The Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security …...The Confluence of Phyyysical and Cyber Security...

The Confluence of Physical and Cyber y ySecurity ManagementGOVSEC 2009

Samuel A Merrell CISSP

GOVSEC 2009

Samuel A Merrell, CISSPJames F. Stevens, CISSP

© 2009 Carnegie Mellon University

Today’s Agenda:• Introduction• Risk Management Concepts• Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security• Adopting a Service View• A Service View for Critical Infrastructure• Next steps• Next steps

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Software Engineering Institute

U.S. DoD – Office of the Under Secretary

(Research and Engineering)sponsor

(FFRDC*)

CERT Program

• Cyber Threat and Vulnerability Analysis

SurvivableNetwork

Technology

SurvivableEnterprise

Management

PracticesDevelopment

& Training

• Enterprise and Workforce Development• Secure Software and Systems• Digital Forensics

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Digital Forensics

CERT Capabilities

Technology Organizations Community

Networks(Sensors and

Analysis)

Software(Artifact

Analysis)

Systems(Forensics)

Work Force Development

(Training)

Threat and Incident

Management

Resiliency Engineering

and Management

(Risk)

National CSIRTs

Software Assurance

Vulnerability Disclosure

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Resiliency Engineering and Management

Resiliency Engineering and Management (REM) develops, deploys, g ( ) p , p y ,and institutionalizes tools, techniques, methods, and training that advance

forganizational capabilities for governing and managing operational resiliency and risk for critical assets (such asrisk for critical assets (such as information and infrastructure) and servicesservices

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REM Research FocusREM work aligned along four focus areas:• Resiliency Engineering• Resiliency Engineering• Information Resiliency

Critical Infrastructure Resiliency• Critical Infrastructure Resiliency• Governance, Risk & Compliance

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Today’s Agenda:• Introduction• Risk Management Concepts• Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security• Adopting a Service View• A Service View for Critical Infrastructure• Next steps• Next steps

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RiskA risk is the possibility of incurring a loss or harm

For risk to exist in any circumstance the followingFor risk to exist in any circumstance, the following three conditions must be satisfied

Th t b l i t d ith th it ti• There must be a loss associated with the situation

• There must be some uncertainty with respect to the eventual outcomeeventual outcome

• Some choice or decision is required

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The Basic Risk Equation

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Risk Mitigation OptionsRisk Assumption. To accept the potential risk and continue operating the IT system or to implement controls to lower the risk to an acceptable level

Risk Avoidance. To avoid the risk by eliminating the risk cause and/or consequence

Risk Limitation. To limit the risk by implementing controls that minimize the y p gadverse impact of a threat's exercising a vulnerability

Risk Planning. To manage risk by developing a risk mitigation plan that prioritizes, implements and maintains controlsimplements, and maintains controls

Research and Acknowledgment. To lower the risk of loss by acknowledging the vulnerability or flaw and researching controls to correct the vulnerability

Risk Transference. To transfer the risk by using other options to compensate for the loss

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Residual and Acceptable Risk

Residual risk is the potential for the occurrence of an adverse event afteroccurrence of an adverse event after adjusting for the effectiveness and impact of all implemented security measures (controls)

Acceptable risk is the level of residual risk that has been determined to be a reasonable level of potential loss/disruption to a system or organization

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A Risk Management Process

Identify

AnalyzeControl

PlanMonitor

Implement

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p

Diverse Risks To Be Managed

Fi i lFinancial

Organizational Risks

OperationalRelationship

MarketRegulatory

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Security and Operational Risk• Managing firewall rule-sets

• Installing fences aroundInstalling fences around facilities

• Limiting access to gintellectual property or confidential information

• Developing business continuity and disaster recovery plansrecovery plans

The aim of these “security” activities, both physical d b i lti t l t ti l i k

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and cyber, is ultimately to manage operational risk

Focus on Operational RiskA form of hazard risk affecting day-to-day business operationsp

The potential failure to achieve mission objectives

“Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate f g f qor failed internal processes, people, and systems, or from external events.”

