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ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I
BO- 7115 PAPER - I
DIVERSITY OF VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA, BACTERIA AND FUNGI (60 Hrs)
Unit I Five kingdom, Eight kingdom classification and Three domains of 02 hrs
living organisms.
Unit -II Viruses – general characters, nomenclature, classification; 08 hrs
morphology, structure, transmission and replication. Purification of
plant viruses.
Symptoms of viral diseases in plants
Unit-III
Mycoplasma – General characters , classification ,ultrastructure 05 hrs
and reproduction.
Brief account of mycoplasmal diseases of plants- Little leaf of Brinjal.
Unit -IV Bacteria –Forms, distribution and classification according to 12 hrs
Bergy’s System, Classification based on DNA-DNA
hybridization, 16s rRNA sequencing;
Nutritional types: Autotrophic, heterotrophic,
photosynthetic,chemosynthetic,saprophytic,parasitic and
symbiotic ; A brief account on methonogenic bacteria ;
Brief account of Actinomycetes and their importance in soil and
medical microbiology.
Unit – V Fungi 20 hrs
General characteristics, Classification (Ainsworth 1973,
McLaughlin 2001), structure and reproduction.
Salient features of Myxomycota, Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and
Deuteromycotina and their classificafion upto class level.
Unit - VI Brief account of fungal heterothallism, sex hormones and 09 hrs
Parasexual cycle.
Brief account of mycorrhizae,lichens, fungal symbionts
in insects, fungi as biocontrol agents ( Trichoderma and
nematophagous).
Unit – VII Isolation, purification and culturing of microorganisms
(bacteria and fungi).
04 hrs
2
PRACTICALS: Micrometry.
Haemocytometer.
Activity/PIA
Isolation, culture and staining techniques of Bacteria and Fungi.
Type study: Stemonites, Synchytrium, Saprolegnia, Albugo,
Phytophthora, Mucor/Rhizopus , Erysiphe, Aspergillus, Chaetomium,
Pencillium, Morchella, Hamileia, Ustilago Lycoperdon, Cyathes,
Dictyophora, Polyporus, Trichoderma, Curvularia, Alternaria,
Drechslera and Pestalotia. Study of few bacterial, viral, mycoplasmal diseases in plants (based
on availability). Project work related to above topics
REFERENCES
• Alexopoulus, C.J. and Mims, C.W (1990) Introductory Mycology,
5th
edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
• Aneja, K.R. (1993) Experiments in Microbiology, plant pathology
and tissue culture, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi. • Burnet, F.M. and Stanely, W.M. (1970) Biochemical biological and
biophysical properties Vol-I general virology 3rd
edition Academic
Press, NY, London. • Conrat, F.H.; Kimball, P.C. and Jay, L. (1988) Virology prentice
Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey. • Kodo, C.I. and Agarwal, H.O. (1972) Principles and
techniques in Plant Virology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold company, NY. Pelczar, M.J. (Jr.) Cjan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R. (1988)
Microbiology, 5th
edition McGraw Hall book company, Singapore. • Prescott, M.L., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (1990) Microbiology
Wm C Brown publisher's, USA. • Schlegel, H.G. (1993) General Microbiology, 7
th edition Cambridge
University Press Cambridge, UK. • Stanier, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L.; Wheelis, M.L. and Painter,
P.R.(1992) General Microbiology, Mac Millan Ltd., NY.
• Wistreich, G.A., and Lechtman, M.D. (1988) Microbiology, 5th
edition, Mac. Millan publishing company, NY
• Hudson, Fungal biology. • Mehrotra R.S. and Aneja K.R.(1990)An introduction to Mycology.
New Age International Publications.
• Webster. J.(1980) Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ.
3
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M. Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I
BO - 7215 PAPER II
DIVERSITY OF ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES
(60 hrs)
Unit I
ALGAE (30 hrs)
A comparative study of important traditional and modern 05 hrs
systems of algal classification; criteria of classification.
Diversity of algal habitats; a general account of the ecology of
fresh water and marine algae. Epiphytic, Endophytic and
Parasitic algae.
Unit II A comparative study of the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic 03 hrs
Unit III
algal cells; Pigments in algae and their significance.
Thallus organisation in algae with reference to different groups 09 hrs
(Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, Bacillariophyceae.
Xanthophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae).
Unit IV Reproduction in algae; vegetative, asexual and sexual reproductive 09 hrs
structures; Patterns of life cycles in algae; phylogenetic relationships of
algae.
Unit V Economic importance of algae; algal bloom, algal toxins, and 04 hrs
extracellular products.
PRACTICALS
Type study of representative species of the following : 1. Cyanophyceae : Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Rivularia,
Gloeotrichia, Nostoc,Stigonema
2. Chlorophyceae : Scenedesmus, Zygnema, Oedogonium,
Desmids, Cladophora, Draparnadiopsis. Coleochaete,
Bulbochaete, Neomeris, Ulva, Enteromorpha, Codium,
Helimeda, Caulerpa.
3. Charophyceae : Chara/Nitella
4. Xanthophyceae : Vaucheria/ Botrydium.
5. Bacillariophyceae : Pennate diatoms.
6. Phaeophyceae : Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Sphacelaria, Padina,
Turbinaria, Fucus.
7. Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia,Gracilaria
REFERENCES • Bold, H.C., and Wynne,M.J.1978. Introduction to the algae:
structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,N.J.
• Chapman and Chapman, 1973. The algae, Macmillan & Co.,
4
• Dixon, P.S. 1973. Biology of the Rhodophyta. Oliver
and Boyd, Edinburgh. • Dodge, J.D. 1973. Fine structure of algal cells.
Academic Press, London.
• Fritsch, F.E. 1945. Structure and reproduction of algae.
Vols. I and II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. • Kingsley.R. 1998. Photosynthetic pigments of algae. • Round, F.E. 1973. Biology of the algae. Edward
Arnold, London. • Smith, G.M. 1951. Manual of phycology, Chronica
Botanica Publ. Co. Waltham, Mas.
5
BRYOPHYTES: (30 hrs)
UNIT- I General characters of Bryophytes – Gametophytic characters; Sporophytic
characters; Vegetative reproduction; sexual reproduction; heteromorphic
alternation of generation
02 hrs
UNIT - II Classification of bryophytes and criteria of classification. 06 hrs
Characteristic features of the classes- Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida,
Bryopsida
Characteristic features and affinities of the orders- Marchantiales,
Sphaerocarpales, Calobryales, Takakiales, Jungermanniales,
Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andraeales, Funariales, Polytrichales
Unit - III Diversity in habitat, habit, morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the
following genus- Plagiochasma, Sphaerocarpos, Calobryum, Takakia,
Porella, Notothylus, Sphagnum, Andraea, Funaria, Polytrichum
14 hrs
UNIT - IV Origin of Bryophytes- Algal origin and Pteridophytean origin, Inter
relationships of bryophytes- 02 hrs
UNIT - V Fossil Bryophytes; General structure of Bryophyte cell 03 hrs
UNIT - VI Experimental work on bryophytes (In Brief). 03 hrs
Economic importance of Bryophytes.
6
Bryophytes – Practicals
Study of Morphology and anatomy of the following:
1) Riccia fluitans; 2) Lunularia; 3) Dumortiera;
4) Asterella; 5) Porella; 6) Pallavicinia;
7) Riccardia; 8)Anthoceros; 9) Sphagnum;
10) Funaria 11) Polytrichum 12)Plagiochasma
13)Targionia
PIA/Activity – topic with reference to above
REFERENCES
• Cavers, F. 1964. Inter-relationships of Bryophytes. • Chopra, R.N. and Kumar, P.K. 1988. Biology of bryophytes.
New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
• Parihar, N.S. 1970. An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I
Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
• Sharma, P.D. 1978. Introduction to Bryophytes. • Smith, G.M. 19. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York.
• Watson, E.V. 1971. The structure and life of Bryophytes.
Hutchinson and Co., London.
7
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I
ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Paper: III, BO7315
(60 hrs) Unit - I History, scope of ecology ,
(Interdependence,Holocoene, Limiting factors, Tolerance, Dynamism,
Thermodynamics). Levels of ecological organization
05 hrs
Unit - II Ecosystem – Concepts, Structure, Components, Functions, Dynamics.
Homeostasis and feedback mechanism in the
ecosystem.
