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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND MICROBIOLOGY
SYLLABUS FOR BOTANY
Approved in Board of Studies meeting
convened on 15-04-2017
for the Academic Year 2017-2018
Pithapur Rajahs Government College
(Autonomous NAAC Re – accredited with B - 2.78 CGPA)
KAKINADA – 533 001, E.G.Dt., Andhra Pradesh
PITHAPUR RAJAHS GOVERNMENT COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
KAKINADA, E.G.DT. ANDHRA PRADESH
Department of Botany and Microbiology
The Board of Studies meeting for Botany subject during the academic year 2017-2018 is
conducted at the Dept. of Botany and Microbiology on 15-04-2017 at 10.00 AM with
Dr. A. Srinivasa Rao, Lecturer in- Charge in the chair along with the following members.
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Name, designation and address Signature
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1. Chair Person :
DR. A. Srinivasa Rao, Lecturer in-Charge Dept. of Botany and Microbiology P.R.G.C.(A), Kakinada
2. AdiKavi Nannyya University Nominee :
Dr. S. V. Ranga Rao, Lecturer in Botany Dept. of Botany, S.M.B.T.A.V & S.N.Degree College, Veeravasaram, West Godavari District
3. Members nominated by Executive council of the College :
a. Member from Research Organisation: Smt. P. Swathi, Assistant Director Biological Control Laboratory
Dept. of Agriculture, Near RTO office, Kakinada b. Subject Expert :
Ms. K.N.V.S.N.Eswari, Lecturer in Botany Dept. of Botany, Govt. Degree College Pithapuram, E.G.Dt.
c. Alumni member :
Sri A.R.K.Sastry, Former Joint Director Botanical Survey of India Kolkata, West Bengal St. R/o Kakinada, E.G.Dt. 4. Members from the College :
a. Faculty member :
Ms. B. Raja Rajeswari , Contract Faculty in Botany Dept. of Botany, P.R.G.C. (A), Kakinada b. Student members :
i.
ii.
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C.B.C.S. pattern effective from 2014-2015 Academic Year
Botany Model Blue Print for the Question paper and choice
for I year (w.e.f.2017-18 Academic Year)
S.No.
Type of Questions
To be given in the Question paper
To be answered
No
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1 SECTION - A Very Short Answer Questions
05 01 05 05 01 05
2 SECTION - B Short Answer Questions
08 03 24 05 03 15
3 SECTION - C Essay Questions (Either- or)
10 08 80 05 08 40
Total questions & Total marks = 23 - 109 15 - 60
109 - 60 49
Percentage of choice given = ------------ x 100 = ------ x 100 = 44.95%
109 109
I B.Sc., – Botany / I Semester End (W.E.F. 2017-2018) Microbial diversity, Algae & Fungi (Course : BO1207)
Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning: 60 @ 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03
Module -1 Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity (12hrs)
a. Discovery of microorganisms, origin of life, spontaneous, biogenesis, b. Pasteur experiments, germ theory of disease. c. Classification of microorganisms – R.H. Whittaker’s five kingdom concept. d. Brief account of special groups of bacteria- Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma,
Chlamydia, Actinomycetes. e. Cyanobacteria : Systematic position, structure and reproduction of Nostoc and
Oscillatoria. Economic importance as SCP and Biofertilizers . Module -2 Viruses (12hrs)
a. Viruses - Discovery, general account, structure and multiplication of –T4 Phage (Lytic, Lysogenic) and TMV, Viroids.
b. A brief account of plant diseases caused by viruses – Symptoms, transmission and control measures.
c. Viral diseases : Tobacco Mosaic, Bhendi Vein clearing and Papaya leaf curl.
Module -3 Bacteria (12hrs)
a. Bacteria - Discovery, General characteristics, cell structure and nutrition b. Reproduction- Asexual and bacterial recombination (Conjugation,
Transformation, Transduction). c. Economic importance of Bacteria.
Module -3Algae (12hrs)
a. Algae : Introduction, general characters (Pigments, reserve food material, flagella type); Fritsch classification up to classes.
b. A general account of thallus organization, reproduction and life cycles in Algae. c. Economic importance of algae : Food, fodder and feed; phycocolloids, seawage
disposal and Harmful algae. d. Systematic position, structure, reproduction and life history of following genera :
i. Chlorophyceae : Oedogonium and Fritschiella ii. Phaeophyceae : Ectocarpus
iii. Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia
Module-4 Fungi & Lichens (12hrs)
a. Fungi: Introduction, general characters, Ainsworth classification (outlines) and economic importance.
b. Systematic position, structure, reproduction and life history of following genera : i. Zygomycota : Rhizopus
ii. Ascomycota : Penicillium
iii. Basidiomycota : Puccinia
c. Major famines of the world due to fungal pathogens – Irish, Bengal and Srilanka d. Lichens : Introduction, thallus structure and reproduction; ecological and
economic importance.
P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada
I year B.Sc., Program Examinations at I Semester End Botany 1A : Microbial diversity, algae & fungi
(Course : BO1207 Model paper w.e.f. 2017-2018)
Time : 2 ½ Hrs. Max. Marks : 60
Section –A 5X1 = 5 M
Answer all the following questions, diagrams are not needed
1. Heterocyst 2. Viroid 3. Mesosome 4. Cap cell 5. Metula
Section – B 5x3 = 15 M
Answer any five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary
6. Actinomycetes 7. Tobacco Mosaic Virus 8. Binary fission in Bacteria 9. Chemoautotrophs 10. Pigments in Algae 11. Fritschiella
12. Coffee rust 13. Economic importance of Lichens
Section – C 5x8 = 40 M
Answer five questions, choosing one question from each set. Draw neat and labeled
diagrams wherever necessary.
14. (a) Give an account on Origin of life.
(OR) (b) Enumerate the evidences of organic evolution.
15. (a) Discuss about Transmission of virus.
(OR) (b) Write an essay on the multiplication of Virus.
16. (a) Discuss different modes of nutrition in Bacteria. (OR)
(b) Write an essay on economic importance of bacteria.
17. (a) Discuss about the range of thallus structure in algae. (OR)
(b) Describe the life cycle of Ectocarpus with diagrams.
18. (a) Describe the life cycle of Puccinia . (OR)
(b) Give a brief account of thallus structure and reproduction in Lichens.
Course BO1207 : Microbial diversity, Algae and Fungi
Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 60 Time : 2½ Hrs.
Module No. / Title Very Short
Answer Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted
to the Module
Module-1/ Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity
1 1 2 20
Module- 2 / Viruses 1 1 2 20
Module – 3/ Bacteria 1 2 2
23
Module- 3 / Algae 1 2 2
23
Module – 4 / Fungi & Lichens 1 2 2
23
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 109
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper
I B.Sc., Botany I Semester Practical Syllabus (Microbial diversity, Algae and Fungi)
Botany Practical Paper - I (BO1207P) model (w.e.f. 2017-2018)
1. Knowledge of equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop,
Hot-air oven, Autoclave/Pressure cooker, laminar air flow chamber and Incubator.
2. Preparation of liquid and solid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration).
3. Study of viruses and bacteria using electron photo micrographs (TMV, Bacteriophage,
HIV, Cocci, Bacillus, Spirillum bacteria)
4. Gram staining technique.
5. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice,
Angular leaf spot of Cotton).
6. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by viruses (TMV, Bhendi vein clearing and Leaf curl of Papaya),
7. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast).
8. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following : a) Cyanobacteria: Nostoc and Scytonema. b) Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, c) Fungi: Rhizopus, Penicillium and Puccinia .
9. Study of plant material infected by Fungi (Rot of tomatoes, blue and green molds of Citrus fruits and wheat rust(Section cutting of diseased parts of Wheat and Barberry - identification of different spores).
10. Lichens: Morphology and of anatomy of different thalli. 11. Field Visit.
I B.Sc., Botany Practical examinations at the end of I Semester (Microbial diversity, Algae and Fungi)
Botany Practical Paper - I (BO1207P) model (w.e.f. 2017-2018)
Time : 2 hours Max.Marks: 50
1. Identify any three algal members from the given algal mixture ‘A’ 3x4= 12 M
Scheme for valuation: Identification -1mark+ Diagram-1 marks + Reasons-2 marks
2. Take T.S of given material ‘B’ (Fungal disease) prepare slide, draw diagram and
specify the identification characters. 12 M
Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation – 4 marks + Identification – 2mark + Labeled diagram – 3 marks + Reasons – 3 marks.
3. Scientific observation of the given specimens 4x3= 12 M
C: Microphotograph of Virus
D: Gram staining technique
E: Algae specimen/Slide
F: Fungi specimen/Slide
Scheme of valuation : Identification – 1 mark + Diagram-1 mark + Reasons - 1
mark
4. Write critical notes on given slides/photographs of interest: 3x2= 06 M
G: Cyanobacterium
H: Viral disease specimen
I: Bacterial disease specimen
Scheme of valuation: Identification – 1 mark + Notes – 1 mark
5. Record + Viva voce 5+3 = 08 M
I B.Sc., – Botany / II Semester End (W.E.F. 2017-2018) Diversity of Archegoniates and Plant anatomy (Course : BO2207)
Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning: 60 @ 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03
Module -1 Bryophyta (12h)
a. Introduction, general characters, classification up to classes.
b. Systematic position, Structure, reproduction and life history of following genera (Developmental stages are not required):
i. Hepaticopsida : Marchantia ii. Bryopsida : Polytrichum
c. Evolution of gametophyte and sporophyte in Bryophytes. d. Economic and biological importance of Bryophytes
Module -2 Pteridophyta (12h)
a. Introduction, general characters, classification up to classes. b. Rhynia-Morphology & anatomy
c. Systematic position,structure,reproduction and life history of following genera (Developmental stages are not required):
i. Lycopsida : Lycopodium ii. Pteropsida : Marsilea
d. Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes
e. Heterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes.
