View
41
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Exploring the Phonemes of English
TAFE QUEENSLAND
Teaching Pronunciation
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
Word cloud from http://teachingpronunciation.weebly.com/pronunciation‐links.htmlEleanor Kettle
HEADING• Phonemes
• identifying and describing the phonemes of English• PronPack Sound Charts
• consonants• vowels
• Pronunciation Activities• Pronunciation Practice Activities• Ship or Sheep (Third edition)
• THRASS Word Picture Sheets• link spelling choices with vowel and consonant sounds
• use with PronPack Sound Charts• Other resources
Teaching Pronunciation: Exploring the Phonemes of English
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttps://pixabay.com/illustrations/book‐read‐lesson‐2814026/
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐speech‐bubbles‐speech‐1828268/
HEADINGLinguistics
ELICOS
Curriculum and Materials Development / Language and Literacy Education
LLNP / SEE / AMEP and TESOL
Teaching Pronunciation: My Journey
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/vectors/arrow‐blue‐curve‐curved‐fancy‐158377/; https://pixabay.com/photos/trip‐voyage‐journey‐directions‐map‐2203682/
HEADINGWhat is a phoneme?
• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’(Crystal, 2008: 361)
Phonemes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/
HEADINGWhat is a phoneme?
• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’
• we can identify individual phonemes with minimal pairs:‘pat’ vs ‘bat’ ‘run’ vs ‘rung’‘bad’ vs ‘bed’
Phonemes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/
HEADINGWhat is a phoneme?
• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’
• we can identify individual phonemes with minimal pairs:‘pat’ vs ‘bat’ ‘run’ vs ‘rung’‘bad’ vs ‘bed’
• no two languages have the same phonemic system
• languages may have as few as 15 phonemes, or as many as 80(Crystal, 2008: 361‐362)
Phonemes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/
HEADINGWhat is a phoneme?
• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’(Crystal, 2008: 361)
Compare:• grapheme: ‘smallest unit in a writing system that represents a speech sound’ eg. ‘sip’ and ‘ship’(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/grapheme?q=grapheme)
• morpheme: ‘smallest unit of meaning that a word can be divided into’ eg. ‘un‐like‐ly’ and ‘small‐er’ ‘cat‐s’(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/morpheme?q=morpheme )
Phonemes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/
Phonemes
Consonants Vowels
A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, pp. 103, 517, and https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vowel?q=vowel
Consonants• airflow is blocked or restricted
Phonemes
Vowels
A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, pp. 103, 517, and https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vowel?q=vowel
Consonants• airflow is blocked or restricted
Phonemes
Vowels• mouth is open, air flows over tongue
A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, pp. 103, 517, and https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vowel?q=vowel
Consonants• airflow is blocked or restricted
• voicing• place of articulation• manner of articulation
Phonemes
Vowels• mouth is open, air flows over tongue
A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, pp. 103, 517, and https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vowel?q=vowel
Consonants• airflow is blocked or restricted
• voicing• place of articulation• manner of articulation
Phonemes
A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, pp. 103, 517, and https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vowel?q=vowel
Vowels• mouth is open, air flows over tongue
• length and quality• position of lips• height and position of tongue
HEADINGHow many phonemes in English?
• Consonants …?• Vowels …?
Phonemes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/
How many phonemes in English?• Consonants 24• Vowels 20
Phonemes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/
HEADINGHow many phonemes in English?
• Consonants 24• Vowels 20
Only 26 letters in the alphabet
Phonemes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
HEADING‘The PronPack Sound Chart’ is from the PronPack series by Mark Hancock.
• Infographic: The PronPack Sound Charthttp://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/
PronPack Sound Chart
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
HEADINGAlternate Versions
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttp://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/
HEADINGPronPack Sound Chart: Consonants
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttp://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/
PronPack Sound Chart – Consonants
http://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/
Consonants – Voicing
Voiceless (purple)
Voiced (blue)
Consonants – Manner of Articulation
Stop (pink)
Nasal (red)
Friction (blue)
Stop + Friction (yellow)
Vowel‐like (green)(semi‐vowel)
Consonants – Place of Articulation
1. top lip2. tip of the tongue3. bottom lip4. nose5. top teeth6. bottom teeth
Ship or Sheep? Third Edition, p. 79
7. roof of the mouth8. throat9. back of the tongue10. front of the tongue11. side teeth12. sides of the tongue
What’s the consonant?
Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation course (Third edition), pp. 81, 85
What’s the consonant?
Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation
course (Third edition), pp. 131, 151, 168
What’s the consonant?
Ship or Sheep?An intermediate
pronunciation course (Third edition), pp. 172, 176
HEADING
http://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/
PronPack Sound Chart: Vowel Sounds
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
PronPack Sound Chart – Vowels
http://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/
Vowels – Length and Quality
Short vowels (yellow)Short vowels never end a word.
Long vowels (blue)
Diphthongs (pink)(two vowels)
Weak vowel ‘schwa’ (green)Only in unstressed syllables.
Vowels – Jaw and Lip Position
Closed, wide (orange)Closed, round (aqua)Relaxed (green)Open, relaxed (yellow) Open, wide (red)Mid, wide (purple)
Vowels – Tongue PositionHigh, front (orange)High, back (aqua)Mid, central (green)Low, central (red)Mid, wide (pink)Front, low (blue)Back, low (purple)Mid, back (yellow)
‘Correcting particular vowels’, Pronunciation Practice Activities, pages 42‐43
Vowels
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
‘smiling’/i:/ teeth
rounded and forward/u:/ boot
open/æ/ hand
rounded and open/ɔː/ fork
relaxed and neutral/ɜː/ bird
rounded and wide open/ɑː/ arm
Vowels – Lip Shape
Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, pp.42‐43
HEADING‘Correcting particular vowels’, Pronunciation Practice Activities, pages 42‐43
Vowel sounds
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
front and high
/i:/ teeth
front and mid
/e/ leg
front and low
/æ/ handback and high
/u:/ boot
back and mid
/ɔː/ fork
back and low
/ɒ/ sock
Vowels – Tongue Position
Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, pp.42‐43
Vowel Chart – Tongue Position
Adapted from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RP_vowel_chart_(monophthongs).gif and PronPack Sound Chart
teeth
bird
footchin
leg
hand
boot
armsock
duck
fork
Close
Close‐mid
Open‐mid
Open
Front Central Back
Communicating with single vowel sounds
Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, p. 59
Meaning Vowel Written Example
1. Now I understand! /aː/ ah ‘It’s not plugged in!’‘Ah, of course.’2. That hurts. /aʊ/ ow! ‘Ow, I’ve cut myself!’
3. I’m disappointed. /əʊ/ oh ‘Sorry, she’s already left.’‘Oh, what a pity.’4. I’m thinking about what to say. /ɜː/ er
‘What do you want to do now?‘Er, I’m not sure.’
5. I’m looking forward to something. /uː/ ooh
‘Shall we go out for a meal?’‘Ooh, that would be nice!’
