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The Cognitive and Computational Self: From
Cognitive Psychology to AI
Information Processing Model
Adpated from Wickens (1984 and 1992)
Norbert Wiener (1894-1964)
Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948)
CYBERNETICS
• From Greek root meaning Steersman• System with goal-directed action (e.g.
missile getting to a target), a movement controlled by negative feedback (correct the flight path of missile).
• Model that holds for both animal and machine; the mechanical and organic.
JANUARY1950
Harvard’s Mark IIIElectromechanical
Computer
Hixon Symposium on the Cerebral Mechanisms of Behavior (1948)
Hixon Symposium Presentations
Rat Mazes
… we assert that the central office itself is far more like a map control room than it is like an old-fashioned telephone exchange. The stimuli, which are allowed in, are not connected by just simple one-to-one switches to the outgoing responses. Rather, the incoming impulses are usually worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative, cognitive-like
map of the environment.
Tolman “Cognitive Maps in Rats & Men” 1948
1956 Symposium on Information Theory, MIT
• Miller’s “Magical Number 7” Chunking phenomenon of short-term memory (7 units +/- 2)
• Chomsky’s generative grammar: language as series of transformations
• Newell & Simon—General Problem Solver: Logic Theory Machine to prove theorems (early contribution to Artificial Intelligence)
• Jerome Bruner—concept formation
Noam Chomsky (1928-
Syntactic Structures (1957)
Review of Skinner’s 1957 Verbal Behavior
(1959)
“I now believe that mind is something more than a four letter, Anglo-Saxon word—human minds exist, and it is our job as psychologists to study them.”
George Miller (1962)
TOTE unit Miller, Galanter, Pribram (1960)
FEEDBACK LOOPS
Center for Cognitive StudiesHarvard (founded 1960)
Jerome BrunerThe Study of Thinking (1956) George A. Miller
“The Center for Cognitive Studies is concerned with how information is
stored, processed, and communicated—both by human
beings and by the devices human beings invent in order to cope with
information.”
(Bruner and Miller, 1960)
GREGORY BATESON (1904-1980)
DOUBLE BINDHYPOTHESIS
Schizophrenia as a product of disordered
communication in family
Jerry Fodor (1935-
(1983)
Parallel Distributed ProcessingConnectionism
David Rumelhart and James McClelland
Parallel Distributed Processing(1986)
Rumelhart and McClleland,
Network for Recognition of letters and Words
Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film “2001”
Philip K. Dick
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)
BLADE RUNNER (1982)
Hiroshi Ishiguro builds his android twin: Geminoid HI-1
by Robert Sternberg,Third Edition (2003)
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