Module-3 Gymnosperms (12h)
a. Introduction, general characters, structure, reproduction and classification. b. A general account of Bennettitales – Williamsoniaceae, Wielandiellaceae and
Cycadeoidaceae c. Systematic position, structure, reproduction and life history of following genera
(Developmental stages are not required): i. Coniferopsida : Pinus
ii. Gnetopsida : Gnetum
d. Economic importance of Gymnosperms
e. Endangered Gymnosperms
Module-4 Tissues & Tissue systems (12h)
a. Meristems : Introduction, characteristics and classification. b. Histological organization of shoot and root apices in different plant groups. c. Apical cell theory, histogen theory and Tunica-Corpus theory. d. Tissues: Introduction, Simple (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma),
complex (Xylem and Phloem) and special (Laticifers, glandular and digestive glands, hydathodes).
e. Tissue Systems : Epidermal, ground and vascular
Module-5 Secondary growth in stem and wood structure (12h)
a. Anamalous secondary growth in Stem (Boerhaavia, Bignonia and Dracaena) and Root (Beta)
b. Botanical name, family, general characters of the wood and identification characters of : Teak (Tectona grandis), Rosewood, (Dalbergia latefolia), Red sanders, (Pterocarpus santalinus), Yegisa (Pterocarpus marsupiun) and Neem (Azadirachta indica).
P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada I year B.Sc., Program Examinations at II Semester End Botany Paper –I B : Archegoniates and Palaeobotany
(Course : BO2207 Model paper w.e.f. 2014-2015) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X1 = 05 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed.
1. Gemmae 2. Sorophore 3. Bars of Sanio 4. Meristem 5. Cupule
Section – B 5x3 = 15 M
Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
1. Economic importance of Bryophytes 2. Morphology of Funaria
3. Heterospory in Pteridophytes 4. Morphology of Marselia 5. Gnetum ovule 6. General characters of Gymnosperms 7. Epidermal tissue system 8. Economic importance of rose wood
Section – C 5x08 = 40M
Answer Five questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and
labeled diagrams wherever necessary.
9. (a) Describe the evolution of sporophyte in Bryophytes. (OR)
(b) Describe the sexual reproduction in Marchantia with labeled diagrams
10. (a) Write an essay on stelar evolution in Pteridophytes (OR)
(b) Describe the anatomy of rhizome in Marselia. .
11. (a) Write an essay on the general characters of Gymnosperms. (OR)
(b) Describe the male and female cones of Pinus with labeled diagrams.
12. (a) Describe different theories on histological organization of shoot apical meristem.
(OR) (b) Write an essay on structure of Xylem and add a note on its functions. 13. (a) Describe the structure of teak wood.
(OR) (b) Write an essay on anomalous secondary growth in Boerhaavia.
Botany Paper I B (Course-2207) : Archegoniates and Paleobotany Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 60 Time : 2½ Hrs.
Module No. / Title Very Short
Answer Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted
to the Module
Module-1/ Bryophyta 1 2 2 20
Module- 2 / Pteridopyta 1 2 2 20
Module – 3/ Gymnosperms 1 2 2
23
Module- 4 / Tissues & Tissue systems
1 1 2
23
Module – 5 / Secondary growth in
stem and wood
structure
1 1 2
23
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 109
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper
I B.Sc., Botany II Semester Practical Syllabus (Archegoniates and Plant anatomy)
Botany Practical Paper - I (BO2207P) model (w.e.f. 2017-2018)
1. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures), anatomy of the following :
. a. Bryophytes : Marchantia and Funaria, b. Pteridophytes : Lycopodium and Marselia c. Gymnosperms : Pinus and Gnetum
2. Demonstration of double staining technique. 3. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides 4. Anomalous secondary structure of
a. Achyranthes b. Boerhavia c. Dracaena.
5. Anatomical study of wood (Teak and Rose wood) in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. 6. Botanical field visits / visit to local timber depots.
I B.Sc., Botany Practical examinations at the end of I Semester (Archegoniates and Plant anatomy)
Botany Practical Paper - I (BO2207P) model (w.e.f. 2017-2018)
Time : 2 hours Max.Marks: 50
1. Take T.S of given material ‘A’ (Pteridophyte) prepare slide, draw diagram and
specify the identification characters. 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation – 3 marks + Identification – 1mark + Labeled diagram – 2 marks + Reasons – 2 marks.
2. Take T.S of given material ‘B’ (Gymnosperm) prepare slide, draw diagram and
specify the identification characters. 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation – 3 marks + Identification – 1mark + Labeled diagram – 2 marks + Reasons – 2 marks.
3. Take T.S of given material ‘C’ ( Anomalous Secondary growth) prepare slide, draw
diagram and specify the identification characters. 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation – 3 marks +
Identification – 1mark + Labeled diagram – 2 marks + Reasons – 2 marks
4. Scientific observation of the given specimens 4x3= 12 M
D: Bryophyte specimen/slide
E: Bryophyte specimen/slide
F: Pteridophyte specimen/slide
G: Gymnosperm specimen/slide
Scheme of valuation : Identification – 1 mark + Diagram-1 mark + Reasons - 1
marks
5. Write critical notes on given slides/photographs of interest: 3x2= 06 M
G: Bryophyte specimen/slide
H: Bryophyte specimen/slide
I: Wood anatomy specimen/slide
Scheme of valuation: Identification – 1 mark + Notes – 1 mark
6. Record + Viva voce 5+3 = 08 M
Text Books for Botany course – BO1107 (I A) & BO2207 (I B)
A text book for BOTANY – I : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Suggested Readings for Botany course – BO1107 (I A) & BO2207 (I B)
Pandey, B. P. (2001) College Botany, Vol. I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant
Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.
Pandey, B. P. (2006) College Botany, Vol. II: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. S.
Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.
Gangulee, H.R. & A.K. Kar (2010) College Botany (Vol.II). New Central Book agency (P),Ltd.,
Kolkata
Reference Books for Botany course – BO1107 (I A) & BO2207 (I B)
Bold, H.C. & M. J. Wynne (1984) Introduction to the Algae, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey
Robert Edward Lee (2008) Phycology. Cambridge University Press, New York
Van Den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns (1996) Algae : An Introduction to Phycology.
Cambridge University Press, New York
Mehrotra, R.S. & K. R. Aneja (1990) An Introduction to Mycology. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi
Kevin Kavanagh (2005) Fungi ; Biology and Applications John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,West Sussex,
England
John Webster & R. W. S. Weber (2007) Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, New
York
Shaw, A. J. & B. Goffinet (2000) Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, New York
O. P. Sharma (2012) Pteridophyta. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
Kramer, K.U. & P. S. Green (1990) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume –I
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms (Ed.K.Kubitzki) Springe-Verlag, New York
Bhatnagar, S.P. & Alok Moitra (1996) Gymnosperms. New Age International, New Delhi
Sporne, K.R. (1971) The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinsons Co. Ltd., London
Coulter, J.M. & C. J. Chamberlain (1910) Morphology of Gymnosperms, The University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois
Govil, C.M. (2007) Gymnosperms : Extinct and Extant. KRISHNA Prakashan Media (P)
Ltd.Meerut & Delhi
Esau, K. (1971) Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA.
Fahn, A. (1990) Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Cutler, D.F., T. Botha & D. Wm. Stevenson (2008) Plant Anatomy : An Applied Approach, Wiley,
USA.
II B.Sc., – Botany / III Semester End (W.E.F. 2015-2016)
Plant Anatomy and Embryology of angiosperms(Course :BO3207) Total Hrs. of Teaching: 52 @ 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03
Module -1Tissues & Tissue systems (13h)
a. Meristems : Introduction, characters and classification. b. Histological organization of shoot and root apices in different plant groups. c. Apical cell theory, histogen theory and Tunica-Corpus theory. d. Tissues: Introduction, Simple (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma), complex
(Xylem and Phloem) and special (Laticifers, glandular and digestive glands, hydathodes). e. Tissue Systems : Epidermal, ground and vascular
Module-2 Organ Anatomy & Wood structure (15h)
a. Internal structure of root, stem and leaf in Dicotyledons.
b. Internal structure of root, stem and leaf in Monocotyledons.
c. Normal Secondary growth in stem of Pongamia.
d. Nodal anatomy
e. Anamalous secondary growth in Stem (Boerhaavia, Bignonia and Dracaena) and Root (Beta)
f. Botanical name, family, general characters of the wood and identification characters of :
Teak (Tectona grandis), Rosewood, (Dalbergia latefolia), Red sanders, (Pterocarpus
santalinus), Yegisa (Pterocarpus marsupiun) and Neem (Azadirachta indica).
Module-3 Microsporogenesis & Megasporogenesis (12h)
a. Embryology : Introduction, history and importance. b. Development and structure of anther, Microsporogenesis and development of male
gametophyte. c. Ovule (Megasporangium) types and structure d. Megasporogenesis; development of female gametophyte e. Types of embryo sacs : Monosporic (Polygonum, Oenothera), Bisporic (Allium, Endymion)
and Tetrasporic (Peperomia, Drusa and Plumbagella types)
Module-4 Pollination, fertilization & Embryogeny (12h)
a. Types of Pollination, Pollen - pistil interaction. b. Fertilization in Angiosperms. c. Endosperm types : Nuclear, helobial and cellular. d. Embryogeny : Dicot (Crucifer type - Capsella) and Monocot (Sagittaria) e. Polyembryony and Apomixis f. Palynology: Principles and applications; morphological description of pollen in Hibiscus
and Catharanthus
g. Embryology in relation to taxonomy
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada II year B.Sc., Program Examinations at III Semester End
Botany Paper–II A: Plant Anatomy and Embryology of angiosperms (BO3207 Model Paper w.e.f. 2015-2016)
Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed
1. Aerenchyma
2. Medullary bundles
3. Circinotropous ovule
4. Apomixis
5. Meristem
Section – B 5x4 = 20 M
Answer any five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
6. Stomata
7. Collenchyma
8. Anomolous growth in root of Beta
9. Annual rings
10. Male gametophyte
11. Bisporic embryosac in Allium
12. Types of pollination
13. Applications of Palynology
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and labeled
diagrams wherever necessary.