6. Angrily getting someone’s attention. /ɔɪ/ oi ‘Oi! Get off my bike!’
Diphthongs – two vowel sounds togetherFirst vowel sound is l‐o‐n‐g‐e‐r and LOUDER• /ɪə/ ear = eat + ago• /ɔɪ/ coin = more + eat• /əʊ/ nose = ago + moon• /aʊ/ cow = am + moon• /aɪ/ bike = arm + eat• /eɪ/ face = end + eat• /eə/ hair = end + ago• /ʊə/ lure = moon + ago
Vowels – Diphthongs
Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, p.44
Vowels – Diphthongs
Ship or Sheep? An Intermediate Pronunciation Course (3rd Edition) and https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/spsci/iss/week5.php
Fronting diphthongsmove to /ɪ/
Centring diphthongsmove to /ə/
Backing diphthongsmove to /ʊ/
/eɪ/ face
/ɔɪ/ coin
/aɪ/ bike
/ɪə/ ear
/eə/ hair
/ʊə/ (no image)lure
/əʊ/ nose
/aʊ/ cow
HEADINGTHRASS (Teaching Handwriting, Reading and Spelling Skills) 120 cards – each card highlights a spelling choice for one sound
• Vowel Cards:
• Consonant Cards:
THRASS Resources: Word Picture Sheets
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020EFree download at https://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf
HEADINGTHRASS (Teaching Handwriting, Reading and Spelling Skills) 120 cards – each card highlights a spelling choice for one sound
• Vowel Cards:60 cards for 20 vowel sounds
• Consonant Cards:
THRASS Resources: Word Picture Sheets
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020EFree download at https://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf
HEADINGTHRASS (Teaching Handwriting, Reading and Spelling Skills) 120 cards – each card highlights a spelling choice for one sound
• Vowel Cards:60 cards for 20 vowel sounds
• Consonant Cards:60 cards for 24 consonant sounds
THRASS Resources: Word Picture Sheets
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020EFree download at https://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf
HEADINGVowel Cards
THRASS Resources: Vowel Cards
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020EFree download at https://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf
HEADINGConsonant Cards
THRASS Resources: Consonant Cards
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020EFree download at https://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf
HEADINGTHRASS Picture Cards for:
• the consonant sound /s/ as in ‘sun’:
• the vowel sound /ɔː/ as in ‘fork’:
• the vowel sound /ʊə/ as in ‘lure’:(this sound is missing from the PronPack Sound Chart)
THRASS Resources
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttps://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf
Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSStop + Friction Consonants• chair 2• jam 4
Vowel‐like Consonants• leaf 2• rat 3• watch 3• year 1
Stop Consonants• pen 2• bin 2• toe 2• door 2• key 5• girl 2Nasal Consonants• man 3• note 3• ring 2
Friction Consonants• fish 3• vest 2• think 1• there 1• sun 5• zip 5• shoe 3• television 1• hat 1
Match the spelling choices on theTHRASS cards to the Sound Chart.
Check answers, then practise pronunciation
Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSStop Consonants• pen panda , hippo• toe tap , letter• key cat , kitten , duck , school , queen • bin bird , rabbit• door dog , ladder• girl gate , eggNasal Consonants• man mouse , hammer , lamb• note net , dinner , knee• ring king , ink
Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSFriction Consonants• fish fish , coffee , dolphin• think thumb• sun sun , dress , horse , city , ice• shoe shark , station , chef• hat hand
• vest voice , sleeve• there feather • zip zip , fizz , sneeze , laser , cheese• television treasure
Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSStop + Friction Consonants• chair chair , watch• jam jam , giant , cage , bridge
Vowel‐like Consonants (semi‐vowels)• leaf leg , bell• rat rain , cherry , wrist• watch water , wheel , quilt• year yawn
Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsShort Vowels• chin 2• foot 2• duck 2• sock 2• hand 1• leg 2Long Vowels• teeth 5• boot 3• bird 4• fork 5• arm 2• hair 2
Weak vowel (schwa)• /ə/ 9teacher, collar, doctor, measure, zebra, garden, fossil, lion, circus
Diphthongs (two vowels together)• ear 2• coin 2• nose 4• cow 2• bike 4• face 4
missing /ʊə/ lure
Match the spelling choices on theTHRASS cards to the Sound Chart.
Check answers, then practise pronunciation
Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsShort Vowels• chin tin , pyramid • foot book , bull• duck bus , glove• sock frog , swan• hand ant• leg bed , bread
Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsLong Vowels• teeth me , beach , tree , key , pony• boot moon , screw , glue• bird fern , shirt , worm , fur• fork fork , ball , saw , sauce , door• arm banana , car• hair hair , square
Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsDiphthongs (two vowels together)• ear ear , deer• coin coin , toy• nose nose , boat , note , snow• cow cow , house • bike tiger , kite , light , fly• face baby , tape , snail , tray
Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsWeak vowel (schwa)(only in unstressed syllables)• /ə/ teacher , collar , doctor , measure ,
zebra , garden , fossil , lion , circus
Extra Sound(missing from Sound Chart)• /ʊə/ lure
‘Appendix 1: Sound to spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283
Sound‐Spelling Correspondences
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
‘Appendix 1: Sound‐to‐spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283
Sound‐Spelling Correspondences
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
‘Appendix 1: Sound‐to‐spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283
Sound‐Spelling Correspondences
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
‘Appendix 1: Sound to spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283
Sound‐Spelling Correspondences
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
‘Appendix 1: Sound to spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283
Sound‐Spelling Correspondences – selected consonants
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
‘Appendix 1: Sound to spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283
Sound‐Spelling Correspondences
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
‘Appendix 1: Sound to spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283
Sound‐Spelling Correspondences – selected vowels
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
HEADINGPronunciation: Online Resources
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
• Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries , Cambridge Learner’s DictionaryPronunciation available in both UK and US English for dictionary entries.