05 hrs
Unit - III Ecological factors - Climatic, Edaphic and Biotic factors
(amensalism, commensalism, protocooperation, symbiosis,
epiphytism , myrmecophily, saprophytism, parasitism).
10 hrs
Unit - IV Population Ecology
(a)Growth and Characteristics of Population
(b) Ecological niche.
03hrs
Unit - V Plant communities - Concept of Communities, Structure of
Communities; Methods of Studying Vegetation (Quadrat, line and
belt methods). Types: Evergreen forests, Dry and moist deciduous forests, scrub jungles, Grasslands, boreal forests, tundra, deserts
and mangroves. General account of vegetation of Karnataka.
15 hrs
Unit - VI Environnemental Pollution -
(a)Sources, impact and control of Air, Water and Soil Pollution
(b)Solid waste disposal and management
(c)Radio Active Pollution - a brief account.
(d) Noise pollution - Sources, effects, control and management
(e) Heavy metals as pollutants – concept of biomagnification,
12 hrs
Unit - VII
Mercury and Lead as pollutants.
Global Environmental Problems : Acid rain, Ozone Depletion,
Global warming and Climate Change
02 hrs
Unit - VIII Environmental Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary levels),
Management and Conservation of Natural Resources,
Environmental Impact assessment, rainwater harvesting and
water- shed management. Application of Remote Sensing in Plant
Science (GIS).
08hrs
8
PRACTICALS
• Study of vegetation by Quadrat method. • Determination of importance value index (IVI) • Ecological Instruments : Maximum and Minimum thermometer,
Anemometer, Thermohygrograph, Aneroid barometer, hygrometer,
luxmeter, Rain gauge etc. • Analysis of water samples: Estimation of Dissolved oxygen,
Carbonates and Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Free Carbon dioxide,
Hardness, organic matter in soil. • Measurement of Noise in different Environment. • Adaptations of Aquatic macrophytes. • Adaptations of Xerophytes. • Adaptations of halophytes. • Adaptations of epiphytes and parasites.
REFERENCES • Mullar - Dombois, Dand Ellenberg H (1974), Aims and Methods of
Vegetation Ecology - Willey, New York. • Odum - E.P. (1971) fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders,
Philadelphia. • Kormondy, E.J. (1996) Concepts of Ecology, Prentice hall India,
New Delhi.
• Foin, T.C. (1996) Ecological system and environment, Mifflin,
Boston. • Nobel, B.J. and wright R.T. (1996) Environmental science, prentice
hall, New Jersey. • Treshow, M. (1985) Air pollution and plant life. Wiley inter
science.
• Heywood, V.H. and Watson R.T. (1995) Global Biodivrsity -
assessment, Cambridge University pass. • Mason, C.F. (1991) Biology of fresh water pollution, Long man
publication. • Hill, M.K. (1997) understanding environmental pollution,
Cambridge University Pass.
• Lillesand T.M. and Kiefer R.W. (1987) Remote sensing and image
interpretation, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
9
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I
BO- 7415: PAPER IV
PALEOBOTANY, PALYNOLOGY AND PLANT ANATOMY
(60 hrs)
Paleobotany (18 hrs)
Unit - I Introduction to Paleobotany with particular reference to its
history,development and scope.
02 hrs
Unit - II Geological phenomena: Indirectly and directly responsible for
Fossilization
02 hrs
Unit - III Types of fossil plant preservations: Impression, compression
nodule, petrifaction, coal balls, cast, mold and amber.
05 hrs
Unit - IV Paleobotanical techniques used in studying plant fossils:
Techniques to study microfossils : Maceration of coal and lignite.
Techniques to study macrofossils: Impression, compressions, thin
ground sectioning and peel technique for petrified specimens
05 hrs
Unit - V Paleobotanical Nomenclature, provisions made in ICBN for naming
of fossil plants.
02 hrs
Unit - VI Application of paleobotanical studies: Fossil fuels (coal and oil)
exploration
02 hrs
PRACTICALS
BO 7P2
• Study of non - fossiliferous and fossiliferous rocks.
• Types of fossil plant preservations
Impression,Compression,Cast,Silicified petrifaction
Calcified petrifaction (coal ball), Nodule
Palynology (14 hrs)
Unit - I Introduction of Palynology and its basic branches and their scope 01 hrs
Unit - II General account of pollen morphology: Polarity, size, shape,
symmetry, aperture (NPC classification included). Exine
stratification, Ornamentation and L.O. analysis.
02 hrs
Unit - III Pollen morphological studies of commonly occurring dicot,
Casuarina, Parthenium, Acacia, Hibiscus, Polygala, Amaranthus
and
Citrus and monocot - Grass, Cocos. Spore morphology of
commonly
occurring pteridophytic taxa Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella
Equisetum and Pteris. Gymnosperms – Cycas, Ginkgo, Pinus,
Araucaria and Ephedra
02 hrs
10
Unit - IV Palynological techniques used for studying modern pollen and
spores: Wodehouse Technique, Erdtmans Acetolysis technique. 02 hrs
Unit - V Aspects and prospects of Melittopalynology, pollen analysis of
honey, honey pollen flora and its applications. 03 hrs
Unit - VI General Account of Aerobiology and its applications in human
respiratory allergy and immunology. Methods used in atmospheric
pollen monitoring, compilation of pollen calendar. Application of
pollen calendar in the detection and treatment of respiratory allergy.
04 hrs
PRACTICALS
• Demonstration of acetolysis technique • Study of pollen morphology of common angiosperm taxa
from permanent slides. • Preparation of permanent pollen reference slides using
Acetolysis technique.
REFERENCES
• Agashe, S.N. (2006).Palynology and its application,
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, • Agashe, S.N. (Ed.) 1997. Aerobiology, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp. 615. • Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany : Plant of the past, their
evolution, Paleoenvironment and application in
exploration of fossil fuels. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
PVT. LTD. pp. 359. • Erdtman, G. 1957 "Pollen & spore Morphology / plant
taxonomy Vol. 1 - V. Hafner Pub. Co. New York. • Shaw, A.B. 1964. "Time in Stratigraphy". • Wadia, D.N. 1957. "Geology of India". • Wodehouse .R. 1965. "Pollen grains" their structure,
identification and significance in Science and Medicine". • Steward, A.C. 1959 Plant life through the Ages. Hafner
Publishing Company, New York. Pb. • Steward, A.C. Fossil Plants (Vol. 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1989, 1910,
1977, 1919). • Surange, K.R. Lakhanpal, R.N. Baradwaj, D.C. 1974.
Aspects and appraisal of Paleobotany, Birbal Sahni
Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, 675, 77. • Stuart, 1983, Paleobotany and evolution of Plants. • Tilak, S.T. 1982 "Aerobiology"
• Nair, P.K.K. 1970. Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms : a historical
and phylogenetic study. Scholar publishing house, Lucknow. • Ogden, E.C. Rayner, G.S. Manual for sampling Airborne
Pollen. Hafner Press, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New
York.
11
PLANT ANATOMY(28 hrs)
Unit I Plant cell wall: Ultra structure and organization. Types of 06 hrs
Vascular bundles- collateral, bicollateral, concentric ,medullary
bundles, Internal Phloem.
Nodal Anatomy - Unilacunar, Trilacunar and Multilacunar nodes :
Split –lateral condition, Root-stem transition.
Unit II Leaf Anatomy : Dorsiventral, Isobilateral and Centric leaves, 03 hrs
Bundles sheath, foliar sclereids (types and distribution), mature stomatal types and distribution, major and minor venation
Unit III Primary Xylem : Concepts of Protoxylem - metaxylem ; 06 hrs
Diversity in structure of wood : Heart wood, sap wood, growth
rings, ring – porous wood : diffuse - porous wood : diversity in
axial parenchyma distribution, diversity in ray system.
Unit IV Shoot apical meristem : Structural organization - Tunica – corpus 08 hrs
Theory, Cytohistological zonation, apices with primary thickening
meristem, summit meristem - Acyclic changes in shape and size of
shoot apex during different phases of development. Cyclic
changes (plastochronic changes). Root apical meristem-apical cell
theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory, quiescent centre concept, promeristem concept. For suggestions
Unit V Vascular Cambium : Structure and activity, uniseriate / 05 hrs
Multiseriate nature, cambium zone, types of diversion in the
fusiform initials.