14. (a) What is apical meristem? Elucidate various theories regarding the shoot apex.
(OR)
(b) Define complex tissue. Describe the structure and functions of Xylem tissue.
15. (a) Describe the anomalous secondary growth in the stem of Dracaena.
(OR)
(b) Describe the characters of wood in Tectona grandis with suitable diagram and
mention its uses.
16. (a) Give an account of the structure of microsporangium and add a note on different
types of microspore tetrads
(OR)
(b) Write in brief about different types of tetrasporic embryo sacs you have studied.
17. (a) Give an account of Dicot embryo development.
(OR)
(b) Describe the process of development of endosperm in angiosperms.
Paper –II A : Plant Anatomy and Embryology of angiosperms Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 75 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No./ Title Very Short
Answer Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Module- 1 1/ Tissues & Tissue systems
1 2 2 30
Module- 2 2/ Organ Anatomy & Wood structure
1 2 2 30
Module- 3 3/ Microsporogenesis & Megasporogenesis
1 2 2
30
Module- 4
4/ Pollination, fertilization & Embryogeny
1 2
2
30
Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4)
Module 1-4 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including choice (19)
5 8 8 -
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper.
II B.Sc., –Botany / IV Semester End (W.E.F. 2015-2016)
Taxonomy of angiosperms and Medicinal Botany (Course:BO4207) Total Hrs. of Teaching: 52 @ 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03
Module -1 Basic concepts of Plant Taxonomy (10h)
a. Plant taxonomy : Introduction, Principles of Plant Systematics, Systematics vs Taxonomy b. Bentham & Hooker system of classification
c. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICBN; a brief account of Vienna code -2006.
d. Current concepts in Angiosperm Taxonomy: Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical Taxonomy.
e. Herbarium : Introduction, collection of specimens, preparation, preservation and importance of herbarium. Herbaria of National (BSI) and International (KEW) importance.
Module-2Systematics of Some Plant Families (16h)
a. An introduction to Angiospermic Phylogenetic Group IV (APG IV-2016)
b. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belong to the following families:
i.Polypetalous : Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Apiaceae.
ii. Gamopetalous : Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae and Lamiaceae iii. Monochlamydeous : Amaranthaceae and Euphorbiaceae iv. Monocotyledonous : Orchidaceae and Poaceae
Module-3 Pharmacognosy (13h)
a. Pharmacognosy: Introduction and scope. b. Scientific name, family, morphology, active principle, useful part, medicinal properties and
uses, chemical structure of active principle of following : (i) Aswagandha (Withania somnifera), (ii) Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), (iii) Amla (Emblica officinalis), (iv) Nela Usiri (Phyllanthus amarus) (v) Jalabrahmi (Bacopa monnieri)
c. Adulteration of plant crude drugs and methods of identification - some examples. Indian
Pharmacopoeia.
d. Plant crude drugs : Types, collection, process and storage.
e. Evaluation of crude drugs.
Module-4 Medicinal Systems in India (13h)
a. Ethnomedicine: Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine from Folklore medicine.
b. Traditional medicinal systems: Ayurveda and Homeopathy c. Introduction and role of National Institutes : AYUSH, NMPB, CIMAP and CDRI. d. Scientific name, family, useful part, medicinal uses, main herbal chemicals of :
(i) Tippateega (Tinospora cordifolia), (ii) Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum ), (iii) Pippallu (Piper longum), (iv) Vepa (Azadhirachta indica), (v) Karaka (Terminalia chebula), (vi) Kalabanda (Aloe vera), (vii) Turmeric (Curcuma longa).
P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada II year B.Sc., Program Examinations at IV Semester End Botany
Paper –II B : Taxonomy of angiosperms and Medicinal Botany
(Course : BO4207 Model Paper w.e.f. 2015-2016) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 75
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions, each in 2 or 3 sentences, diagrams are not needed
1. Artificial classification
2. Pollinia
3. Jalabrahmi
4. AYUSH
5. Numerical taxonomy
Section – B 5x4 = 20 M
Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary
6. Vienna code-2006
7. Flavanoids
8. Sexual organs of Annonaceae flower
9. Perianth in Orchidaceae flower
10. Adulteration of crude drugs
11. Indian pharmacopoeia
12. Distinction of Ethnomedicine from folklore medicine
13. Curcuma longa
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and labeled
diagrams wherever necessary.
14. (a) Write an essay on Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification, enumerate its
merits and Demerits. (OR) (b) Write an essay on concept, technique and importance of Herbarium in plant
taxonomy.
15. (a) Describe the distinguishing characters of the family Cucurbitaceae and mention
its economic importance. (OR)
(b) Describe the chief characters of the family Asteraceae and add a note on its
economic importance.
16. (a) Describe the active principle, structure, usage and pharmaceutical action of
Withania somnifera.
(OR)
(b) Explain the collection and processing of crude drugs .
17. (a) Describe the basic concepts and disease treatment method in Homeopathy.
(OR) (b) Give the botanical name, family, chemical constituents and medicinal importance of
Pippallu and Vepa.
Paper –II B : Taxonomy of angiosperms and Medicinal Botany Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 70 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short Answer
Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Module – 1 1/ Basic concepts of Plant Taxonomy
1 2 2 30
Module – 2
2/ Systematics of Some Plant Families
1 2 2 30
Module – 3
3/ Pharmacognosy 1 2
2
30
Module - 4
4/ Medicinal Systems in India
1 2
2
30
Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4) Module 1-4 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including choice (19)
5 8 8 -
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper.
II B.Sc. – Botany / Semesters- III & IV / Paper-II Syllabus (W.E.F. 2015-2016)
Practical Course BO4207P: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany
(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 90 @ 3 h / Week in 30 Sessions)
Laboratory Exercises
1. Demonstration of double staining technique (Demonstration)
2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides
3. Study of Anatomy of the following : Primary structure: Root - Cicer, Canna; Stem – Tridax, Sorghum
Secondary structure: Root – Tridax sp.; Stem –Pongamia Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus
4. Stomatal types using epidermal peels.
5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S.
6. Structure of anther and microsporogenesis using permanent slides.
7. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus, Acacia,
Grass).
8. Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus).
9. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryosac.
10. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and
monocot Embryos using permanent slides.
11. Systematic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in
theory syllabus (Minimum of one plant representative for each family)
12. Demonstration of herbarium techniques.
13. Local field visits to study the vegetation and flora.
14. Detailed morphological and anatomical study of medicinally important part(s) of
locally available plants (a minimum 10 plants) used in traditional medicine.
15. Field visits to identify and collect ethno medicinal plants used by local tribes/folklore.
16. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the
practical examination.
II B.Sc., Botany Practical examinations at the end of IV Semester (Plant Anatomy, Embryology &Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Medicinal Botany)
Botany Practical Paper –II (BO4207P) model (w.e.f. 2015-2016)
Time : 3 hours Max.Marks:70
1. Describe the given specimen ‘A’ in technical terms, draw the labeled diagram of twig, L.S.
of flower and floral diagram. 10 M
Scheme of valuation : Vegetative characters – 2 marks+ Floral characters-3 marks+ Floral
formula -1mark + Systematic position -1 mark + Diagrams- 3 marks (Twig -1+ L.S. of
flower -1 + Floral diagram -1).
2. Take T.S of the given material ‘B’, stain and mount the section, draw labeled diagram,
identify with reasons. 10 M
Scheme of valuation: Section and slide preparation- 4 marks + Labeled diagram-3 marks +
Identification – 1 mark + Reasons – 2 marks.
3. Dissect the given material ‘C’, isolate embryo sac /endosperm and prepare a stained slide,
draw diagram. 10 M
Scheme of valuation : Dissection & slide preparation -3 marks + identification -1 mark +
labeled diagram – 2 mark and reasons – 2 marks.
4. Identify the given material ‘D & E’, write their scientific name, family, medicinally useful
part and its medicinal uses. 2 x 4 =8M
Scheme of valuation: Scientific name – 1 mark + Family – 1 mark + Useful part -1 mark +
medicinal uses – 1 mark.
5. Identify and write notes on 4 x 3 = 12M
F: Plant Anatomy
G: Embryology of Angiosperms
H: Taxonomy of Angiosperms
I: Medicinal Botany
Scheme of valuation: Identification – 1 mark + Reasons – 2 marks
6. Record + Herbarium + Field note book + Viva voce 10+3+2+5 = 20M
Text Books for Botany Course – BO3207 (II A) & BO4207 (II B)
A text book for BOTANY – II : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Suggested Readings for Course – BO3207 (II A) & BO4207 (II B)
Esau, K. (1971) Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA.
Fahn, A. (1990) Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar (2000) The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th Ed.), Vikas
Publishing House, Delhi.
Pandey, A. K. (2000) Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. CBS Publishers & Distributors
Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi
Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005) Taxonomy of Angiosperms I. K .International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
S.K.Mukharjee (2012) College Botany Volume-III (Angiosperms, Families of Angiosperms
Phytogeography and Tissue Culture) New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., London
Jain, S. K. and V. Mudgal. (1999) A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh, Dehradun..
Joshi, S. G. (2000) Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Reference Books for Botany course – BO3207 (II A) & BO4207 (II B)
Cutler, D.F., T. Botha & D. Wm. Stevenson (2008) Plant Anatomy : An Applied Approach, Wiley,
USA.
Paula Rudall (1987) Anatomy of Flowering Plants : An Introduction to Structure and
Development. Cambridge University Press, London
Maheswari, P. (1971) An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
London.
Johri, B.M. (2011) Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Jeffrey, C. (1982) An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
London.
