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SUPERBUGSSUPERBUGSAn intro to bacteria, An intro to bacteria,
infectious diseases, and infectious diseases, and antibiotic resistanceantibiotic resistance
What are What are bacteria?bacteria?
SingleSingle-celled organisms-celled organisms
ProkaryotesProkaryotes:: genetic material genetic material NOT contained in a nucleusNOT contained in a nucleus
AutoAuto-trophs and -trophs and heterohetero--trophstrophs
How abundant are How abundant are bacteria?bacteria?
Bacterial AbundanceTotal bacteria on Earth 5 x
1030
Number of stars in the universe
7 x 1022
Age of the universe in seconds
4.4 x 1017
Bacteria in the human gut 1 x 1014
Global gross product ($/year)
7 x 1013
Cells in the human body 1 x 1013
Texts sent in 2009 1.5 x 1012
People on Earth 6.9 x 109
10X
All about All about bacteria…bacteria…
HelpHelp make yogurt, cheese, make yogurt, cheese, & wine& wine
Involved in Involved in environmental environmental recyclingrecycling andand clean-upclean-up
How many types How many types of bacteria are of bacteria are
there?there?Bacterial Distribution
Insect Species 1-10 million
Bacterial species in the soil 4 millionBacterial species in the air 4 million
Bacterial species in the ocean 2 millionBird Species 10,000
Bacterial species in the human mouth
600
Bacterial Species in the human gut
500
Pathogenic Species 55
Infectious Infectious DiseasesDiseases
PathogenPathogen: a biological agent : a biological agent that causes diseasethat causes disease
Can be a virus, bacteria, fungi, Can be a virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or parasiteprotozoa, or parasite
Infectious diseases are Infectious diseases are communicablecommunicable or or transmissibletransmissible from one person to anotherfrom one person to another
Virus: Influenza (H1N1)
Fungi: Plant pathogen
(Rigidoporus laetus)
Protist: Malaria
(Plasmodium)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Salmonella typhimurium
Staph Infection: Staphylococcus aureus
AntibioticsAntibiotics
Compounds that Compounds that killkill bacteria bacteria or or inhibit their inhibit their growthgrowth
Naturally produced by Naturally produced by microorganismsmicroorganisms to kill othersto kill others
Now many are made Now many are made syntheticallysynthetically
AntibioticsAntibiotics
Susceptible vs. ResistantSusceptible vs. Resistant
Clearing
Lawn
Antibiotic
Why is Why is resistance bad?resistance bad?Because you can’t treat Because you can’t treat the disease!the disease!
The patient will remain The patient will remain sick sick
How do you get How do you get resistance?resistance?
Usually from Usually from mutationmutation in in DNADNA
Genetic mutations can be Genetic mutations can be passed to offspring…passed to offspring…
Leads to Leads to evolutionevolution!!
Genetic Mutatio
n
NATURAL SELECTION!
Susceptible
+ Antibiotic
Antibiotic Resistant
What can you do What can you do to help?to help?
Follow the Follow the directions!directions!
Take Take antibiotics antibiotics only when only when necessarynecessary
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