Anomalous structure in Bignonia sp., Mirabilis sp. And
Aristolochia sp. PRACTICALS BO 7P2
• Study of epidermal appendages • Stomatal types • Tracheary cells • Root Anatomy • Stem anatomy • Leaf anatomy • Double staining technique. • Maceration technique
• Activity- stress related experiments/ study of galls
12
REFERENCES
• Abraham, F. 1982, Plant anatomy - II edition, Pergaon Press, Oxford. • Carlquist, S. 1967, Comparative plant anatomy - Holt Reinert and Winston.
• Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant anatomy - Part I, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold. • Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant Anatomy - Part II, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold. • Eames and McDaniel. 1947, II edition, "Plant Anatomy" McGraw Hill, NY.
• Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy II Edition, John, Wiley and Sons, NY. • James D. Mauseth, 1988, Plant Anatomy, The Benzamin / Cummings publish. • Katherine Esau, 1979, Anatomy of seed plants - First Wiley Eastern.
• Fahn.a(1989) Plant anatomy .III Edition.Pergomon Press NY(Maxwell • Macmillan International Editions)
13
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) M. Sc. Botany
SEMESTER II
BO 8115: PAPER I
PLANT MORPHOGENESIS AND REPRODUCTION
(60hrs) Unit - I Plant Morphogenesis: 05 hrs
Aim, scope and historical account.
Morphogenetic Studies: Morphogenesis in vivo (Field concepts
and meristemoid); Experimental studies on shoot apex, root apex
and differentiated organs.
Unit - II Organogenesis in Plants: 09 hrs
Formation of leaves ; phyllotaxis ; transformation of vegetative apex
into reproductive apex.
Nature of organs: Theories on nature of shoot (Phytonic and axial
theories) and flower (Monaxial, pluriaxial, suigeneris and acarpy:
appendicular and axial theories of inferior ovaries).
Unit - III Polarity:
Contemporary understanding at different levels of organization and 03 hrs
in different organisms.
Unit - IV Flower:
Serial evocation of genes and floral development ; genetic analysis
04 hrs
of floral development ABC model (Arabidopsis), flower regulatory
genes ( MADS box genes).
Unit - V Microsporangium:
Development and structure; differentiation of anther wall and their
role.
Microsporogenesis: General account, ultrastructure and physiology;
role of callose.
Male gametophyte: Development and structure; differential
behavior of generative and vegetative cells; formation of male
gametes, sperm dimorphism, male germ unit. Pollen abnormalities - 10 hrs
pollen sporophytes, Nemec phenomenon, pollen development in
Cyperaceae.
Unit - VI Ovule: A general account of ontogeny, types and diversity in 10 hrs
structure.
Megasporogenesis: General account, Ultra structure and
physiology.
Female gametophyte Diversity in organization; ultra structure of
female gametophyte, embryosac haustoria.
14
Unit VII Fertilization : Structure of stigma and style, role of stigmatic 5hrs
exudates; pollen germination in vivo ; pollen tube entry into the
stigma ; pollen tube growth ; entry of pollen tube into female
gametophyte ; double fertilization ; hetero fertilization and single
fertilization., in vitro fertilization, Polyspermy.
Unit VIII Sexual incompatibility: Self incompatibility, genetic basis, barriers
to fertilization, physiology and biochemistry of incompatibility,
stigmatic surface and stylar inhibition, biological significance. 5hrs
Unit IX Endosperm: Types, Development and reserve food materials,
embryo endosperm relationship, Endosperm haustoria.
Embryo: classification based on early development; structure,
composition early embryogenesis (2 celled, proembryonal tetrad,
quadrant and octant stages) ; octant to mature embryo in Capsella
(Dicot) and Najas (Monocot). Chimeral embryos, Polyembryony,
apomixis in brief. 9hrs
PRACTICALS BO 8P1
• Study of shoot apices by dissections using aquatic plants
• (Ceratophyllum & Hydrilla).
Study of cytohistochemical zonation in the shot apical
meristem in sectioned and double stained micropreparation
of a suitable plant. Study of development of bisected shoot
apices.
• Study of L.S. of roots from permanent micropreparation to
understand the organization of root apical meristem and its
derivatives - origin of lateral roots. Study of development of
bisected root apices.
• Study of alternate and distichous, alternate and superposed,
opposite and superposed, opposite and decussate leaf
arrangement.
• Diagrammatic representation to show the polarity in higher
and lower plants, Experiment to cause alterations in plants in
polarity, Regeneration experiment with stem cuttings to
• show polarity.
Study of the following stages from permanent micro
preparation ;
Anther wall, Microsporogenesis
Male gametophyte in general and in Cyperaceae
Types of ovules and ovular parts
Megasporogenesis and female gametophyte
(polygonum type)
Endosperm - Three types (Cellular, Nuclear,
Helobial)
Embryo - Mature dicot and monocot embryo
Activity/PIA- project work related to the above topic
17
PTERIDOPHYTES (30hrs)
Unit I
Unit II
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II
DIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES & GYMNOSPERMS BO - 8215 (PAPER II)
(60 hrs)
General characters of pteridophytes and classification
(according to Reimer, David W. beirhost, Gifford and Foster). Characteristic features of the order – Psilotales,
Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Equisetales, Ophioglossales,
Marattiales, Osmundales, Marsileales, Salviniales,
Psilophytales, Lepidodendrales and Calamitales
02 hrs
14 hrs
Unit III Unit IV Unit V
PRACTICALS
Systematic position, Structure of sporophytes and gametophytes 06 hrs and Reproduction of the following genera – Tmesipteris, Phylloglossum, Isoetes, Equisetum,Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Marselia, Azolla and Pteris (Developmental details not required). Fossil Pteridophytes – Systemic position, Structure of 04 hrs sporophytes and gametophytes, Reproduction of the following
genera – Horneophyton, (Comparative account of
Horneophyton with Rhynia) Asteroxylon, Lepidodendron and
Calamites. Heterospory and seed habit. Stelar evolution, phylogenetic 04 hrs Relationship, experimental work on Pteridophytes. Economic importance of Pteridophytes.
BO 8P1
Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive
structures of the following; Psilotum, Lycopodium Isoetes,
Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Glichenia,
Trichomanes, Pteris, Cyathea, Marsilea, Salivinia and Azolla.
Fossil pteriodophytes studied in theory (specimens and slides).
18
REFERENCES
• Eames, A.J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants (lower
groups), McGraw - Hill, New York.
• McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book
of theoretical botany. Vol I. Longmans, Green and Co.,
Ltd., London.
• Parihar, N.S. 1977. The morphology of pteridophytes.
Central Book Depot. Allahab.
• Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic botany. Vol. II. McGraw
- Hill, New York.
• Sporne, K.R. 1966. The morphology of pteridophytes.
The structure of ferns and allied plants. Hutchinson
University Library, London.
.
19
GYMNOSPERMS (30 hrs)
Unit I Introduction and General characters of Gymnosperms.Classification
(Birbal Sahni 1920, Pant 1957 , Sporne 1974, Takhtajan 1966
),Distribution of Gymnosperms with special reference to India.
03 Hrs
Unit I Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive
structures of the sporophytes and gametophytes of the
following Genera -Medullosa, Williamsonia,, Glossopteris,
Bennettites, Pentoxylon, Cordaites, Zamia, Ginkgo, Cedrus,
Podocarpus ,Taxus, Welwitschia
(Developmental stages not required)
18 Hrs
Unit I Origin of Gymnosperms, Affinities of Gymnosperms, with special
reference to order Gnetales, Xylotomy of Gymnosperms,
Polyembryony in Gymnosperms with special reference to conifer
ales. Evolutionary significance of Gymnosperms. Economic
Importance of Gymnosperms
07 Hrs
Unit I Experimental work on Gymnosperms with special reference to forest
biotechnology
02 Hrs
Practicals A study of the morphology and anatomy of vegetative and
reproductive structures of the following :Medullosa, Cycadeoidea,
Williamsonia, Pterophyllum, Ptilophyllum, Glossopteris,
Phyllotheca, Vertebraria, Pentoxylon, ,Cornoconites, Zamia, Ginkgo,
Cedrus, Araucaria, Podocarpus, Cupressus, Cryptomeria and Ephedra
and Welwitchia (Spotters/slides/ specimens
References Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany. Plants of the past, their evolution,
paleoenvironment and application in exploration of fossil fuels.
