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The Arab EmpiresThe Arab Empires
Mr. ErmerWorld History
Miami Beach Senior High
Mr. ErmerWorld History
Miami Beach Senior High
Muhammad’s DeathMuhammad’s DeathM. never named successor, no sonFollower’s choose Muhammad’s father-
in-law Abu Bakr as caliph (khalifa) Islam expands through jihad, “struggle
in the way of God”Jihad: Internal vs. ExternalQuran permits just, defensive warfare
Realm of the caliph is the caliphate
M. never named successor, no sonFollower’s choose Muhammad’s father-
in-law Abu Bakr as caliph (khalifa) Islam expands through jihad, “struggle
in the way of God”Jihad: Internal vs. ExternalQuran permits just, defensive warfare
Realm of the caliph is the caliphate
Growing Power:Growing Power: 636: Caliphate stuns the Byzantine army by
defeating them at Yarmuk 640: Arabs take control of Byzantine province
of Syria 642: Egypt & N. Africa added to Arab Empire 650: Arabs conquer Sassanid Persian Empire Medina serves as capital of Arab Empire
636: Caliphate stuns the Byzantine army by defeating them at Yarmuk
640: Arabs take control of Byzantine province of Syria
642: Egypt & N. Africa added to Arab Empire 650: Arabs conquer Sassanid Persian Empire Medina serves as capital of Arab Empire
Early Arab GovernanceEarly Arab Governance
After Abu Bakr’s death, there is little agreement as to who should rule; next 3 caliphs assassinated
In conquered areas, many local leaders allowed to stay in power
Locals not forced to convert to Islam, religious tolerance common
After Abu Bakr’s death, there is little agreement as to who should rule; next 3 caliphs assassinated
In conquered areas, many local leaders allowed to stay in power
Locals not forced to convert to Islam, religious tolerance common
The Umayyad DynastyThe Umayyad Dynasty
661: General Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria, becomes caliph
Made caliphate hereditary, establishing the Umayyad Dynasty
Moves capital of Arab Empire from Medina to Damascus, Syria
661: General Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria, becomes caliph
Made caliphate hereditary, establishing the Umayyad Dynasty
Moves capital of Arab Empire from Medina to Damascus, Syria
Umayyad ConquestUmayyad ConquestEarly 700s: Arabs conquer/convert
the Berbers of North Africa710: Arab & Berber forces cross
the Straits of Gibraltar conquer Spain, Cordoba made state capital
732: Battle of Tours stops Muslim expansion into Europe
717: Byzantine Navy defeats Arab fleet, tensions along boarder
Early 700s: Arabs conquer/convert the Berbers of North Africa
710: Arab & Berber forces cross the Straits of Gibraltar conquer Spain, Cordoba made state capital
732: Battle of Tours stops Muslim expansion into Europe
717: Byzantine Navy defeats Arab fleet, tensions along boarder
Umayyad ProblemsUmayyad ProblemsNon-Arab Muslims do not like the
way Umayyad government treats Arabs better than others
Hussein, son of Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet leads a revolt
Umayyad forces crush Hussein’s small army--those who disagree with Umayyads consider only Ali’s family as true leaders of Islam
Non-Arab Muslims do not like the way Umayyad government treats Arabs better than others
Hussein, son of Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet leads a revolt
Umayyad forces crush Hussein’s small army--those who disagree with Umayyads consider only Ali’s family as true leaders of Islam
The Two Islams:The Two Islams:
Disagreement about caliphate leads to a split in the faith: Shiite Muslims accept only the
descendants of Ali as true leaders of Islam Sunni Muslims were those who accepted
Umayyad rule Today, most of the world’s Muslims are
Sunni, where the majority of people in Iran and Iraq consider themselves Shiite
Disagreement about caliphate leads to a split in the faith: Shiite Muslims accept only the
descendants of Ali as true leaders of Islam Sunni Muslims were those who accepted
Umayyad rule Today, most of the world’s Muslims are
Sunni, where the majority of people in Iran and Iraq consider themselves Shiite
The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty
Umayyad corruption brings about unrest, revolt
750: Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, gains power
Establishes Abbasid Dynasty which lasts to 1258
Umayyad corruption brings about unrest, revolt
750: Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, gains power
Establishes Abbasid Dynasty which lasts to 1258
Abbasid RuleAbbasid Rule New capital built on Tigris River--called
Baghdad, strategic place River traffic to Persian Gulf
Eastern placement of capital lends Persian influence Warriors no longer heroes, replaced by