Lawrence, George H.M. (1951) Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The McMillan Co., New York
Heywood, V. H. and D. M. Moore (1984) Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press,
London.
Lewis, W. H. and M. P. F. Elwin Lewis. (1976) Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man’s Health.
A Wiley Inter science Publication. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
III B.Sc., – Botany / V Semester End (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Advanced Core (Course: BO5213)
Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity Total Hrs. of Teaching- learning: 40 @ 3h / Week Total Credits : 03
Module -1 Cell Biology (8h)
a. Ultra structure of plant cell wall
b. Ultra structure of nucleus
c. Polymorphic cell organelles (Plastids)
d. Morphology of Chromosomes, Euchromatin and Heterochromatin, Karyotype
e. Organization of DNA in a chromosome
f. Nucleic acids - Structure and replication of DNA; types and functions of RNA.
Module – 2 Genetics (12h) a. Mendel’s laws of inheritance
b. Complementary, supplementary, duplicate, epistatic and inhibitory gene interactions
c. A brief account of linkage and crossing over
d. Construction of genetic maps - 2 point and 3 point test cross data
e. Chromosomal aberrations - structural and numerical changes f. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes - Lac Operon
g. Mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA and plasmids
Module - 3 Ecology (12h)
a. Plants and environment: Edaphic and biotic factors.
b. Ecological adaptations of plants
c. Population ecology: Natality, mortality, growth curves, ecotypes, ecads.
d. Community ecology: Frequency, density, cover, life forms, biological spectrum
e. Ecological succession : Hydrosere and Xerosere
f. Concepts of productivity: GPP, NPP and Community Respiration
Module - 4 Biodiversity (8h)
a. Basic concepts of Biodiversity; Convention on Biodiversity - Earth Summit. b. Types of biodiversity. c. Levels, threats and value of Biodiversity.
d. Hot spots of India : North Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats; Endemism e. Role of organizations (IUCN, UNEP, WWF, NBPGR, NBA) in the conservation of
Biodiversity. f. Vavilov centers of crop plants; Agro-biodiversity
P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End
Botany Paper III : Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity (Course: BO5213 Model paper w.e.f. 2016-2017)
Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed
1. Plasmodesmata
2. Linkage
3. Ecads
4. Red data book
5. Alleles
Section – B 5x4 = 20 M
Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
6. Differences between DNA and RNA
7. Nucleolus
8. Law of Segregation
9. Mitochondrial DNA
10. J –shaped growth curve
11. Morphological adaptations of Hydrophytes
12. Earth Summit
13. NBPGR
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each group. Draw neat and
labeled diagrams , wherever necessary.
14. (a) Describe the morphology, chemistry and ultra-structure of Cell wall.
(OR)
(b) Explain the process of DNA replication in Prokaryotes.
15. (a) Describe the Complementary and Duplicate gene interactions with suitable
examples.
(OR)
(b) Give an account of the lac operon model for gene expression.
16. (a) Describe the effects of biotic factors on vegetation.
(OR)
(b) Discuss the different characteristics shown by plant communities.
17. (a) Enumerate the levels and types of Biodiversity.
(OR)
(b) Write an essay on Vavilov centers of origin of crop plants.
Advanced Core : Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 70 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short Answer
Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Module – 1
1/ Cell Biology 1 2 2 30
Module – 2
2/ Genetics 1 2 2 30
Module – 3
3/ Ecology 1 2 2
30
Module – 4
4/ Biodiversity 1 2
2
30
Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4)
Module 1-4 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including choice (19)
5 8 8 -
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper.
III B.Sc.– Botany / Semester- V /Advanced Core Syllabus (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Practical Paper BO5213P: Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity
(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 45 @ 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Study of various stages of mitosis using cytological preparation of Onion root tips
2. Study of various stages of meiosis using cytological preparation of Onion flower buds.
3. Solving genetic problems related to monohybrid, dihybrid ratio and interaction
of genes (minimum of six problems in each topic).
4. Knowledge of ecological instruments: Working principles and applications of
Hygrometer, rain gauze, anemometer, altimeter, light meter, wet and dry bulb
thermometer (with the help of Equipment / diagrams/ photographs).
6. Study of morphological and anatomical characteristics of plant communities
using locally available plant species:
Hydrophytes : Eichhornia, Hidrilla, Pistia, Nymphaea, Vallisneria
Xerophytes : Asperagus,Opuntia, Euphorbi antiquorum
7. Detailed study on flora of a local fresh water or aquaculture pond.
8. Community ecological experiments on flora of College campus.
9. Geographical spotting of certain endemic and endangered plant species of AP and india
10. Minimum of two field visits to local areas of ecological / conservation / biodiversity
importance (Sacred grove / Reserved forest / Botanical garden / Zoo Park / Lake
etc.).
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada
III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End
Advanced core : Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity Practical paper (BO5213p) model paper
Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50
1. Make a cytological preparation of given material ‘A’ (mitosis or meiosis in Onion)by squash technique,
report any two stages, draw labeled diagrams and write the reasons 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Preparation of slide and reporting two stages -4 marks (2 + 2) + Diagrams -
2 marks(1+1) + Reasons -2 marks( 1 + 1).
2. Solve the given Genetic problem (Dihybrid cross/ Interaction of genes/ 2-point test cross) ‘B’ and write the conclusions 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Solution for the problem - 6M
Concluding remarks - 2M
3. Take T.S of the given material ‘C’ (hydrophyte/xerophte), stain and mount the section, draw labeled
diagram, identify with reasons. 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Section, slide preparation - 3 marks + Identification – 1 mark + diagram – 2
marks + Reasons – 2 marks.
3. Scientific observation and data analysis 2 x 4 = 08 M
D. Biodiversity (Specimen/photograph)
E. Biodiversity (Specimen/photograph)
5. Record and Viva-voce 5 + 3 = 8 M
External evaluation = 35 M
CCA = 15 M
TOTAL = 50 M
Text Books for Botany Course – BO5213 (Advanced Core)
A text book for BOTANY – III : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Suggested Readings for Botany Course – BO5213 (Advanced Core)
S. S. Purohit (2010) B.Sc., Unified Botany Volume –III, Cell Biology ( Genetics, Ecology and
Biodiversity), Saraswati Purohit for Student Edition, Jodhpur
S. C. Rastogi (2008) Cell Biology, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi
P. K. Gupta (2002) Cell and Molecular biology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi
B. D. Singh (2008) Genetics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana
A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2007) Molecular Genetics, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
N. S. Subrahmanyam & A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2008) Ecology Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
P. D. Sharma (2012) Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi
A. K. Agrawal & P.P. Deo (2010) Plant Ecology, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
U. Kumar (2007) Biodiversity : Principles & Conservation, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
Reference Books for Botany course – BO5213 (Advanced Core)
Cooper, G.M. & R.E. Hausman (2009) The Cell – A Molecular Approach, A.S.M. Press,
Washington
Becker, W.M., L.J. Kleinsmith & J. Hardin (2007) The World of Cell, Pearson Education, Inc., New York
De Robertis, E.D.P. & E.M.F. De Robertis Jr. (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publ., Philadelphia
Robert H. Tamarin (2002) Principles of Genetics, Tata Mc Graw –Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
Gardner, E.J., M. J. Simmons & D.P. Snustad (2004) Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York
Micklos, D.A., G.A. Freyer & D.A. Cotty (2005) DNA Science: A First Course, I.K. International
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Edward J. Kormondy (1996) Concepts of Ecology, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New
Delhi
Begon, M., J.L. Harper & C.R. Townsend (2003) Ecology, Blackwell Science Ltd., U.S.A.
Eugene P. Odum (1996) Fundamentals of Ecology, Natraj Publishers, Dehradun
III B.Sc., – Botany/ V Semester End (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Advanced Elective-1 (Course: BO/PPPB5214A)
Plant pathology and plant breeding
Total Hours of Teaching: 40 @ 3 h / Week Total Credits : 02
Module - 1 Basics of Plant Pathology (10h)
a. Definitions and terms used in plant pathology – Disease triangle and disease pyramid; causes of diseases.
b. Classification of plant diseases; Plant pathology in India c. Some historical losses due to plant diseases – Late blight of Potato; Wheat rusts; Brown
spot of Rice; Coffee rust. d. Dissemination of plant pathogens by air, water, insects, animals and man e. General symptoms of plant diseases.
Module - 2 Disease development and control (12 h)
a. Symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and control of following plant diseases - Blast of Rice; Tungro of Rice; Red Rot of Sugarcane; Tobacco Mosaic.
b. Weapons in plant disease development : Role of enzymes, growth regulators and toxins in plant diseases.
c. General account of plant defense mechanisms : Structural, chemical and lack of essential factors.
d. Effect of environment on plant Disease development. e. Plant disease management: A general account of chemical and biological methods.
Module - 3 Principles of Plant Breeding (8 h)
a. Plant Breeding and its scope. b. Genetic basis for plant breeding. c. Mode of reproduction in relation to plant Breeding; Male sterility. d. Hybridization – schemes, and technique; Heterosis
Module - 4 Breeding Methods (10 h)
a. Plant Introduction and Acclimatization. b. Mass Selection: Definition, procedure; applications and uses; advantages and limitations. c. Pure line selection : Definition, procedure; applications and uses; advantages and
limitations. d. Clonal Selection: Definition, procedure; applications and uses; advantages and limitations.
P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End
Advanced Elective-1 : Plant pathology and plant breeding (Course: BO5214A Model paper w.e.f. 2016-2017)
Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed
1. Prof. T. S. Sadasivan
2. Disease triangle
3. Acclimatization
4. Selection
5. Heterosis
Section – B 5x4 = 20 M
Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
6. Disease pyramid 7. Irish famine 8. Plant toxins 9. Phytoalexins 10. Male sterility 11. Polygenic inheritance 12. Plant introduction 13. Advantages and acheivements of Mutation breeding
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each group. Draw neat and
labeled diagrams , wherever necessary.