20
Oxford & I.B.H. New Delhi.
Andrews, H.N. 1961. Studies in Paleobotany. John Wiley, New
York.
Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1997. Gymnosperms. New Age
International Ltd., New Delhi.
Biswas, and Johri, B.M. 1997. The gymnosperms. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book of
theoretical Botany. Vol I. Longmas, Green and Co., Ltd., London.
Sporne, K.R. 1965. The morphology of gymnosperms. The
structure and evolution of primitive seed plants. Hutchison
University Library, London.
21
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous),BANGALORE M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II
BO 8315: PAPER III
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & METABOLISM
(60 hrs)
Unit - I Energy flow: Principles of thermodynamics (all the laws with
examples) free energy and chemical potential, redox reactions,
structure and functions of ATP.
05 hrs
Unit - II Fundamentals of enzymology : General aspects, Active and
Regulatory sites, isozymes, kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, Michael's
– Menten equations and its significance, allosteric mechanism.
08 hrs
Unit - III Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes :
Plant water relations (General aspects and SPAC concept), passive
and active transport, Membrane transport proteins aquaporins
05 hrs
Unit - IV Photochemistry and Photosynthesis: General concepts and Historical
background, photosynthetic pigments & photo oxidation of pigments,
light harvesting complexes, photo oxidation of water, mechanisms of
electron and proton transport and photophosphorylation.
10 hrs
Unit - V Carbon assimilation: The Calvin cycle, the C4 cycle, the CAM
pathway, Photorespiration and its significance, synthesis and
degradation of Starch and Sucrose.
08 hrs
Unit - VI Respiration: General aspects, Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron
transport and ATP synthesis, Pentose phosphate pathway and
Alternative oxidase system and pathways.
08 hrs
Unit - VII Lipid Metabolism : Structure and function of Lipids, Synthesis And
degradation of fatty acids, synthesis of Phospholipids and
Gylcolipids, Glyoxylate pathway and Gluconeogenesis.
06 hrs
Unit - VIII Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, Biological Nitrogen fixation,
Nodule formation and nod factors, Nitrogenase – its properties and
mechanism of action.
05 hrs
UNIT - IX Plant growth hormones: Physiological effects and mechanism Of
action of hormones including poly amines, agricultural applications
and hormones.
05 hrs
22
Practicals
1. Preparation of solutions and reagents
2. Determination of water potential by gravimetric method
3. Effect of temperature and different solvents on the membrane permeability in plant tissues
4. Determination of chl a and chl b in C3 and C4 plants
5. Determination of total chlorophyll content in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and Angiosperms
6. Separation of chlorophyll pigments by solvent wash method
7. Determination of absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments
8. C3/C4/CAM plant anatomical studies and pH estimations
9. Measurement of respiration by Warburg method
10. Experiments on enzyme kinetics (Polyphenol oxidase)
11. Estimation of Lipase activity.
12. Physiological effects of phytohormones
Activity /PIA – project work related to above topics
REFERENCES • Conn, EE., Stumpf, PF., Bruening, G and Doi. RH. 1987.
Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New
York, Chichester, Bisbane, Toronoto and Singapore.
• Hall, DO and Rao KK 1999, Photosynthesis 6th edition,
published in association with Institute of Biology,
Cambridge University Press.
• Hopkins, WG 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
• Moore, TC, 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant
Hormones (Second edition) Springer - Verlag, New York,
•
USA.
Stumpf, PK, and Conn, EE (eds.) 1988. The
Biochemistry of Plants - A comprehensive treatise,
Academic Press, New York.
• Taiz L and Zeiger E. 1998. Plant Physiology (second
edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,
Massachusetts, USA.
• Wilkins, MB (eds.) 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology.
ELBS / Longman.
23
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous)
M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II
BO 8415: PAPER IV
BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
(60 hrs)
Unit I
PART-A: BIOSTATISTICS (30 hrs)
Introduction, brief history and applications of biostatistics.
Sampling techniques: Methods of sampling. Random and non
random sampling. Sampling and non sampling errors. Study
design – concepts of control, replicates and randomization.
04 hrs
Unit II Methods, types, significance and limitations: Diagrammatic and
graphic representation of data: Line diagrams, bar diagrams and
pie diagrams. Histograms, frequency polygons and frequency
curves.
02 hrs
Unit III
Concepts and problems: Measures of central tendency; mean,
median and mode. ( Problems to be given related to the theory
part)
Measures of dispersion: Variance, standard deviation,
coefficient of variation. Skewness and Kurtosis.
10 hrs
Unit IV Correlation and Regression: Analysis of Correlation and
Regression, Scatter plot method, graphic method, coefficient of
correlation, coefficient of regression.
04 hrs
Unit V Probability: Introduction and Rules of probability. 03 hrs
Unit VI Probability distributions: Normal, Poisson and Binomial
Distribution. Properties and importance of distribution.
03 hrs
Unit VII Hypothesis Testing: Introduction, basic concepts and rules. 02 hrs
Unit VIII
PRACTICALS
Tests of significance: Degrees of freedom,
Chi-square test and ANOVA.
BO 8P3: Project: Work Related to the Applications of
Biostatistics
Activity/PIA – R programming/SAS
02 hrs
24
REFERENCE
Bailey, N.T.J. 1995. Statistical methods of Biology 3rd
edition, Cambridge University Press.
Daniel, W.W., 1978. Biostatistics : A foundation for
analysis in health sciences 2nd edition. John Wiley, NY.
Khan, I.A. and Khanum, 1994. Fundamentals of
Biostatistics, Ukaaz Publications Hyderabad.
Remington, R.D. and Schork, M.A. 1970. Statistics with
applications to the Biological and health sciences,
Prentice Hall Inc. NY.
Sundar Rao, P.S.S. and Richard, J. 1996. An
introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition Prentice Hall
India.
Eynon B.P. and T.W. Anderson, Minitab guide to
Statistics.
25
PART-B: BIOINFORMATICS (30 hrs)
Unit I Introduction and brief history of bioinformatics
Biological databases: Introduction, types, bibliographic
databases, nucleotide sequence databases, protein sequence
databases, and genome databases. Human Genome Project
06 hrs
Unit II Computer Networking and programming languages
Types of Network, The Internet, Networking standards,
Navigation through web. Brief account of Java, Bio-Perl and
Python
03 hrs
Unit III Genomics and Proteomics
Genomics: Introduction, types, gene sequencing methods,
analysis of raw sequence data and annotation.
Proteomics: Introduction, experimental approaches, protein-
ligand interactions and molecular interaction prediction.
05 hrs
Unit IV Pair Sequence Analysis
Introduction, Dot plot, Sequence Alignment, Dynamic
programming, Searching sequence databases.
04 hrs
Unit V Multiple Sequence Analysis
Introduction, Dynamic programming method, and Progressive
alignment method.
04 hrs
Unit VI Protein Structural Analysis
Peptides and Protein Primary Structure, Secondary structure and
backbone conformation, Super secondary structure, Tertiary
protein structure, Quaternary structure, Protein structure
visualization.
05 hrs
Unit VII
PRACTICALS
Drug Designing; Introduction, CADD, NCE and protein
docking
Data Retrieval-NCBI, Expasy, PDB
Pairwise sequence analysis- BLAST
Multiple sequence analysis – Clustal Omega
Secondary structure prediction- Jpred
Molecular visualization tools –RASWIN
03 hrs
26
REFERENCES
Fundamentals of Bioinformatics
Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy: SS Education Series: 1st
edition 2011
Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy, Geetha Publishers,
Bangalore. 2017 Edition
Introduction to Bioinformatics
Author(s): Teresa Attwood, David Parry-Smith: 1999, 1st
edition; Prentice Hall
Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of
Genes and Proteins, Second Edition
Author(s): Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis
Ouellette (Eds): 2001; 2nd Edition; Willey&Sons
Problems and Solutions in Biological Sequence Analysis
Author(s): Mark Borodovsky and Svetlana Ekisheva:
Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (September 11,
2006)
Computational Modeling of Genetic and Biochemical
Networks
Author(s): James M. Bower and Hamid Bolouri : 2011:
MIT Pubs
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III
SEMESTER - III
PAPER BO 9115
CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(60 hrs.)