merchants, judges & gov officials Non-Arabs able to hold gov & military office Inter-marriage common
Translating Greek writings encouraged Caliphate became more regal, viziers
help in administration of empire
New capital built on Tigris River--called Baghdad, strategic place River traffic to Persian Gulf
Eastern placement of capital lends Persian influence Warriors no longer heroes, replaced by
merchants, judges & gov officials Non-Arabs able to hold gov & military office Inter-marriage common
Translating Greek writings encouraged Caliphate became more regal, viziers
help in administration of empire
Abbasid TroublesAbbasid Troubles
Abbasid family fight one anotherLack of Arab influence in
government gives rise to powerful minorities of Persians and Turks
Minorities begin to break away:750: Umayyad caliphate est in Spain973: Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt
Abbasid family fight one anotherLack of Arab influence in
government gives rise to powerful minorities of Persians and Turks
Minorities begin to break away:750: Umayyad caliphate est in Spain973: Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt
Fatimids & Seljuk TurksFatimids & Seljuk TurksFrom Cairo, Fatimids grow rich and
powerful from Nile R. and Red SeaCreate powerful army made up of
non-Arabs, mostly Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks: nomads from
central Asia, Muslims, prospered as soldiers under Abbasids
1000: Seljuk Turks conquer Iran, Armenia and eastern Abbasid land
1055: Turkish sultan takes Baghdad
From Cairo, Fatimids grow rich and powerful from Nile R. and Red SeaCreate powerful army made up of
non-Arabs, mostly Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks: nomads from
central Asia, Muslims, prospered as soldiers under Abbasids
1000: Seljuk Turks conquer Iran, Armenia and eastern Abbasid land
1055: Turkish sultan takes Baghdad
Turkish PowerTurkish Power
Abbasid caliph retains religious power, political power now sultan’s
1071: Byzantine Empire challenges Turkish expansion into Anatolia, Turks win battle of Manzikert
Turks take control of entire Anatolian Peninsula, Byzantines look to the West for help
Abbasid caliph retains religious power, political power now sultan’s
1071: Byzantine Empire challenges Turkish expansion into Anatolia, Turks win battle of Manzikert
Turks take control of entire Anatolian Peninsula, Byzantines look to the West for help
The CrusadesThe CrusadesByzantine emperor Alexius I asked
Catholic Europe for helpBecause of mutual distrust and
fear between Christian Europe and the Islamic world, many European kings agree to send soldiers in what became known as Crusades
1096-1150: Crusaders take lands around Christian holy sites, and establish Christian states
Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked Catholic Europe for help
Because of mutual distrust and fear between Christian Europe and the Islamic world, many European kings agree to send soldiers in what became known as Crusades
1096-1150: Crusaders take lands around Christian holy sites, and establish Christian states
Rise of SaladinRise of Saladin New Muslim leader takes control of
Egypt, appoints himself sultan, ends Fatimid Dynasty
Takes control of Syria, takes the offensive against Christians
1187: Takes control of Jerusalem away from Christians
Does not massacre population, allows Christian religious services to continue
Crusades accomplish nothing but mistrust between faiths
New Muslim leader takes control of Egypt, appoints himself sultan, ends Fatimid Dynasty
Takes control of Syria, takes the offensive against Christians
1187: Takes control of Jerusalem away from Christians
Does not massacre population, allows Christian religious services to continue
Crusades accomplish nothing but mistrust between faiths
Attack of the MongolsAttack of the MongolsMongols: nomads from the Gobi
Desert, conquered through brutal warfare meant to creat terror so great people wouldn’t fight back
Under Genghis Khan, Mongol armies conquer China, central Asia
1258: Mongols capture Baghdad, ending Abbasid caliphate, burned the city
Cairo becomes new center for Islamic culture
Mongols: nomads from the Gobi Desert, conquered through brutal warfare meant to creat terror so great people wouldn’t fight back
Under Genghis Khan, Mongol armies conquer China, central Asia
1258: Mongols capture Baghdad, ending Abbasid caliphate, burned the city
Cairo becomes new center for Islamic culture
Work On It:Work On It:
On page 54, write and answer questions 1-6
On page 54, write and answer questions 1-6
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