--Basel II Capital Accords

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Scope of Operational Risk is Vast

Actions of people

Systems & technology

Failed internal External

eventspeople failures processes events

Tech reliance Global economy Open boundaries Complexity Cultural shifts

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Today’s Agenda:• Introduction• Risk Management Concepts• Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security• Adopting a Service View• A Service View for Critical Infrastructure• Conclusion• Conclusion

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Physical Security - Yesterday

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Cyber Security - Yesterday

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Silos of Responsibility

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Today - Confluence

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The Risk Management Challenge• The convergence of physical

and cyber security has y yrapidly expanded the threat environment that must be managed

• Limited organizational il bl fresources are available for

security activitiesE th t th li it d• Ensure that those limited resources are effectively and efficiently deployed

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efficiently deployed

“Human sacrifice, dogs and cats living together... mass hysteria!” – Dr. P. Venkmang y

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A Structured Approach

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Shifting Security Paradigms

TodayOperational

YesterdayScope: Security Operational

Enterprise

Continuous

Scope: Security

Ownership: IT and Physical

Focus: DiscreteInternal

Process

Focus: Discrete

Driver: External

Execution: Platform/practiceEnterprise resilience

p

Goal: IT and Physical security

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An Integrated View of Security

Physical Security

C b OthersCyber Security

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A Fresh Look at Security ManagementOperational risks must be managed within a program that g p gcan adapt to a dynamic environment – this requires

f factive mitigation of all identified risks, regardless of their nature (e g cyber or physical)(e.g., cyber or physical)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_view-from-incline_sm.jpg

Today’s Agenda:• Introduction• Risk Management Concepts• Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security• Adopting a Service View• A Service View for Critical Infrastructure• Conclusion• Conclusion

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Current Approaches to Security Management

Security by compliance•FISMA•HIPAA•PCI

Security by adoption of best practices•ISO 17799•DISA STIGs•Vendor guides

Result:

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Uneven use of limited resources

Enterprise Perspective An enterprise view of risk

—Enables risk mitigation decisions gthat effectively deploy limited resourcesIntegrates with enterprise—Integrates with enterprise architecture approaches to security management

—NIST SP 800-39’s “Risk Executive”I t h i l d b—Incorporates physical and cyber security management

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Assets of an Organization

Assets

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Assets Support Business Processes

Business Processes

Assets

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Business Processes Support Services

Services

Business Processes

Assets

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Services Support the Mission

OrganizationalMissionX

MissionService 1

XServiceMission

Service NMission

ss o

XX

X MissionXX

FacilitiesTechnologyInformationPeople X34

X

Step 1: Understand Your Services• Formally identify the services that your

organization must deliver in order to accomplish its g pmission

• Ask “what are the core competencies of the porganization?”• Often, business units are divided along these lines

• Manufacturing Operations• Sales and Marketing

Finance• Finance• Compliance• Research and Development

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• Customer Service

Operational Risks to Service Delivery

Risks to service delivery are what organizations need to care aboutneed to care about

• These risks arise from both physical and cyber threats, therefore, both of these risks need to bethreats, therefore, both of these risks need to be mitigated efficiently and effectively

• Physical and cyber protection strategies for assets y y p gcan be engineered and evaluated in terms of their ability to best ensure the service

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Benefits of Adopting a Service ViewAlign the protection and sustainment strategies to the organization’s missiong

• Engineer a unified approach to mitigating risks• Evaluate protection strategies for effectiveness inEvaluate protection strategies for effectiveness in

protecting the mission• Ensure efficiencies in the application of limited pp

resources

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Engineer a Unified Approach to Mitigating Risks-1

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Engineer a Unified Approach to Mitigating Risks-2

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Select Effective Protection Strategies

Business Services

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Ensure EfficienciesMaximize use of limited resources by incorporating the disciplines of physical and cyber securityp p y y y

• What works best for your environment: a guard at a post, an automated intrusion detection system, or both?

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Step 2: Define Service RequirementsWhat are the needs of the services that you have identified?• Customer Service is available between 9:00 am

and 5:00 pmp• This monitoring system must operate 24 x 7

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Step 3: Map Assets to ServicesService: Loan Operations

Loan OfficersIBM AS/400Bank Tellers

Process: Account

Process: Account

Loan Account DatabaseCorporate Headquarters

Maintenanceccou t

Opening

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Identifying Interdependencies

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Step 4: Define Resiliency RequirementsService: Loan Operations Confidentiality

Loan Account data may be viewed only by Loan Officers, account servicing staff, and Customer Service.

IntegrityMaintenance of Loan accounts may be made only by tellers, or Loan officers.Deletions of existing Loan Account information

Process: Account

Process: Account

Deletions of existing Loan Account information may be made only by a Loan Officer.

AvailabilityLoan Accounts must be available during normal

Maintenanceccou t

Opening banking hours (9:00 am to 5:00 pm, Monday through Thursday, 9:00 am to 7:00 pm Friday, and 10:00 am to 1:00 pm on Saturdays).

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Step 5: Assess Risk to the ServiceRisks to service delivery are what organizations need to care aboutgIdentify how assets are exposed to conditions that can lead to service interruption

• Ensure that all possible vectors of threat are considered – both physical and cyber

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Step 6: Develop an Integrated Mitigation Strategy

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Step 7: Monitor for ChangeMaintain vigilance in monitoring for changes in the operating environment.p g

• Ensure that changes do not introduce new risks.