Unit I CYTOLOGY Ultra-structure of cell membrane and cell organelles: nucleus,
nucleolus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
bodies, lysosome, and peroxysomes. Cytoskeleton and its role.
07 hrs
Unit II Eukaryotic chromosome: Ultrastructure, Centromere-kinetochore
complex, centromere proteins (CENPs), telomere and its role in
segregation of chromosomes and cellular ageing; secondary
constriction-SAT chromosomes; sister chromatid cohesion; C- value
paradox, programmed cell death(Apoptosis)- A brief account.
10 hrs
Unit III GENETICS
Mendelism,Non-mendelian inheritance- incomplete and co-
dominance, multiple alleles (maize, blood group), lethal genes,
penetrance, expressivity, pleiotropy.
Gene interactions- supplementary, complimentary, epistasis,
inhibitory genes, duplicate genes (plant examples only)
Inheritance of quantitative characters- polymerism, multiple genes
Sex linked inheritance; sex influenced, sex limited traits; sex
determination and sex reversals in plants
09 hrs
Unit IV Mutation- importance, types, causes; DNA repair Mechanism
(mismatch, base excision) 02 hrs
Unit V Population genetics –Genetic variability in population, factors
responsible for variation. Calculation of gene frequency
02 hrs
Unit VI MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Genetic basis of heredity : DNA - chemistry and structure,
polymorphism in DNA structure, DNA replication - models,
Gene: present concept; split genes; fine structure of r II locus
(Benzer’s concept).
Genetic code : Poly – U experiment and cracking of the first genetic
code; Universality of genetic code, degeneracy; Wobble
hypothesis, Dictionary of genetic code ;use of synthetic RNAs ;
central dogma, gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
RNA – types ( hnRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and functions; RNA
editing and post transcriptional modifications
16 hrs
Unit VII Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer, OncogenesChemical
carcinogenesis. Nucleic acid Hybridization – andcot curves,
Southern, Northern and Western blottingtechniques - Dot and slot
blots – PCR, RAPD and RFLP -DNA finger printing in forensics
14 hrs
Practicals Preparation of stains and reagents for cytology; root tip squash and smears-
Rhoeo, onion; preparation of Kayotypes, idiogram, mitotic and meiotic
analysis;
Genetic problems (monogenic, digenic, test cross, gene interactions,
population genetics)
Isolation of plasmid and genomic DNA.
Separation of DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis
Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method
Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
Restriction Endonuclease digestion of DNA
RAPD and finger printing
Gel filtration
Ion exchange
References Cytology
Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. II
Revised
• Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. I
Revised edition, Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd., Sanibahad, U.P. • Swanson, C.P., Cytology and Cytogenetics, Macmillan. • Swanson, C.P.T., Cyto genetics, Prentice Hall, New Delhi. • Conn, N.S., (1979) Elements of cytology, Harcourd could. • Verma, P.S. &Agarwal, V.K. Cytology, Chand & Company
Ltd.
GENETICS • Gardner, E.J., M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad (1991). Principles of Genetics - 8th edition, John Wiley, New York. • Herskowitz, J.H., Principles of Genetics, II edition - Collier MacMillan
International edition. • Sansfield, W.D., Theory and problems of genetics, Schaum's outline
series, New York.
• Sinnott, Dunn and Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics, TMH edition. • Strickberger, Genetics, II edition, MacMillan Publication, Company,
New York. • Swanson, C.P.T., Cytogenetics, Prentice Hall, Mers& W.J. Young,
New Delhi.
• A.C. Pal, Fundamentals of Genetics, TMH edition
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
• Brown, T.A., 1990. Gene cloning, Chapman & Hall. • Friefelder, D., 1987. Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett publishers, Boston. • Grierson, D. 15 and Covey, S.N., 1988. Plant Molecular biology, 2nd edition, Blackie, Chapman and Hall, New York, USA. • Lewin, B., 1990. Genes, Vol. I to VI, Oxford University Press, Madras • Kahl, A. and Schell, J.S., 1982. Molecular Biology of plant tumour,
Academic Press, New York. • Malchensky&Frifelder, Molecular Biology, Academic Press (2000).
• Verma and Agarwal., 1998. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology,
Evolution and Ecology - S. Chand and Company Ltd., 1998. • J. Perry Gustafson - Genetics, Development and evolution - 17thStadler Genetics Symposium - Ed. Plenum Press New York and London. (1986)
• Strickberger., 1990. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston,
London.
• U. Sinha and SunitaSinha. 1985. Cytogenetics, Plant breeding and
Evolution. Vikas Publications Private Limited. • A.P. Jha., 1993. Genes and Evolution. MacMillan India Limited. • ChandrasekharanNayar., Advanced Organic Evolution. Sudarasana
Publications.
Edward O., Doson., 1962. Evolution : Process and Product. Reinhold
Publishing Corporation, New York, 1962.
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III
BO 9215
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ECONOMIC
BOTANY
(60 hrs.)
Unit I Systems of Classification: Bentham & Hooker; Engler&Prantl;
Hutchinson, and Takhtajan.
Taxonomic hierarchy; concept of characters;
Taxonomic literature - Floras, Monographs, Indices, Keys and
Journals. Field & Herbarium Methods.
9 hrs
Unit II Plant nomenclature: ICN, Typification, Principles of priority
and their limitations - Effective and valid publication – Authors,
Citations Retention, choice and rejection of names
5 hrs
Unit III Modern trends in taxonomy - Role of the following in taxonomy:
Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Embryology, Cytology and
phytochemistry.
Phy
04 hrs
Unit IV Systematic Position (according to Engler & Prantl’s system
Syllabus der Pflanzen familien, Melchior ed. 1964); salient
features and economic importance of the following families.
Monocotyledonae: Commelinaceae, Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae
andPoaceae.
Dicotyledonae: Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae,
Amarantaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Moraceae, Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae,
Capparidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae,
Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Bignoniaceae,
Acanthaceae, and Asteraceae.
26 hrs
Unit V Comparison of families:
Annonaceae&Magnoliaceae; Rutaceae&Meliaceae;
Apocynaceae&Asclepiadaceae; Tiliaceae&Sterculiaceae;
Verbenaceae , Lamiaceae&Acanthaceae; Zingiberaceae&
Marantaceae.
06 hrs
Unit VI Economic Botany: Distribution, Botanical name, systematic
position, Description & Economic uses of the following:
Fibre - Cotton, Coir, Jute
Timber - Rosewood, Teakwood and Sal
Medicinal Plants- (i)Drugs from roots- Aconite, Belladona, Sarpagandha,
Ashwagandha;
(ii)Drugs from underground stems- Turmeric, Ginger,
Onion, Garlic; (iii)Drugs from bark- Cinnamon, Quinine, Ashoka,
10 hrs
Berberry;
(iv)Drugs from leaves- Aloe, Holybasil, Vasaka,
Stramonium;
(v)Drugs from stems and woods- Ephedrine, Catechu,
Digitalis, White Sandalwood
(vi)Spices and Condiments- Asafoetida, Cinnamon, Clove,
Cardamom, Saffron, Black Pepper, Anise, Coriander,
Cumin, Fennel, Fenugreek, Poppy.
(vii)Oils: I. Extraction methods of essential oil and edible
oil. Classification of vegetable oil.
(viii)Essential oil: Sandal wood, Eucalyptus, lemon-grass.
Jasmine, Rosemary, Mint.
(ix)Edible oil: Linseed, Sunflower, Sesame & Groundnut
(x) Biofuels: Jatropa, Pongamia
Practicals Study tour ( mandatory)
Students must undertake a tour in the III Semester for not more than 5 days to
study flora and submit 05 herbaria, 15 digital herbaria (hard and soft copy) and a
tour report. To be submitted during practical examination.
Construction of floral diagrams, descriptions using technical terms to bring
out salient features of the taxa
Preparation of dichotomous keys
Identification of economically important plants and plant products mentioned
in the theory syllabus
References Benson, L.B., 1962. Plant Taxonomy: Methods and principles
Beck, C.B., (ed) 1976 Origin and early evolution of Angiosperms, Columbia
University Press, New York
Bhattacharya, B., &Johri, B.M., (eds) 1988 Flowering Plants: Taxonomy and
phylogeny, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
Carlquist, S., 1961 Comparative plant anatomy - A guide to taxonomic and
evolutionary application of anatomical data in Angiosperms
Cronquist, A., 1988 The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2nd
ed., New York Botanical Garden, New York
Dahlgren., 1980 A revised system of classification of the Angiosperms. Bot. J.