14. (a) Write an essay on the classification of plant diseases based on spread and major
causal agent.
(OR)
(b) Write essay on classification of plant diseases.
15. (a) Write a general account of structural defense mechanism in plants against pathogens.
(OR)
(b) Describe the life cycle of fungus causing Blast of Rice
.
16. (a) Describe the various mechanisms that promote cross pollination.
(OR)
(b) What is Hybridization? Describe different steps involved in production of a hybrid
Plant..
17. (a) Write an essay on Mass selection, add a note on its advantages and achievements.
(OR)
(b) Define clone? Describe clonal selection procedure, add a note on its advantages and
achievements.
Advanced Elective -1 : Plant pathology and plant breeding Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 70 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short Answer
Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Module – 1
1/ Basics of Plant Pathology
1 2 2 30
Module – 2
2/ Disease development and control
1 2 2 30
Module – 3
3/ Principles of Plant Breeding
1 2 2
30
Module – 4
4/ Breeding Methods 1 2 2
30
Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4)
Module 1-4 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including choice (19)
5 8 8 -
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper
III B.Sc.– Botany / Semester- V /Advanced Elec.I Syllabus (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Practical Paper BO5214A-P: Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding
(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 45 @ 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Study of disease symptoms of the following :
a. Paddy : Brown leaf spot; Blast; Bacterial leaf blight
b. Wheat : Red rust
c. Ground nut : Tikka disease
d. Sugarcane : Red rot; Whip smut
e. Tobacco : Mosaic
f. Bajra : Green ear
g. Maize : Smut
h. Bhendi : Yellow vein mosaic
i. Papaya : Leaf curl
2. Temporary slide preparation of representative genera of disease causing fungi for
Morphological studies
3. Koch postulates; preparation of PDA medium.
4. . Isolation of phytopathogenic bacteria from locally available diseased plant material
and study of colony characteristics and Grams –staining.
5. Floral biology of Paddy, Sugarcane, Maize and Red gram
6. Emasculation techniques
7. Procedure of mass, pureline and clonal selection.
8. Filed trip to Agriculture research stations.
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End
Advanced Elective - I : Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding
Practical paper (BO5214A-P) model paper
Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50
1. Take section of given material ‘A’ , prepare a temporary slide and report the disease 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Preparation of slide -4 marks + Reporting disease with Reasons -4 marks
+ Diagrams -2 marks.
2. Floral Biology/ Demonstation of a Plnat breeding technique 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Demonstration – 3 marks + Reporting technique with Reasons -4 marks
+ Diagrams -3 marks.
3. Scientific observation and data analysis 4 x 3 = 12 M
C. Viral /Bacterial disease (Specimen/photograph)
D. Funagal disease (Specimen/photograph)
E. Plant breeding technique
F. Selection procedure
5. Record and Viva-voce 5 + 2 = 7 M
External evaluation = 35 M
CCA = 15 M
TOTAL = 50 M
Text Books for Botany Course – BO/PPPB5214A (Advanced Elective-1)
B.Sc.-Botany –Third year – Paper III : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Suggested Readings for Botany Course – BO/PPPB5214A (Advanced
Elective-1)
P.D. Sharma (2006) Plant Pathology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
R.S. Singh (2011) Introduction to Priciples of Plant Pathology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi
R.S. Singh (1998) Plant diseases, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
R.P. Singh (2008) Plant Pathology, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana
H.C. Dube (2010) Modern Plant Pathology, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
R. C. Chaudhary (1996) Introduction to Plant Breeding, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi
B. D. Singh (1999) Plant Breeding, Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana
Reference Books for Botany course– BO/PPPB5214A (Advanced Elective-1)
G.N. Agrios (2005) Plant Pathology, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam
Mehrotra, R.S. & A. Aggarwal (2007) Plant Pathology, Tata Mc Graw – Hill Publ. Co. Ltd., New
Delhi
M. Dickinson ( 2008) Molecular Plant Pathology, Bios Scientific Publishers, London
A.K. Mishra & A. Bohra (2011) Plant Pathology : Diseases and Management, Agrobios (India),
Jodhpur
B.D.Singh (2001) Plant Breeding : Principles and Methods , Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana
Mandal, A.K., P.K.Ganguli and S.P. Banerjee (1991) Advances in Plant Breeding, Volumes I &
II, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi (India)
Bahar A. Siddiqui & S. Khan (1997) Plant Breeding & In Vitro culture, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi (India)
S.K. Gupta (2010) Plant Breeding : Theory and Techniques, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
Hayes, H.K., F.R. Immer & D.C. Smith (2009) Methods of Plant Breeding, Biotech Books, Delhi
III B.Sc. – Botany / V Semester End (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Advanced Elective-2 (Course: BO/PBGE5214B)
Plant Biotechnology and Genetic engineering
Total Hours of Teaching: 40 @ 3 h / Week Total Credits : 02
Module – 1 Concepts of Plant Tissue culture (10h)
a. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology - Definition, history, scope and significance b. Organization and equipment of a plant tissue culture laboratory. c. Basic concepts of tissue culture : Explant, totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation,
and redifferentiation. d. Sterilization techniques in tissue culture laboratory. e. Murashige and Skoog culture medium composition, preparation and sterilization
techniques.
Module – 2 Methods in Tissue culture (10h)
a. Organ culture : Meristem, ovule, pollen and embryo cultures b. Callus, Cell and Cell suspension techniques and their significance. c. Protoplast culture, Somatic hybridization and cybridization techniques and their
significance. d. Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds. e. Applications of plant tissue culture.
Module – 3 Tools & techniques of r-DNA technology (10h)
a. Classification, properties and applications of restriction endonucleases. b. Reverse transcriptase; Alkaline phosphatase; DNA ligase. c. Cloning vectors : Plasmids, Lamda-phage, cosmids, M-13, phagemids. d. Structure of pBR 322; Artificial chromosome vectors - BAC, YAC, Shuttle vectors. e. Different steps in gene cloning ; r-DNA duplication; Genomic libraries;
c-DNA libraries. Module – 4 Production of Transgenic plants (10h)
a. Direct methods of gene transfer - Biolistics, Lipofection, Electroporation, microinjection - Advantages and disadvantages
b. Vector mediated gene transfer-Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer - T DNA, Ti plasmid
and Ri plasmid derived vector systems. c. Applications : Herbicide resistance (Glyphosate), Insect resistance (Cry proteins),
Nutritional quality (Golden rice), Shelf-life (Slow fruit softening tomatoes).
P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End
Advanced Elective-2 : plant biotechnology and genetic engineering (Course: BO5214B Model paper w.e.f. 2016-2017)
Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed
1. Totipotency
2. Protoplast 3. DNA ligase 4. Ri plasmid 5. Embryo rescue
Section – B 5x4 = 20 M
Answer any five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
6. Explant sterlization 7. Autoclave 8. Pollen culture 9. Cybridization 10. Reverse transcriptase 11. Cosmids
12. Microinjection technique
13. Cry proteins
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each group. Draw neat and
labeled diagrams , wherever necessary.
14. (a) Write an essay on composition and preparation of MS medium.
(OR)
(b) Describe the different types of sterilization techniques used in Plant tissue culture.
15. (a) Write an essay on callus culture and add a note on its significance.
(OR)
(b) Discuss about the applications of tissue culture.
16. (a) What are restriction endonucleases? Desribe the different types of restriction
endonucleases with suitable examples.
(OR)
(b) Write about different types vectors used in gene cloning.
17. (a) Write an essay on direct methods of gene transfer.
(OR)
(b) Describe the production of transgenic plants using Agrobacterium mediated gene
transfer.
Advanced Elective -2 : plant biotechnology and genetic engineering Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 70 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short Answer
Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Module – 1
1/ Concepts of Plant Tissue culture
1 2 2 30
Module – 2
2/ Methods in Tissue culture
1 2 2 30
Module – 3
3/ Tools of r-DNA technology
1 2 2
30
Module – 4
4/ Production of Transgenics
1 2 2
30
Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4)
Module 1-4 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including choice (19)
5 8 8 -
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper
III B.Sc.– Botany / Semester- V /Advanced Elec.II Syllabus(W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Practical Paper BO5214B-P: Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 45 @ 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Equipment for plant tissue culture.
2. Sterilization techniques – Plant material, glass ware, media.
3. Preparation of MS medium.
4. Callus culture - Micropropagation
5. Isolation of DNA
6. Demonstarion of Gel electrophoresis
7. Demonstration of PCR
8. Study of biotechnology products: Samples of antibiotics, vaccines, biofertilizers,
single cell protein, cosmetics; photographs of transgenic plants, multiple shoots and artificial / synthetic seeds.
9.Visit to research institutes/Biotechnology industries
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End
Advanced Elective - II : Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Practical paper (BO5214B-P) model paper
Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50
1. Conduct of Plant Tissue Culture technique ‘A’ 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Preparation of slide - 4 marks + Reporting technique with
Reasons - 4 marks + Diagrams -2 marks.
2. Conduct of Genetic Engineering techinque 08 M
Scheme for valuation: Conduct of experiment – 3 marks + Reporting technique with
Reasons - 4 marks + Diagrams -3 marks.