• YouGlish: Authentic examples of English pronunciation in context from YouTube videos (US, UK and Australian English available)
Not pronunciation, but useful for the English language classroom:
• Google Ngram Viewer: explore the frequency of usage of phrases from a corpus of English texts over time (from 1800‐2019).
• The Affixes Dictionary: an online dictionary of affixes, with more than 1,250 entries, and 10,000 examples.
• Etymonline: an online etymology dictionary
https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?year_end=2019&year_start=1800&content=voiceless+consonant%2C+unvoiced+consonant&smoothing=3&corpus=26&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cvoiceless%20consonant%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cunvoiced%20consonant%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Cvoiceless%20consonant%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cunvoiced%20consonant%3B%2Cc0
https://youglish.com/pronounce/annastacia%20palaszczuk/english?
HEADING• Baker, Ann (2006) Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation course (Third Edition). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
• Brown, Adam (2019) Understand and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide. New York: Routledge.
• Crystal, David (2008) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (Sixth Edition). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
• Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 1: Pronunciation workouts. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 2: Pronunciation puzzles. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 3: Pronunciation pairworks. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 4: Pronunciation poems. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Site: http://pronpack.com/
• Hewings, Martin (2004) Pronunciation Practice Activities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ritchie, Denyse and Alan Davies (2018) THRASS Word Picture Sheets. Osborne Park: THRASS Institute.Site: https://www.thrass.com.au/resources/thrass‐teacher‐resources/
• UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences (2018) PALS1004 Introduction to Speech Science: Vowels. Retrieved from https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/spsci/iss/week5.php on 03/09/2020.
References
https://pixabay.com/vectors/book‐books‐library‐books‐reading‐2022464/
TELLS Library - Pronunciation Resources
HEADING• International Phonetic Association homepage• IPA Chart online• Interactive IPA Chart with pronunciation samples• ‘How to remember the IPA Consonant Chart’ and ‘How to
remember the IPA Vowel Chart’ blog posts from All Things Linguistic• Phoible phoneme inventories and data for every phoneme in every
language (with data available)• Glottolog comprehensive catalogue of the world’s languages,
language families and dialects• Free "Tudoring" and a Moist Owlet: The 5 Different T Sounds in
English (a blog post on All Things Linguistic about the allophones of /t/ in English)
• Crash Course – Linguistics on YouTube (coming soon) ‘If you’ve been meaning to learn introductory linguistics concepts in a more systematic manner, or you want an easy way to share your interest in linguistics with other people, Crash Course Linguistics is a great way to do that!’16 full‐length videos will be released over the next few months.
Further Notes
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/IPA_Kiel_2015.pdf
HEADING• Because Language (previously ‘Talk the Talk’) – a podcast about linguistics,
the science of language. Hosted by linguists Daniel Midgley and Hedvig Skirgård, with Ben Ainslie.
• Lingthusiasm ‐ a podcast that’s enthusiastic about linguistics. Hosted by linguists Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne.
• Accentricity – a podcast about people and how they talk. Hosted by linguist Sadie Ryan.
• The Allusionist – stories about language and the people who use it. Hosted by Helen Zaltzman.
• Lexicon Valley – a podcast about language (mainly English). Hosted by linguist John McWhorter.
• For more suggestions, go to https://www.superlinguo.com/post/158448074588/linguistics‐and‐language‐podcasts and https://allthingslinguistic.com/ .
Linguistics Podcasts
RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/podcast‐popular‐shows‐announcement‐2665179/
Recommended