Linn. Soc. 80 : 91 – 124
Davis, P.H., & Heywood, V.H., 1973 Principles of Angiosperm
taxonomy. Robert E Kriegen Publ. Co., New York
Lawerence, F.H.M., 1951 Taxonomy of vascular plants. MacMillan, New
York
Erdtman G., 1952 Pollen Morphology and plant taxonomy, Chronica
Botanica, Waltham, Maas
Heywood, V.H., & Moore D.M. (eds) 1984 Current concepts in plant
taxonomy, Academic Press, London
Nair, P.K.K., 1970 Pollen morphology of angiosperms: a historical and
phylogenetic study. Barnes and Noble, New York
Lam, H.J., 1959 Taxonomy: general principles and angiosperms. Vistas in
Botany Vol. II page 3 - 75.
Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R., & Bell, C.R., 1974 Vascular
Plant systematics, Harper & Row, New York
Smith, P.M. 1976 The chemotaxonomy of plants. Edward Arnold, London
Sneath, P.H.A., &Sokal R.R., 1973 Numerical taxonomy : The principles and
practice of numerical classification. W.H. Freeman, Sanfransisco
Swain, T., (ed.) 1966 Comparative phytochemistry, Academic Press, New
York
Turrill, W.B., (ed) 1964 Vistas in Botany Vol. IV : Recent researches in plant
taxonomy, Pergamon Press, London
Yough, D.A., &Siegler, D.S. (eds) Phytochemistry and Angiosperm
phytochemistry, Praeger Scientific, New York
ST JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
MSC BOTANY SEMESTER III
ELECTIVE (Intradepartmental)
BO - 9315
ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY (60 HRS)
Unit I PHOTOBIOLOGY
Phytochromes : discovery, structure, photochemical and
biochemical properties, physiological function of phytochromes.
Molecular mechanism of photoreceptor action.
Cryptochromes : discovery, structure and physiological functions.
A brief account of phototropins and zeaxanthin
8 hrs
Unit II SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
General overview, types of cell signalling, ligands/ cell signalling
molecules, signalling receptors – characteristics, properties and
structural classes.
G- proteins and G-protein Coupled Receptors.
Role of cyclic nucleotides as second messengers, calcium –
calmodulin cascade.
Plant specific signalling mechanisms – Plant wound signalling
pathway, Phospholipid signalling, JAK-STAT pathway and
Stomatal guard cell signalling.
15 hrs
Unit III STRESS PHYSIOLOGY
Water stress – Causes. Effect of drought on physiological
processes in plants, mechanisms of drought resistance in plants,
anti-transpirants, drought hardening, molecular mechanism of
drought stress.
Flooding stress – Causes, Physiological effects of flooding stress,
anaerobiosis, tolerance mechanism.
Salt stress – definition of saline soil, salinity and sodicity, cause of
soil salinization, Physiological effects of salinity stress, tolerance
mechanism.
Ionic stress – Effect of ion toxicity (iron,zinc), heavy metal
toxicity and aluminium toxicity. Transgenic approaches.
Thermal stress –Heat stress, chilling and freezing stress.
Physiological effects, mechanisms of high and low temperature
tolerance, hardening.
Gaseous stress, radiation stress, oxidative stress,
Biotic stress – Effect of fungal infection on plant metabolism,
phytoalexins, biochemical mechanism of disease resistance and
allelopathy.
Role of proteins and enzymes related to the above stresses.
Engineering of plants for stress tolerance
25 hrs
Unit IV DEFENSE MECHANISM IN PLANTS
Structure, role and mode of action of secondary metabolites like
terpenes, phenolic compounds and nitrogen containing compounds
( alkaloids , cyanogenic glycosides and non protein amino acids)
as defense molecules. Plant – plant interaction and communication
through secondary metabolites.
Post-infectionally formed compounds – Phytoalexins.
Proteins and enzymes involved in defense mechanism
12 hrs
Practicals BO9P2
Estimation of activity of enzyme succinic dehydrogenase by colorimetric
method.
Estimation of activity of the enzyme super oxide dismutase (SOD).
Estimation of protein: Colorimetric estimation of total protein by Lowry-Lopez
method.
Determination of isoelectric point of protein
Colorimetric estimation of α-Amylase activity
Estimation of soluble and insoluble phenolics -- Lowry-Lopez method
Estimation of ATPase activity by Fiske-Subba Row method.
Estimation of Proline in stressed plants
B) Projects: Related to theory
Advanced Physiology
I Practicals:
CIA 25 Marks
Conducted practicals 20 Marks
Record 05 Marks
II Project and Viva
25 Marks (20 + 5)
References Biswas, S.K., Mallik, D.C.V., and Vishveshwara, C.V., 1989. Cosmic
perspective, Cambridge University Press
Burrows, C.J., 1990. Processes of vegetation change, Unwin Hyman, London
Campbell, D.H., 1972. Evolution of land plants, Central Book Depot, Allahabad
Capra, F., 1983. The Turning Point - Science, Society and the rising culture,
Flamingo, London
Dey, P.M., &Horborne, J.N., 1977. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, New
York
Goodwin &Mercep., 1993. Introduction to plant biochemistry, Pergamon Press,
New York
Hall, D.O., &Rao, K.K., 1999. Photosynthesis 6th
ed., Published in association
with the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press
Moore, T.C., 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant hormones, Narosa Pub.
House, New Delhi
Singh, B.N., &Mengel, K., 1995. Plant physiology and biochemistry, Panima
Pub. Corporation, New Delhi
Singal, G.S., Genger, G.C., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D., &Govindjee, 1999.
Concepts in photobiology, photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis, Narosa Pub.
House, New Delhi
Stumpf, P.K., & Conn, E., (eds) 1988. The biochemistry of plants - A
comprehensive treatise, Academic Press, New York
Taiz, L., &Zeiger, E., 1998. Plant physioloogy, the Benjamin / Cummings
Publishing Co., Inc., New York
Wilkins, M.B.A (ed.), 1989. Advanced plant physiology, ELBS / longman
L. Lehninger, 1982. Principles of biochemistry - C.B.S. publications and
distributors, New Delhi
Salisbury, F.B., and Ross, 1974. Plant physiology - Prentice Hall India Ltd., New
Delhi
Neggle, R. and Fritz., G.J., 1989. 2nd
edition. Introductory plant physiology,
Prentice Hall of India Publishers Ltd., New Delhi
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III
Elective BO 9415
Plant Tissue Culture
Elective (Intradepartment)
(60 hrs)
Unit I A brief historical account (contributions of Haberlandt, White, Morel,
Murashige and Skoog); Terminologies:- Totipotency, Competency,
differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, cytodifferentiation,
Xylogenesis, rhizogenesis, embryoid,meristemoid and determinism.
4 hrs
Unit II Preparatory steps for tissue Culture: Requirements for tissue culture
facility, Laboratory organization, instrumentation, surface
sterilization of materials, basic procedure for the inoculation of
explant, growth room conditions and acclimatization techniques.
5 hrs
Unit III Culture media: Composition of media, (Macro elements, micro
elements, Vitamins, hormones, carbon and nitrogen sources,
organicsupplements, activated charcoal, unidentified supplements)
An appraisal of different media and selection of media
( Murashige&Skoog’s, White’s, Vacin& Went).
8 hrs
Unit IV Hormones (Applications in Plant tissue culture) : Auxins(NAA,
IBA, 2,4-D), cytokinins( Kinetin, BAP, Zeatin), Gibberellins (GA3),
and Abscissic Acid.
Factors affecting Tissue Culture (Growth Regulators, selection of
explant, light, Temperature, Polarity, Subculture, Genotype), Juvenility
v/s Adult phase.
9 hrs
Unit V Establishing callus and cell cultures, Dynamics of callus growth, callus
subculture and maintenance, Harvesting and Growth Measurements.
Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and somaclonal variations
(induction, origin and significance).
7 hrs
Unit VI Principles, techniques and applications ofcell suspension culture and
organ culture (meristem, root, stem, leaf, floral bud, ovary, anther and
embryo), Production of haploid plants: Anther, pollen and ovule
cultures.