3. Scientific observation and data analysis 4 x 3 = 12 M
C. Tissue culture equipment /photograph
D. Plant Tissue culture product/photograph
E. Genetic Engineering equipment /photograph
F. Genetic Engineering product/photograph
5. Record and Viva-voce 5 + 2 = 7 M
External evaluation = 35 M
CCA = 15 M
Text Books for Botany Course – BO/PBGE5214B (Advanced Elective-2)
B.Sc.-Botany –Third year – Paper IV : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Suggested Readings for Botany Course – BO/PBGE5214B (Advanced Elective-
2)
Dubey, R. C. (2008) A Textbook of Biotechnology, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
Ramawat, K. G. (2008) Plant Biotechnology, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
Jha, T.B. and B. Ghosh (2005) Plant Tissue Culture – Basic and Applied, Universities Press
(India) Private Limited, Hyderabad
S.S. Purohit (2004) Plant Tissue Culture, Student Edition , Jodhpur
B.D.Singh (2008) Plant Biotechnology, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana
Sandhya Mitra (2008) Genetic Engineering : Principles and Practices, Mac Millan India
Ltd., Delhi
P.K. Gupta (2001) Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi Publications, Meerut
H.S. Chawla (2007) Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
H.K. Das (2010) Textbook of Biotechnology, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Kalyan Kumar De (2001) An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, New Central Book Agency
(P) Ltd., Calcutta
Reference Books for Botany Course – BO/PBGE5214B (Advanced Elective-2)
R. Ranjan (2010) Trangenic Plants, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
Robert H. Smith (2001) Plant Tissue Culture Techniques & Equipment, Academic Press, Delhi
Lindsey, K. (2007) Plant Tissue Culture, Springer (India), Delhi
Henry A. Erlich (2005) PCR Technology – Principles and Applications for DNA amplification,
Oxford university Press, New York
A. Rashid (2009) Introduction to Genetic Engineering of Crop plants : Aims and Acheivements,
Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad Slater, A., N.Scott & M. Flower (2007) Plant
Biotechnology : The Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Oxford University Press Inc., New York
Kesavachandran, R. & K.V. Peter (2008) Plant Biotechnology : Methods in Tissue Culture and
Gene Transfer, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad
Balasubramanian, D., C.F.A. Bryce, K.Dharmalingam, J. Green & K. Jayaraman (1996)
Concepts in Biotechnology, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad
Giri, C.C. & Archana Giri (2007) Plant Biotechnology : Practical Manual, Universities Press
(India) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad
Razdan, M.K. (2005) Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, Oxford & IBH Publishers, Delhi
III B.Sc. – Botany / VI Semester End (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Skill based core (BO6213)
Plant Physiology Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning : 40 @ 3 h / Week Total Credits :03
Module -1 Plant - Water relations (8h)
a. Importance of water to plant life, physical properties of water, diffusion, imbibition, osmosis
b. Concept and components of water potential
c. Absorption and lateral transport of water; Ascent of sap
d. Transpiration : stomata structure and movements.
e. Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients and their role in plants; symptoms of mineral deficiency. Absorption of mineral ions; passive and active processes.
Module - 2 Plant metabolism -1 (12h)
a. Enzymes : Characteristics, nomenclature and classification. Mechanism and regulation of
enzyme action, enzyme kinetics; factors regulating enzyme action.
b. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and action spectra; Red drop and
Emerson enhancement effect.
c. Concept of two photosystems; mechanism of photosynthetic electron transport and evolution of oxygen; photophosphorylation
d. Carbon assimilation pathways (C3, C4 and CAM); Photorespiration.
e. Translocation of organic substances: Mechanism of phloem transport; source-sink relationships.
Module - 3 Plant metabolism -2 (12h)
a. Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic processes; Glycolysis, Krebs cycle. b. Electron Transport System, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, Pentose Phosphate
Pathway. c. Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction, ammonia
assimilation, amino acid synthesis. d. Lipid metabolism : Introduction, classification of lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids, anabolism of triglyceride, β-oxidation of fatty acids, Glyoxylate cycle.
Module - 4 Plant Growth & Development (8h)
a. Stress Physiology: Concept and plant responses to water, salt and temperature stresses b. Growth and Development: Definition, phases and kinetics of growth.
c. Phytohormones: Physiological effects of phytohormones- auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and brassinosteroids.
d. Physiology of flowering : Photoperiodism, role of phytochrome in flowering.
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at VI Semester End
Skill based core : Plant Physiology (Course code : BO6213 Model paper w.e.f. 2016-2017) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed
1. Guttation
2. Conjugated enzyme
3. Nitrite reductase
4. Ethylene
5. Imbibition
Section – B 4x5 = 20 M
Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
6. Water potential
7. Criteria of essentiality
8. Induced –fit model
9. Emerson enhancement effect
10. Development of Root-nodules in Legumes
11. Transamination
12. Physiological effects of Brassinosteroids
13. Sigmoid growth curve
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer any four questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and
labeled diagrams , wherever necessary.
14. (a) What is transpiration? Explain the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata.
(OR)
(b) Give an account of active transport in the absorption of salts.
15. (a) Describe the biochemical reactions in Reductive Pentose Phosphate pathway.
(OR)
(b) Write an essay on Translocation of organic solutes in plants.
16. (a) Explain different biochemical reactions in Krebs cycle with the help of schematic
diagram.
(OR) (b) Discuss the β-oxidation of fatty acids and add a note on energetics of fatty acid
catabolism.
17. (a) Discuss the physiological changes that occur during seed germination.
(OR)
(b) Describe the physiological changes in plants under water deficit stress and salt
stress.
Skill based Core : Plant Physiology Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 70 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short Answer
Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Unit – 1
1/ Plant - Water relations 1 2 2 30
Unit – 2
2/ Plant metabolism -1 1 2 2 30
Unit – 3
3/ Plant metabolism -2 1 2
2
30
Unit – 4
4/ Plant Growth & Development
1 2 2
30
Any of the above Units (i.e., 1-4)
- 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including choice (19)
5 8 8 -
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper.
III B.Sc.– Botany / Semester- V /Skill based Core Syllabus (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Practical Paper BO6213P: Plant Physiology
(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 45 @ 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Determination of osmotic potential by plasmolytic method using leaf epidermal cells of Rhoeo or Tradescantia.
2. Determination of water potential in potato tuber cylinders by gravimetric method
3. Determination of cell membrane permiability using beet root by colorimetric method 4. Determination of rate of transpiration using cobalt chloride method/Ganong’s potometer. 5. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms using plant material/photographs.
6. Determination of catalase activity using potato tubers by titration method.
7. Determination of amylase activity using germination seeds of green gram
8. Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique.
9. Anatomy of C3, C4 and CAM leaves
10. Estimation of protein by biuret method/Lowry method
12. Minor experiments – Osmosis, Arc-auxonometer, ascent of sap through xylem, cytoplasmic streaming.
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada
III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at VI Semester End
Skill based core : Plant Physiology Practical paper (BO6213p) model paper
Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50
1. Experiment ‘A’: Major experiment from Plant -Water relations/Metabolism. 10 M
Scheme for valuation : Aim, principle, procedure - 3 M
Conduct of experiment - 4 M
Result, explanation - 3 M
2. Experiment ‘B’: Minor experiment 6 M
Scheme for valuation : Aim, principle and Procedure - 4 M
Inference - 2 M
3. Scientific observation and data analysis 3 x 4 = 12 M
C. Plant water relations
D. Metabolism
E. Plant growth and development
5. Record and Viva-voce 5 + 2 = 7 M
External evaluation = 35 M
CCA = 15 M
TOTAL = 50 M
Text Books for Botany Course – BO6213 (Skill Based Core-1)
A text book for BOTANY – IV : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Suggested Readings for Botany Course – BO6213 (Skill Based Core-1)
Noggle Ray & J. Fritz (2013) Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice Hall (India), New Delhi
Subhash Chandra Datta (2007) Plant Physiology, New Age International, New Delhi
Pandey, S.M. & B.K. Sinha (2006) Plant Physiology, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi
Salisbury Frank B. & Cleon W. Ross (2007) Plant Physiology, Thomsen & Wadsworth, Austalia
& U.S.A
R.K. Sinha (2014) Modern Plant Physiology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
S.C. Datta (2007) Plant Physiology, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi
Reference Books for Botany Course – BO6213 (Skill Based Core-1)
Taiz, L. & E. Zeiger (2003) Plant Physiology, Panima Publishers, New Delhi
Hans Mohr & P. Schopfer (2006) Plant Physiology, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
V. Verma (2007) Text Book of Plant Physiology, Ane Books India, New Delhi
Hopkins, W.G. & N.P.A. Huner (2014) Introduction to Plant Physiology, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Hans-Walter heldt (2005) Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, U.S.A.
Aravind Kumar & S.S. Purohit (1998) Plant Physiology – Fundamentals and Applications, Agro
Botanica, Bikaner
III B.Sc. – Botany/ VI Semester End (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Skill based Elective -1 (Course: BO/STAH6214A)
seed technology and horticulture
Total Hours of Teaching: 40 @ 3 h / Week Total Credits : 02
Module – 1 Seed Technology -1 (8h)
a. Structure of Dicot and Monocot seeds; outgrowths of seeds.
b. Seed dormancy and reasons for seed dormancy.
c. Methods of breaking seed dormancy.
d. Seed storage methods.
Module – 2 Seed Technology -2 (12h)
a. Seed banks – necessity, working mode, types of seeds stored, seed banks around globe.
b. Seed viability – measures of seed viability, factors affecting seed viability.
c. Genetic erosion – introduction, causes, examples in India and abroad; measures to check
genetic erosion.
d. Seed testing ; seed certification.
Module – 3 Horticulture -1 (8h)
a. Horticulture – Introduction, divisions of horticulture, scope and impact of horticulture.
b. Ornamental plants - classification, cultivation of ornamental plants.
c. Floriculture – introduction; potential and trade in India; cultivation of Chrysanthemum and
rose
d. Vegetables and vegetable gardening; Cultivation of cucumber and cauliflower.
Module – 4 Horticulture -2 (12h) a. Bonsai – History, principles, creation, training, repotting, post-establishment care and
common styles of bonsai.
b. Landscaping – introduction, goals, categories, designing, elements; Planning residential and non-residential land scapes; plant arrangement in land scape.
c. Micro-irrigation systems
d. Protected structures for cultivation – Green house, poly house and shade net; mist chamber
e. Vegetative propagation of horticulture plants – Cuttings, grafting and layering.
