The Cell Cell Types & Cell Parts. Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells or Prokaryotes The Bacteria

The CellCell Types

&Cell Parts

Cell Types

P lan t A n im a l F u n g i P ro tis ta

E u karyo teH ave N u c leu s

B ac te riaK in d g om M on era

P rokaryo teN o N u c leu s

C e ll Typ es

Prokaryotic Cells orProkaryotes

The Bacteria

Capsule

• A protective covering

• Made up of polysaccharides

• Keep the bacterium from drying out & to protect it

• The capsule is a major virulence factor in the major disease-causing bacteria,

• E.g. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Cell Wall• Gives the cell its shape

• Surrounds the plasma membrane, protecting it from the environment.

• Helps to anchor appendages (pili and flagella)

• Responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when there are large differences in osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the environment.

Nucleoid• A region of cytoplasm where the

chromosomal DNA is located.

• It is not a membrane bound nucleus

• Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome

• Small circular DNA strands, called plasmids, are also found in the cytoplasm.

Pili

• Small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface.

• Assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.

• Without pili, bacteria lose their ability to infect

because they're unable to attach to host tissue.

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

• Site of protein synthesis

• Bacterial ribosomes are never bound to other organelles

Bacterial Shapes

Bacterial Arrangements

Eukaryotic Cells Or Eukaryotes

Nucleus & Membrane Bound

Organelles

Animal Cell

Cell Membrane

VacuoleCytoplasm

Nucleus

Nucleolus

RibosomeRough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nuclear Membrane

LysosomeGolgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum

Centriole

Plant Cell

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

NucleusNucleolus

Ribosome

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nuclear MembraneGolgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplast

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane• Controls what enters and leaves cell

• Protects and supports the cell

• Made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer

• Proteins – act as channels, carriers, or pumps to pass molecules into or out of the cell

• Cholesterol molecules prevent phospholipids from sticking to each other

• Fluid Mosaic

Phospholipid Bilayer

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane

• Carbohydrate chains

• Act like chemical ID cards – allows cells to recognize each other.

Cell Wall• Plants, algae, some bacteria • Helps support and protect cell• 2 or more layers thick

– Outer layer is where cells meet – gluey substance – pectin

– Primary cell wall is next – made of cellulose

Nucleus• large dark structure• Not all cells have a nucleus

– Eukaryotes– Prokaryotes

• Information center and holds DNA (genetic code)

• Chromosomes – DNA and Proteins – Genetic code

Nucleolus

• Inside Nucleus• Made of RNA• Makes Ribosomes

– Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

Cytoplasm• Jelly like substance• Holds organelles• Most chemical reactions happen

here

Cytoplasm• Made up of

* Proteins including enzymes * Vitamins * Ions * Nucleic acids and their precursors * Amino acids and their precursors * Sugars, carbohydrates and their derivatives * Fatty acids and their derivatives

• These are all part of continuous chemical reactions.

Mitochondria• Powerhouse of the cell• Break down sugars for energy

– Convert ADP to ATP

• 2 Membranes– Outer surrounds mitochondria– Inner increases surface area – more

efficient

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast• Only in plant cells• Have Chlorophyll• Convert Sun energy into chemical

energy

Chloroplast

Ribosome• Composed of RNA and protein • some attached to membranes, some

free • smallest organelles

·  25 nanometers (1 billionth of a meter)

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Network of channels – ER

• Transports materials through the inside of the cell

• Rough ER – Has Ribosomes covering it

• Smooth ER – NO RIBOSOMES ON IT (Detoxifies)

• Synthesized proteins are moved to Golgi Apparatus for modification

Golgi Apparatusor Golgi body

• Looks like flattened stack of pancakes • Modifies, collects, packages, and

distributes proteins

Lysosomes The Cleanup Crew

• Lysosomes help digest particles – contain enzymes and chemicals necessary for digestion

• Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness

• Formed by Golgi Apparatus

• Only in Animal Cells

Cellular Junctions