6 hrs
Unit VII Principles, techniques and applications of protoplast culture.
Isolation and culture of protoplasts. Action of cellulase and
pectinase (Macerozyme) on plant cell, important properties of
isolated protoplast and its significance. Protoplast fusion and
somatic hybridization - method, spontaneous fusion, induced
fusion, mechanical fusion, chemo-fusion, electro-fusion;
mechanism of protoplast fusion, hybrid identification, hybrid
isolation and post-fusion events,
Cybrids; Importance of protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization.
10 hrs
Unit VIII Principles of in vitro biotransformation: Agrobacterium
(A.tumefaciensandA.rhizogenes) mediated electroporation and particle
bombardment technique. Commercialization of plant tissue culture:
Application of bioreactors and robotics. Entrepreneurship in plant
tissue culture.In vitro production
7 hrs
Unit IX Application of plant tissue culture – forestry, production of secondary
metabolites and microtubers.
4 hrs
Practicals • Instrumentation - Laboratory equipments and glassware. • Media chemicals and preparation of media such as White's, MS and others.
• Sterilization of media and equipments. • Protocol for media and inoculation techniques. • Organ culture - Leaf, Root, Embryo, Ovule, Anther and Pollen. • Callus culture . • Protocol for cell suspension and protoplast culture. • Synthetic seeds - protocol. • Micropropagation of Banana • Hardening techniques
Submission : project report
Reference Steve Prentis, Biotechnology - An industrial revolution
Wisemann, Principles of Biotechnology, 1983
Bull, A.T. et. al., Biotechnology, 1983
Rehm, H.J. and CAS (eds). Biotechnology, Vol. 1-8, VerlagChimic Wens
Hemm, Florida
Dharmalingam, K., Gene cloning and DNA sequencing, MacMillan & Co., New
Delhi
Ferranhi, M.P. &Fierchter, A. (eds), Production and Feeding of single cell
protein, Applied Science Publishers, New York, 1983
Renert, J.H., & Bajaj, Y.P.S. Plant cell, Tissue & Organ culture, A laboratory
manual, Narosa Publications, New Delhi, 1977
Trevan, M.D., Biotechnology the Biological Principal, 1987
Lynch, J.M. Biotechnology 1983
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV
PAPER I: METHODS IN PLANT SCIENCE AND
BIOPHYSICS.
B0 0115
(60 HOURS)
Unit I Literature survey, collection and indexing, outline of preparing a
scientific paper.
2 hrs
Unit II Principles of Microscopy, metric units, properties of light in
relation to microscopy: Wavelength, resolution, reflection,
transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction; Relationship
between revolving power and numerical aperture.
Principles and uses of light microscopy, polarization
microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, confocal, Nomarski
(DIC) microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron
microscopy (TEM, SEM, STM),atomic force microscope,
calibration of microscope (micrometry),camera lucida,
indicating magnification in illustrations. Photomicrography.
13 hrs
Unit III Microtomy and ultra microtomy techniques, fixatives, clearing
agents, dehydrants, stains, staining schedules, freeze facturing,
freeze etching; maceration technique; cryopreservation.
4 hrs
Unit IV Physiological methods: general principles, instrumentation,
types and uses of chromatography (paper, thin layer, HPLC,
gas chromatography), centrifugation (low speed, table top, high
speed, ultra centrifuge), spectrophotometry, (visible, UV, X-
Ray, IR, and NMR).Electrophoresis (agarose and PAGE);
radioisotope techniques,autoradiography; a brief account of cell
fractionation.
16 hrs
Unit V Introduction to biophysics and overview Intra and intermolecular
interactions: atomic structure, chemical bonding: ionic, covalent,
hydrogen and coordinate bonds and their applications in
biological investigation. Forces of dispersion. Hydrophobic interactions: Van der Walls interactions and
London forces of dispersion
6 hrs
Unit VI Properties of matter: Gaseous, liquid and solid state of the
matter. Kinetic theory of gases: Boyle’s law, Charles law,
Avogadro’s law Boltzmann’s distribution.
5 hrs
Unit VII Properties of colloids: Properties, dispersion system,
classification of colloids (sol, gel, suspension and emulsion).
Tyndall effect and Brownian movement. Applications of
colloids.
5 hrs
Unit VIII Principles and applications of phosphorescence, fluorescence
and bioluminescence. 4 hrs
Unit IX Principles and applications (brief account) of biomechanics,
radiation biophysics, nano-biotechnology and protein
engineering.
5 hrs
Practicals BO 10P1 Research Methodology. Study of the following Instruments and
applications
Dissection, stereo and light microscopes, camera lucida, photomicrography
Phase contrast Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope, scanning electron microscope
Atomic force microscope, Scanning tunneling microscope
Microtomes ,ultramicrotome and tissue maceration
Experiments related to Chromatography and centrifugation techniques
Colorimetry, Determination of complementary colours,
Visible – single and double beam,UV-VIS Spectrophotometers
IR, X-ray and NMR spectroscopy
Observation of working of GC and HPLC
REFERENCES
• Banwell, C.N., and McCash E.M. 1994. Fundamentals of Molecular
spectroscopy, (4th
edition), Tata McGraw - Hill, Publishing Co. Ltd • Narayanan, P. 2000. Essential of Biophysics. New Agri. International
Publishers. • Berlyn, G.P. &Miksche, J.P. 1976 : Botanical Microtechnique
and cytochemistry, • Iowa State Univ. Press. • De Robertis, E.O.P., & De Robertis, E.M.R. Jr. 1987. Cell and molecular
biology, 8th
ed., B.I. Wasberly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. • Dhopte, A, M. 2002. Principles and Techniques for plant scientists,
Agrobios (India). • Grey, P. (ed.) 1973. Encyclopedia of microscopy and Microtechnique, van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
• Jensen, W.A. 1962. Botanical histochemistry, Freeman & Co., San-
Fransisco. • Johansen, D.A. 1940. Botanical Microtechnique, McGraw Hill, New York. • Kaul, A.D., Singh, N., Sonkusare, A., Kumar, P. &Wadhwa, S.S. 1997.
Design of an Atomic force microscope for topographic studies, Curr. Sci.
73 (9) : 738 - 743.
• Purvis, M.J., Collins, D.C., & Wallis, D. 1966. Laboratory techniques in
Botany (2nd
ed.) Butterworths, London
• Running, M.P., Clark, S.E. &Mayerowitzz, E.M. 1995. Confocal
microscopy of shoot apex, in methods in cell biology, Vol. 49, pp. 355 -
366, Academic Press, New York.
• Sadasivam, S &Manickam, A. 1966. Biochemical methods (2nd
ed.), New
Agent Int. Publishers, New Delhi. • Sanderson, J.B. 1994. Biological microtechniques, BIOS Sci. Pub.,
London.
• Wilson, K., &Goulding, K.H. (eds.) 1986. A biologists guide to principles
and techniques of practical biochemistry (3rd
ed). Cambridge Univ. Press.
• Schmidt R.F., Thews G. Human Physiology. Berlin Heidelberg, 1989 (in
English)
• Sternheim M.M., Kane J.W. General Physics. NY etc, Wiley & Sons, 1991
Vol. 1986.
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE AUTONOMOUS
M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV
BO 0215
PLANT BREEDING AND PLANT PROPAGATION
( 60 hrs)
Unit I History and scope of plant breeding; Plant genetic resources;
Sources of germplasm, Systematic evaluation and utilization,
Germplasm conservation, Global and National organization for crop
improvements, pattern of evolution in crop plants. Introduction of
plants and acclimatization
06 hrs
Unit II Conventional breeding methods :
Reproduction, genetic basis, sexual and asexual, apomixis, gene
induction and significance in plant breeding.
Domestication, plant introduction and acclimatization. Selection in
self, cross pollinated and vegetative propagated plants.
Hybridization: In self and cross pollinated plants. Vegetative
propagated plants.
Back cross: Technique and importance
09 hrs
Unit III Heterosis breeding: Inbreeding depression, Homozygous and
heterozygous balance, genetic basis.
Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in Plant breeding
Resistance breeding : Disease, insects and drought, Types of
resistance, genetics of host and parasite relationship, mechanism of
drought resistance, breeding
methods for disease, and drought resistance.