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at VI Semester End
Skill based Elective- 1: seed technology and horticulture
(Course code : BO6214A Model paper w.e.f. 2016-2017) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed
1. Cotyledon
2. Genetic erosion
3. Olericulture
4. Floriculture
5. Grafting
Section – B 5x4 = 20 M
Answer any five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
6. Structure of Dicot seed
7. Importance of seed dormancy
8. Tetrazolium test
9. International seed banks
10. Classification of ornamental plants
11. Floriculture potential and trade in India
12. Land scaping
13. Air layering
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer any four questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and
labeled diagrams , wherever necessary.
14. (a) Define seed dormancy. Discuss different causes for seed dormancy.
(OR)
(b) Write an essay on seed storage methods.
15. (a) Define seed banks. Discuss about the necessity, working mode and types of seeds
stored in seed banks.
(OR)
(b) Describe the process of seed certification.
16. (a) Describe the cultivation procedure for Chrysanthemum.
(OR)
(b) Write an essay on the cultivation of Cabbage.
17. (a) Write an essay on goals, categories, designing and elements of landscaping.
(OR)
(b) What is Bonsai? Describe the techniques to produce Bonsai plants.
Skill based Elective -1 : seed technology and horticulture Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 70 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short
Answer Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Unit – 1
Module- 1-:
Seed Technology -1 1 2 2 30
Unit – 2
Module – 2: Seed Technology -2
1 2 2 30
Unit – 3
Module – 3 : Horticulture -1
1 2
2
30
Unit – 4
Module – 4 : Horticulture -2
1 2
2
30
Any of the above Units (i.e., 1-4)
- 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including choice (19)
5 8 8 -
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122
Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper.
III B.Sc.– Botany / Semester- V /Skill based Core Syllabus (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Practical Paper BO6214A- P: Seed Technology and Horticulture (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 45 @ 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Structure of Dicot and Monocot seeds
2. Seed germination test
3. Testing of seed viability using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC).
4. Study of non-dormant seed germination: Breaking of seed dormancy caused by hard 5. seed coat using scarification technique.
6. Determination of seed purity.
7. Protocol for seed dressing using fungicide to control diseases.
8. Protocol seed dressing using biofertilizer (Rhizobium) to enrich nutrient supply.
9. Protocol for seed certification.
10. Study on tools/equipment used in horticulture: Rake, hoe, spade, trowel, digger, 11. pick-axe,
12. Study of structures for protected cultivation of Horticulture crops - shade net, glass house 13. and mist chamber
14. Demonstration of vegetative plant propagation: Rooting of cuttings – Leaf and Stem; 15. layering; stem, bud and wedge grafting.
16. Visit to seed producing firms and horticulture farms.
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada
III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at VI Semester End
Skill based Elective- 1 : seed technology and horticulture
Practical paper (BO6214Ap) model paper
Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50
1. Experiment ‘A’: Seed Technology. 09 M
Scheme for valuation : Aim, principle, procedure - 2 M
Conduct of experiment - 4 M
Result, explanation - 2 M
2. Experiment ‘B’: Hortculture 09 M
Scheme for valuation : Aim, principle, procedure - 2 M
Conduct of experiment - 4 M
Result, explanation - 2 M
3. Scientific observation and data analysis 2 x 5 = 10 M
C. Seed Technology
D. Horticulture
4. Record and Viva-voce 5 + 2 = 7 M
External evaluation = 35 M
CCA = 15 M
TOTAL = 50 M
Text Books for Botany Course – BO/STAH6214A (Skill Based Elective-1)
A text book for BOTANY – IV : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Suggested Readings for Course – BO/STAH6214A (Skill Based Elective-1)
Joshi, A.K. & B. D. Singh (2005) Seed Science and Technology, Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana
Dahiya, B.S. & K. N. Rai (1997) Seed Technology, Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana
Rattan Lal Agrawal (1998) Seed Technology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
Agarwal, P.K. & M.Dadlani (1995) Techniques in Seed Science and Technology, South Asian
Publishers, New Delhi
S.S.Purohit (2010) B.Sc. Unified Botany Volume-IV Saraswati Purohit for Student Edition,
Jodhpur
V.L. Sheela (2011) Horticulture, M.J.P. Publishers, Chennai
K.V.Peter (2015) Basics of Horticulture, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi
S. Prasad & U. Kumar (2012) Principles of Horticulture, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
S.N. Gupta & K.B. Naik (2010) Instant Horticulture, Jain Brothers, New Delhi
Kumar Misra, K.K. & R. Kumar (2014) Fundamentals of Horticulture, Biotech. Books,
New Delhi
Reference Books for Botany course– BO/STAH6214A (Skill Based Elective-1)
Khare, B.P. (1993) Stored Grain Pests and their Management, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhian
Vijendra K.Agarwal & James B.Sinclair (1993) Principles of seed Pathology, C. B. S.
Publishers & Distributors, Delhi
Yawalkar, K.S. (1992) Vegetable Crops in India, Agri-Horticultural Publishing House, Nagpur
Mathur, S.B. & H.K.Manandhar (1997) Quarantine Seed, Daya Publishing House, Delhi
Nema, M.P.(1985) Principles of Seed Certification and Testing, Allied Publisher Ltd., New
Millee B. Mc.Donald & Lawrence O. Copeland (1998) Seed Production Principles &
Practices, C.B.S. Publishers, Delhi
Gurder Singh & S.R. Asokan (1997) Management of Seed Production Activity, Oxford &
I.B.H. Publishers, Delhi
Dadheeoh, P.K. (1996) Seed Programming Management Systems & Concepts, Loksahitya
Kendra, Jodhpur
Kelly, A.F. (1993) Seed Planning and Policy for Agricultural Production, C.B.S. Publishers &
Distributors, Delhi
George Acquaah (2004) Horticulture : Principles and Practices, PHI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester, F.T. Davies, Jr., R.L. Geneve (2004) Plant Propagation :
Principles and Practices, PHI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Chada, K.L. & B. Choudhury (1997) Ornamental Horticulture in India, PID, ICAR, New
Delhi
N. Manga Devi (2012) Bonsai – The Miniature Trees, EMSCO Books, Hyderabad
S. Prasad, D. Singh & U. Kumar (2010) Commercial Floriculture, Agrobios (India)
Jodhpur
III B.Sc. – Botany / VI Semester End (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Skill based Elective-2 (Course: BO/BFBP6214B)
Biofertilizers and biopesticides
Total Hours of Teaching: 40 @ 3 h / Week Total Credits : 02
Module - 1 Basic concepts of Biofertilizers (10h)
a. Biofertilizers – introduction - the organisms that fixes atmospheric nitrogen – free living
and symbiotic.
b. Bacterial biofertilizers : Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Beijerinckia, Acetobacter,
Phosphobacteria and Frankia
c. Algal biofertilizers : Blue green algae – Asymbiotic and symbiotic, Azolla – Importance
d. Fungal biofertilizers : Mycorrhizas – ectomycorrhiza (ECM) and Vesicular Arbiscular
Mycorrhiza (VAM) – Role of mychorrizas and importance
Module - 2 Biological Nitrogen fixation (10h)
a. Nitrogen cycle; Role of Nitrogen in plant growth and development; Diazotrophic
microorganisms.
b. Asymbiotic Nitrogen fixation – Microorganisms, mechanism of asymbiotic nitrogen
fixation.
c. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation- formation of root nodules; mechanism of Nitrogen fixation in
legumes.
d. Biochemical aspects of Diazotrophy; Genetics of Nitrogen fixation.
e. Cultivation of Azolla.
Module - 3 Biological mobilization of Phosphorus (10h)
a. Role of Phosphorus in Plant growth and development; Phosphorus cycle.
b. Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM); mode of action of PSMs.
c. Organic acids and Phosphate solobulization; Enzymes and P-soloubiliztion.
d. Effect of PSMs on plant growth and P-economy; Duel inoculation of P-solubilizers
and nitrogen fixes.
Module - 4 Biopesticides (10h)
a. Biopesticides – introduction and types of biopesticides – their advantages
and disadvantages.
b. Bacterial biopesticides : Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluoresens
c. Fungal biopesticides : Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma virede
d. Viral biopesticides : Baculovirus –Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)
Suggested Readings for Botany Course – BO/BFBP6214B (Skill Based Elective
-2)
Arun K. Sharma (2012) Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
Subba Rao N.S. (1997) Biofertilizers in Agriculture, Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi, 1988.
Subba Rao N.S. (1997) Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry, Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi
P.K.Gupta (2012) A Handbook of Soil, Fertilizer and Manure, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur
Reference Books for Botany Course – BO/BFBP6214B (Skill Based Elective -2) Somani, L.L., P.Shilpkar & D. Shilpkar (2011) Biofertilizers : Commercial Production
Technology & Quality Control, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at VI Semester End
Skill based Elective- 2: Biofertilizers and biopesticides
(Course code : BO6214B Model paper w.e.f. 2016-2017)
Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Section –A 5X2 = 10 M
Answer all questions , diagrams are not needed
1. Biofertilizers
2. Nitrification
3. PSM
4. Biopesticides
5. ECM
Section – B 5x4 = 20 M
Answer any five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary.
6. Acetobacter
7. Symbiotic Blue Green Algae
8. Nif-genes
9. Nitrogenase
10. Phosphorus cycle
11. Enzymes and P-soloubiliztion
12. Baculoviruses
13. Trichoderma virede
Section – C 4x10 = 40 M
Answer any four questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and
labeled diagrams , wherever necessary.
14. (a) Give a general account of different types of biofertilizers.
(OR)
(b) Write an essay on different kinds of Bacterial biofertilizers.
15. (a) Describe the mechanism of Nitrogen fixation in Legumes.
(OR)
(b) Write an essay on Genetics of Nitrogen fixation.
16. (a) Discuss the importance or Phosphorus in plants and Phosphorous cycle.
(OR)
(b) Describe the effect of PSMs on plant growth and P-economy. Add a note on duel
inoculation of P- Solubilizers and nitrogen fixes.
