The Cognitive and Computational Self: From

Cognitive Psychology to AI

Information Processing Model

Adpated from Wickens (1984 and 1992)

Norbert Wiener (1894-1964)

Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948)

CYBERNETICS

• From Greek root meaning Steersman• System with goal-directed action (e.g.

missile getting to a target), a movement controlled by negative feedback (correct the flight path of missile).

• Model that holds for both animal and machine; the mechanical and organic.

JANUARY1950

Harvard’s Mark IIIElectromechanical

Computer

Hixon Symposium on the Cerebral Mechanisms of Behavior (1948)

Hixon Symposium Presentations

Rat Mazes

… we assert that the central office itself is far more like a map control room than it is like an old-fashioned telephone exchange. The stimuli, which are allowed in, are not connected by just simple one-to-one switches to the outgoing responses. Rather, the incoming impulses are usually worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative, cognitive-like

map of the environment.

Tolman “Cognitive Maps in Rats & Men” 1948

1956 Symposium on Information Theory, MIT

• Miller’s “Magical Number 7” Chunking phenomenon of short-term memory (7 units +/- 2)

• Chomsky’s generative grammar: language as series of transformations

• Newell & Simon—General Problem Solver: Logic Theory Machine to prove theorems (early contribution to Artificial Intelligence)

• Jerome Bruner—concept formation

Noam Chomsky (1928-

Syntactic Structures (1957)

Review of Skinner’s 1957 Verbal Behavior

(1959)

“I now believe that mind is something more than a four letter, Anglo-Saxon word—human minds exist, and it is our job as psychologists to study them.”

George Miller (1962)

TOTE unit Miller, Galanter, Pribram (1960)

FEEDBACK LOOPS

Center for Cognitive StudiesHarvard (founded 1960)

Jerome BrunerThe Study of Thinking (1956) George A. Miller

“The Center for Cognitive Studies is concerned with how information is

stored, processed, and communicated—both by human

beings and by the devices human beings invent in order to cope with

information.”

(Bruner and Miller, 1960)

GREGORY BATESON (1904-1980)

DOUBLE BINDHYPOTHESIS

Schizophrenia as a product of disordered

communication in family

Jerry Fodor (1935-

(1983)

Parallel Distributed ProcessingConnectionism

David Rumelhart and James McClelland

Parallel Distributed Processing(1986)

Rumelhart and McClleland,

Network for Recognition of letters and Words

Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film “2001”

Philip K. Dick

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)

BLADE RUNNER (1982)

Hiroshi Ishiguro builds his android twin: Geminoid HI-1

by Robert Sternberg,Third Edition (2003)