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Enterprise Perspective for Risk Management

1. Define enterprise services2. Identify Impact Evaluation Criteriay3. Map assets to services4. Define resiliency requirements for assets

using the needs of the services5. Assess risks to the reliable delivery of the

serviceservice6. Develop an integrated (using disciplines of

physical and cyber security) approach effectively mitigate identified risks

7. Monitor for changes in the environment

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T d ’ A dToday’s Agenda:• Introduction

C fl f Ph i l d C b S it• Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security• Risk Management Concepts• Adopting a Service ViewAdopting a Service View• A Service View for Critical Infrastructure• Conclusion

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Critical Infrastructure Protection

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18 U.S. Critical Infrastructure Sectors ServicesXAgriculture and FoodBanking and Finance

ChemicalCommercial Facilities

Commercial Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and WasteDams

D f i d t i l bDefense industrial baseDrinking Water and Water Treatment Systems

Emergency ServicesEnergye gy

Government FacilitiesInformation Technology

ManufacturingN ti l M t d INational Monuments and Icons

Postal and ShippingPublic Health and Healthcare

Telecommunications

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TelecommunicationsTransportation Systems

Critical Infrastructure Asset Identification

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World’s Largest Ball of Sisal Twine, Kshttp://skyways.lib.ks.us/towns/Cawker/twine.html

Old MacDonald’s Petting Zoo, Alabama http://www.oldmacdonaldspettingzoo.com

NERC’s Struggle with Asset Identification

NERC’s CIP standards• NERC has robust physical securityNERC has robust physical security

requirements• “N-1” and “N-1-1” contingenciesg

• Currently having difficulty in identifying critical infrastructure assets• Some BES organizations claim to operate no critical

infrastructure

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Managing Sector Risks

`Sector Service

Sector Member

Business Service

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Energy Sector

MissionXMission

BES Function 1

BESMission

BES Function NMission

Accomplishment

XX

X MissionXXFacilitiesTechnologyInformationPeople X

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Benefits of Adopting a Service View• Connect protection and sustainment strategies to the

sector’s mission• Risks can be defined in terms of service delivery• Impact evaluation criteria can be identified

• Physical and cyber protection strategies for assets can be engineered and evaluated in terms of their ability to best ensure the service

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Connect to the Mission of the Sector

The requirements of the organization’s contribution to the sector service are thecontribution to the sector service are the basis for resiliency requirements for assets

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Select Effective Protection Strategies

Critical Infrastructure Services

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Resiliency Requirements• Connect requirements for Critical Infrastructure

Services to a sector member’s contribution to that service

• Establish service delivery requirements for that y qcontribution

• Implement controls to effectively and efficiently meet the requirements.

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Recognize Dependencies

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http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/21jan_severespaceweather.htm

Critical Infrastructure Risk Management

1. Define sector services2. Identify service requirementsy3. Map assets to how an organization

contributes to sector services4. Define resiliency requirements for assets

using the needs of the services5 Assess risks to the reliable delivery of the5. Assess risks to the reliable delivery of the

service6. Engineer an integrated (using disciplines

of physical and cyber security) approach effectively mitigate identified risks

7 Monitor for changes in the environment

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7. Monitor for changes in the environment

Today’s Agenda:Today s Agenda:• Introduction• Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security• Confluence of Physical and Cyber Security• Risk Management Concepts• Adopting a Service Viewp g• A Service View for Critical Infrastructure• Conclusion

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Summary and Conclusion

• Adopt a structured approach to identify services

• Use business rules to define resiliency requirements

• Assess risks to assets that will affect reliable service delivery

• Engineer protection strategies to• Engineer protection strategies to ensure infrastructure resiliency

• Continuously monitor for changesy g

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http://www.3planesoft.com/img/clock_screen01.jpg

CERT® Resiliency Management Model

http://www.cert.org/resiliency

The CERT Resiliency Management Model is a capability model for operational resiliency management. It has two primary objectives:• Establish the convergence of operational risk and resiliency• Establish the convergence of operational risk and resiliency

management activities such as security, business continuity, and aspects of IT operations management into a single model.

• Apply a process improvement approach to operational resiliency• Apply a process improvement approach to operational resiliency management through the definition and application of a capability level scale that expresses increasing levels of process improvement.

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Contact UsContact InformationSpeakersSamuel Merrell James Stevense-mail: smerrell@cert.org e-mail: jfs@cert.org

Phone412-268-5800(8 30 4 30 EST)(8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. EST)

Webhttp://www.cert.org

Postal MailSoftware Engineering InstituteATTN: Customer RelationsATTN: Customer RelationsCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213-3890

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Questions?

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