17. (a) Give a general account of different biopesticides. Add a note on their advantages and
disadvantages.
(OR)
(b) Write an essay on characteristics, mechanism of action and application of Bt.
Skill based Elective - 2 : biofertilizers and biopesticides Model blue print for the Question Paper setter
Max. marks = 70 Time : 3 Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short
Answer Questions
Short Answer
Questions
Essay
Questions
Marks allotted to the
Unit/Chapter
Unit – 1
Module – 1/ Basic concepts of Biofertilizers
1 2 2 30
Unit – 2
Module – 2/ Mechanism of Nitrogen fixation
1 2 2 30
Unit – 3
Module – 3/ Biological mobilization of Phosphorus
1 2 2
30
Unit – 4
Module – 4/ Biopesticides
1 2
2
30
Any of the above Units (i.e., 1-4)
- 1 - - 2
Total No. of Questions including
choice (19) 5 8 8 -
Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122
III B.Sc.– Botany / Semester- V /Skill based Core Syllabus (W.E.F. 2016-2017)
Practical Paper BO6214B- P: Biofertilizers and Biopesticides (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 45 @ 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Morphology of Nostoc and Anabaena using fresh material/permanent slide.
2. Morphology of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Beijerinckia, Acetobacter,
Phosphobacteria and Frankia using material/permanent slide/photograph.
3. Morphology of mycorrhizae using permanent slides/photographs.
4. Isolation and culture techniques of Cyanobaceria.
5. Isolation and culture techniques of Bacteria.
6. Cultivation of Azolla.
7. Morphology of different organisms used as biopesticides with the help of
photographs/permanent slides.
8. Mode of action of different biopesticides.
9. Visit to research institutes/industries working on biofertilizers and biopesticides.
P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at VI Semester End
Skill based Elective- 2 : Biofertilizers and biopesticides
Practical paper (BO6214Bp) model paper
Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50
1. Experiment ‘A’: Biofertilizer 09 M
Scheme for valuation : Aim, principle, procedure - 3 M
Conduct of experiment - 4 M
Result, explanation - 3 M
2. Experiment ‘B’: Biopesticide 09 M
Scheme for valuation : Aim, principle, procedure - 4 M
Inference - 2 M
3. Scientific observation and data analysis 2 x 5 = 8 M
C. Biofertilizer
D. Biopesticide
4. Record and Viva-voce 5 + 2 = 7 M
External evaluation = 35 M
CCA = 15 M
TOTAL = 50 M
List of Paper setters and Examiners For Botany w.e.f. 2017-2018
1. DR. J. Suneetha, Lec. in-Charge, Dept. of Botany Govt. Arts College(A), Rajahmundry, E.G.Dt.
2. Smt. D. Krishna, Lecturer in Botany Govt. Arts College(A), Rajahmundry, E.G.Dt.
3. Smt. K. Usha Sri, Lecturer in Botany Govt. Degree College , Ramachandrapuram, E.G.Dt.
4. Ms. D. Swapna, Lecturer in Bortany A.S.D.G.D.C. for Women (Autonomous), Kakinada
5. Smt. Krishna Kumari, Lec. in-Charge, Dept. of Botany A.S.D.G.D.C. for Women (Autonomous), Kakinada
6. DR.N. Suryanarayana Raju, Lec. In-charge, Dept. of Botany SVKP & Dr. K.S.Raju Arts and science college, Penugonda, W.G.Dt.
7. DR. N. Nagavardhanam, Lecturer in Botany
St. Theresa College for Women (A), Eluru, W.G.Dt.
8. DR. B. Siva Kumari, Lecturer in Botany Andhra Loyola College (A), Vijayawada, Krishna Dt.
9. Smt. Vijaya Lakshmi, Lecturer in Botany St. Theresa College for Women (A), Eluru, W.G.Dt.
10. Dr. M. Krishna Rao, Lecturer in Botany
M.R. College, Peddapuram
11. Ms. K.N.V.S.N. Eswari, Lecturer in Botany
Govt. Degree College, Pithapuram
12. Dr. G. Jyothirmayi, Lecturer in-Charge
Dept. of Botany, M.R. College, Peddapuram
Suggested Student Projects
1. Collection, Isolation and identification of algae from fresh water bodies in
Kakinada.
2. Collection, Isolation and identification of bacteria and cyanobacteria from different
water bodies at Kakinada.
3. Collection and preparation of herbarium of monocotyledonous plants in the PRGC
(A) campus, Kakinada.
4. Study of wood elements of different timber yielding plants.
5. Solar tracking in some plants of PRGC (A) campus, Kakinada.
6. Study of fungal diseases on plants in the college campus.
7. Effect of temperature and light on the germination of seeds of some pulses.
8. Efficacy of some medicinal plants extracts on fungi under in vitro conditions.
9. Collection and preparation of herbarium of polypetalous plants in the college
campus.
10. Collection and preparation of herbarium of gamopetalous plants in the college
campus.
11. Effect of some industrial effluents on the germination of seeds of pulses.
12. Determination of seed viability in some plants using TZ test.
13. Determination of imbibition in seeds of some plants.
14. Study on types of stomata, stomatal frequency and stomatal index in different
plants of PRGC (A) campus, Kakinada.
15. Study on microbes from soil and air in the college campus.
16. Determination of transpiration rate in some plants in the college campus.
17. Study report on wood elements in some woody mangroves.
18. Anatomical study of leaves and stems in mangrove associates.
19. Collection and preparation of herbarium of medicinal plants in PRGC (A) campus.
20. Anatomical study of leaves and stems in some mangroves.
PITHAPUR RAJAH’S GOVERMENT COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
KAKINADA – 533 001, ANDHRA PRADESH
The Board of Studies in Botany for the academic year 2017 - 2018 convened on
15-04-2017 at 10:00 AM in Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, PRGC(A), Kakinada.
AGENDA :
1. Modification of syllabus compared to previous year. 2. Department Action Plan for 2017-18.
3. New restructured course combinations as suggested by CCE. 4. Model question papers and Blue prints. 5. Panel of question paper setters and Examiners 6. Pedagogy implementation w.e.f. admitted batch 2017-18. 7. Additional inputs to curriculum. 8. Internal assessment weightage (40%). 9. Cluster electives/Subject electives.
10. End sem examination for 2½ Hrs. and 60 Marks. Mid semester examination for 1½ Hrs. and 40 Marks – w.e.f. 2017-18 admitted batch. 11. Conduct of semester wise practical examinations for 1st Year (2017-18 admitted batch).
13. Introduction of B.Sc. (Horticulture, Botany and Chemistry) programme from 2017- 2018 Academic Year.
The members of B.O.S. in Botany discussed all the issues kept in the agenda at
length and taken following resolutions.
RESOLUTIONS :
1. Resolved to offer Botany courses under CBCS pattern for students of all the three
years as approved in the today’s BOS meeting.
2. Resolved to approve the implementation of CCA for 40 marks and Semester end
evaluation for 60 marks in theory examinations from the 2017-18 admitted batch.
3. Resolved to approve the implementation of CCA for 30 marks and Semester end
evaluation for 70 marks in both theory and practical examinations for the II year
students (2016-17 admitted batch). It is also approved to conduct practical
examinations for II year at the end of Academic Year.
4. Resolved to approve the implementation of CCA for 30 marks and Semester end
evaluation for 70 marks in theory examinations for the III year students (2015-16
admitted batch). It is also approved to conduct practical examinations for III yaer
students at the end of V and VI semesters.
5. It is also resolved to approve 40% pass minimum in both theory and practical
examinations for all the 3 years of students.
6. Resolved to offer an add on course (Certificate/diploma course) during the second
semester of first year as per the local need.
7. Resolved to approve the syllabus and model question paper of General (Open) Elective Course – Mushroom Cultivation for students from other departments offered in the second year, during IV Semester.
8. Resolved to approve the continuation of Advanced Core (Cell Biology, Genetics,
Ecology and Biodiversity) and Skill based Core (Plant Physiology) offered respectively in V and VI Semesters for Final year students of Botany course for 2015-16 admitted batch.
9. Resolved to approve the continuation of syllabi proposed for Subject (discipline
centric) Electives i.e., Advanced Electives (Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding;
Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering) during V semester and Skill based
Electives (Seed Technology and Horticulture; Biofertilizers and Biopesticides)
during VI semester offered by the department under CBCS pattern. Student has to
chose one Advanced Elective (either of the 2 offered) in V semester and one Skill
based Elective (either of the 2 offered) in VI semester.
10. Resolved to approve the model question papers of theory and practical in Botany
for all the 6 semesters prepared in CBCS pattern. Blue prints prepared for the above
papers are also approved. Resolved to approve the panel of Paper setters and
Examiners for Botany.
11. Resolved to approve the Action plan of the Department for the academic year 2017-2018.
12. Resolved to approve the Introduction of B.Sc. (Horticulture, Botany and Chemistry) programme from 2017- 2018 Academic Year. But a part time/Visiting faculty from the same subject area should be engaged to take classes of Horticulture. A separate BOS is to be conducted for Horticulture by inviting experts in that area.
(DR. S.V. RANGA RAO) (MS. K.N.V.S.N.ESWARI) ANUR Nominee Lecturer in Botany, Dept. of Botany
& Lecturer in Botany Government Degree College
Dept. of Botany Pithapuram S.M.B.T.A.V.& S.N Degree College East Godavari Dist.
Veeravasaram, W.G. Dt.
(SRI A.R.K.SASTRY) (SMT. P. SWATHI)
Alumni Member Assistant Director Former Joint Director Biological Control Laboratory
Botanical Survey of India Dept. of Agriculture
Kolkata, W.B.St. Near R.T.O. Office
R/o Kakinada, E.G.Dt. Kakinada, E.G.Dt.
(DR. A. SRINIVASA RAO) Chair Person, BOS in Env. Studies Lec. In-Charge, Dept. of Botany & Microbiology P.R.Govt.College (A), Kakinada
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