Advise and collaboration of an international Technical Advisory Group.
Implementation with intersectoral National Teams.
It is part of an ECLAC - WFP partnership initiated in 2003.
Main purpose: To place in the public agenda the importance
of addressing malnutrition in all its forms,
showing its negative impacts, both social and
economic.
Rodrigo Martínez
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Nutrition status in pilot countries
Underweight in Mexico is very close to eradication, with a prevalence
of 2.8% while stunting reached 13.6% (2014).
In Ecuador, underweight declined to 4.8% while stunting stood at
23.9% (2014).
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
Eradication (2.5%)
Underweight Stunting
MexicoEcuadorChile
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Malnutrition due to excess has been increasing steadily in the region,
reaching alarming figures. For the population aged 20 and over, the
prevalence of overweight and obesity is around 70% in Chile and Mexico
and slightly more than 65% in Ecuador.
Obesity
Overweight
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Main impacts of the double burden
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
The impacts of malnutrition
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
Undernutrition
(stunting and underweight in
children under 5 years of age)
Overweight
(overweight and obesity in
adults over 19 years of age)
Health:
Morbidity - CD
Mortality
Education
Repetition
Drop out
Productivity
Level of education
Working age population
Health:
Morbidity - NCD
Mortality
Labor:
Absenteeism
Productivity
Working time
Working age population
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
The incremental relative risk of mortality due to stunting
generates the main impact of undernutrition on health.
In Ecuador, 338.986 people was not alive in 2014 due
to the stunting rates of the last seven decades. In
addition, four thousand would be dying between 2014
and 2018 due to the same reason.
In Mexico, the figures rise to 2.13 million and to 12.8
thousand children, respectively.
The impact of stunting on mortality
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
An educational difference of about 2.3 years in Ecuador and 2.4 years
in Mexico is associated with stunting.
Impact of stunting on educational attainment
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
Undernourished
population
Not undernourished
population
Undernourished
population
Total
Total
Not undernourished
population
Primary
incomplete
Primary
complete
Secondary
incompleteSecondary
incomplete
EC
UA
DO
RM
EX
ICO
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Economic impact associated with undernutrition
Total costs in 2014:
USD 21.5 billion in Mexico (equivalent to 1.7% of GDP)
USD 2.6 billion in Ecuador (2.6% of GDP).
About 95% corresponds to the loss of productivity, due to
the lower educational attainment and premature mortality.
The future costs due to productivity losses are:
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
NET PRESENT VALUE (USD billions)
ANNUAL COST (USD millions)
MEXICO 11.4 403.9
ECUADOR 1.8 60.4
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Morbidity burden and health costs associated with
overweight and obesity (2014)
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Chile
Ecuador
México
DM2 HTA Otras
USD 6.1 billions
USD 1.5 billions
USD 0.33 billions
Mexico
AHT Others
Rodrigo Martínez
The extra burden of disease:
reaches 20.8 million cases in Mexico, 0.9 million in Ecuador and
2.9 million in Chile.
95% are hypertension (AHT) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2).
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Morbidity burden and future costs for the health system
The future costs progress follows the burden of morbidity evolution.
The annual equivalent cost to the health care system (2015–2078 period),
is USD 475 millions in Chile, USD 2.5 billions in Ecuador, and USD 8.7
billions in Mexico.
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
201
5
202
0
202
5
203
0
203
5
204
0
204
5
205
0
205
5
206
0
206
5
207
0
207
5
Mill
ions
of U
SD
Burd
en
of d
ese
ase
(m
illio
ns
of c
ase
s)
Chile and Ecuador
Carga total CL Carga total EC
Costos totales CL Costos totales EC
Total burden CL Total burden ECTotal costs CL Total costs EC
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
201
5
202
0
202
5
203
0
203
5
204
0
204
5
205
0
205
5
206
0
206
5
207
0
207
5
Mili
lon
so
f U
SD
Bu
rde
n o
r d
ise
ase
(m
illio
ns o
f c
ase
s)
Mexico
Carga total MX Costos totales MXTotal burden MX Total costs MX
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Economic impact associated with overweight and obesity
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
The estimated total cost for
2014 is USD 493 million in
Chile (equivalent to 0.2% of
GDP), USD 28.8 billion in
Mexico (2.3% of GDP) and
USD 1.7 billion in Ecuador
(3.3% of GDP).
The cost for the public health system accounts for most of the total cost,
around 67% in Chile, and nearly 85% in Ecuador and Mexico. That
constitutes an important difference compared to undernutrition, where most
of the costs are due to productivity losses.
During the 2015 – 2078 period, the total cost associated with overweight
and obesity, expressed as annual equivalent cost, slightly exceeds USD 1.0
billion in Chile, USD 3.1 billion in Ecuador, and USD 13.1 billion in Mexico.
Rodrigo Martínez
Chile Ecuador Mexico
Health costs 385 1 666 7 338
Education
costs- 27 151
Productivity
costs108 2 651 21 341
Total 493 4 344 28 830
% of GDP 0,2% 4,3% 2,3%
El costo de la doble carga de la malnutrición: Impacto social y económico en Chile, Ecuador y México
Alicia Bárcena
Final remarks
The cost of the double burden of malnutrition: Social and economic impact
Rodrigo Martínez
Malnutrition is changing, from hunger to the double burden; expanding
the dimensions of the food insecurity and the inequality.
It is not just an individual nor a moral or a social issue. The data
presented are clear indicators of the economic consequences of the
social footprint of malnutrition.
The results also allows to discuss on the relevance of social problems
and how much it is possible to contribute to the economies of countries
when they are effectively and efficiently resolved.
Social investments - in addition to realize the economic, social and
cultural rights - contribute to human capacities throughout the life cycle
and generate significant gains in terms of productivity.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development gives the chance to
turn these malnutrition costs into a development opportunity, to close
this social gap with “no one left behind” … no one left malnourished.
Thanks
www.eclac.org
The Cost of the Double Burden of Malnutrition
WFP Executive BoardJune 2017
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