10 hrs
Unit IV Distant hybridization: Introduction, history, barriers (to the
production). Techniques for production of distant hybrids; sterility,
Quality seeds: Classes, production, maintenance.
The Indian seed act.
06 hrs
Unit V
PLANT PROPAGATION:
Basic concepts and principles of plant propagation. Propagating
structures Green house
Plastic greenhouses – (a) PVC film (b) polyester film (c) Fibre -
glass,
Hot –beds, Lath houses Miscellaneous propagating Structures –
(a) Mist beds (b)Mist chamber (c) Nursery bed (d) Fluorescent light
boxes (e) Propagating cases (f) Hardening tunnels
Media for Propagation
Qualities of an ideal rooting and growing media, selection criteria
for media, media for propagation and growing nursery plants
(a) soil (b) sand (c) peat (d) sphagnum moss (e) vermiculite
(f) perlite/ soilrite (g) pumice (h) leaf mold (i) saw dust and wood
shavings (j) coco peat
Propagating methods
Seed propagation, Methods of cuttings, grafting, budding and
layering in ornamentals and fruit crops. Natural vegetative methods-
underground, subaerial and aeriel suckers, bulbs, Rhizomes, Stolons,
Tubers, Corms, Runners, bulbils.
12 hrs
Unit VI Floriculture
Indoor and outdoor cultivation methods and harvest of rose
Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Carnation, Anthurium and orchids; post,
harvest storage of flowers, packing, transportation and marketing
08 hrs
Unit VII Pomiculture
Cultivation, harvest, post harvest storage, fruit processing, packing,
transportation and marketing of grapes and apple
Cultivation and propagation techniques of some important medicinal,
and aromatic plants. Rauwolfia ,Costus, Pogostemon (pacholi)
lemongrass
09 hrs
Practicals Plant breeding and propagation
Estimation of Pollen viability by using ( any 3 species)
Tryphan Blue Method
Muntzing method
Estimation of seed viability by (any 3 species)
TTC method
Ferric chloride method
Mechanical method
Vegetative propagation methods
Tip layering, Air layering, Mound layering, T. budding (Rose), Approach
grafting(Mango), V-grafting (Mango), Bark grafting, Patch budding
Hybridization Technique
References • Poehlman, J.M., and Brothukar, I.B.H., 1998. Breeding of Asian plants. I.B.H.
New Delhi. • Poehlman, J.M., and Sleper, D.A. 1999. Breeding field crops. Panima Publ.
Crop New Delhi.
• Singh, B.D.A 2000. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publ. New Delhi. • Simmonds, N.W. (ed.) 1986. Evolution of crop plants. Longmann Sci. Tech.
Pub. England. • Khoklov, S.S. Apomixes and Plant breeding. Amerind, New York.
• Sharma, J.R. 1994. Plant breeding. T.M.H. Publ. Comp. New Delhi. • Frankel, R. and Bet Dagan. 1983. Heterosis. Springer verlag. Berlin. • Russel, E.G. 1978. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance. Butterworth,
London.
• Sneep, J. and Hendriksen, A.S.T. (ed.) 1979. Plant breeding preparations.
Puduo. Wageningen, Netherlands. • Hartman, H.J. et al. 1990. Plant propagation - Principles and practices. Prentice
Hall, New Delhi. • Schwalz, M. 1975. Guide to commercial hydroponics, Israel University,
Jerusalem.
• Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries, Techniques, production and management.
Indian Pub. New Delhi.
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV
PAPER III -BO O315 BIOTECHNOLOGY
(60 hrs)
Unit I Introduction, scope and importance of Biotechnology,
Biotechnology scenario in India.
02hrs
Unit II Recombinant DNA technology :
a. Cloning and expression of Vectors - cloning vectors for
recombinant DNA (plasmids, phages, cosmids, viruses, transposons,
YAC,BAC, MAC),Binary ad Shuttle vectors.
b. Chimaeric DNA, molecular probes and gene libraries - Restriction
enzymes, techniques of restriction mapping, construction of chimaeric
DNA, cloning in bacteria and eukaryotes, Southern, Northern and
Western blotting techniques, construction and screening of genomic
and c-DNA libraries, PCR technology and its application.
22hrs
Unit III Plant Biotechnology :
a. Pollen biotechnology, production of haploids and their importance
b. Production and importance of somatic hybrids and cybrids,
selection system for hybrid protoplasts.
c. Importance of micropropagation in forestry and horticulture.
d. Single cell culture and secondary metabolite production, industrial
applications secondary products and their regulation, biotransformations,
elicitors, hairy root cultures.
e. Germplasm storage and cryopreservation.
f. Genetic transformation employing tissue culture technology and its
application
16hrs
Unit IV Microbial biotechnology
a. Enzyme biotechnology : Isolation and purification of enzymes,
immobilization of enzymes, uses of enzymes.
b. Uses of microbes in Industry and Agriculture: Production of organic
compounds by fermentation: ethanol, acetone/ butanol.
Production of antibiotic : Penicillin and Streptomycin
Production of SCP : Spirulina and Chlorella
Biofertilizers and biocontrol agents : Azospirillum, Rhizobium,
Trichoderma
Production of bioinsecticides : Bacillus thuringiensis and NPV
16hrs
Unit V Biotechnology - biosafety, social, moral and ethical consideration 04hrs
Practicals Isolation of DNA and restriction digestion
PCR
Agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments
Isolation of proteins and SDS-PAGE
II Plant Biotechnology (Basic techniques of plant tissue culture)
Laboratory organization,
Media preparation for tissue culture;
Selection and sterilization of explants,
Inoculation (Demonstration only ).
Isolation of amylase producing soil microbes
Study of fermentation process by wine production
Study of SCP(Spirulina,Chlorella),Penicillium(penicillin),
Streptomyces(streptomycin),and biocontrol agents(Bacillus
thuringensis,Trichoderma).
References • Abelson, P.H. 1983. Biotechnology - An overview, Science, 219. 611-613. Anderson, W.F. 1984. Prospectus of human gene therapy. Science, 226. 401 –
409
• Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Various volumes
published time to time. Springer - Verlag. Berlin • Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant tissue culture : Applications and limitations.
Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam • Bhojwani, S.S., and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant tissue culture : Theory and Practice
Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam. • Brown, T.A. 1994. Gene cloning, Chapman and Hall Pub. • Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (Ed.) 1994. Plant cell culture, a practical
approach. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford • Evans, D.A., Dharp, D.R., Ammirato, P.V. and Yamuda, Y. (Ed.) Handbook
of Plant cell culture series Vol. 1-6. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New
York.
• Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. 1995. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,
fundamental methods. Springer International student edition
• George, E.F. 1993 / 1996. Plant propagation by Tissue culture Part 1 &
2, Exegetics Ltd. • Maheshwari, P. and Rangaswamy, N.S. (Eds.) 1963. Plant, Tissue and organ
culture.
• Old, R.W., and Primrose, S.B. (5th
Ed.) 1994. Principles of gene
manipulations Blackwell Science
• Razdan, M.K. 1993. An introduction to plant tissue cultureOxford and IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
• Reinert, J.R., and Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and fundamental aspects of
plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer - Verlag, Berlin
• Sen, S.K. and Giles, K.L. (Ed.) 1983. Plant cell culture in crop improvement.
Plenum Press, New York.
• Street, H.E. 1977. Plant tissue and cell culture, Academic Press, Berkeley, University of California.
• Thorpe, T.A. (Ed.) 1995. Embryogenesis in plants, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Netherlands
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY Semester – IV
BO 0415 (Paper – IV)
Elective Paper-II Microbiology (Theory)
(60 hrs)
UNIT I AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
Molecular mechanisms in nitrogen fixation.
Diagnosis of plant diseases using antibodies.
Biodegradation of cellulose, pectin and lignin.
Role of humus in agriculture.
10hrs
UNIT II INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to fermentation technology : Bioreactors, media and inoculum
preparation,
temperature and pH regulation and product recovery techniques.
Alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, production of vaccines,
drug designing, microbial resistance to antibiotics.
Production of steroids and riboflavin.
Production of enzymes: amylases, proteases and lipases.
Biodegradation of pesticides, industrial wastes and oil spills.
Bio leaching and its applications
12hrs
UNIT III MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to host-pathogen relationship.
Etiology, epidemiology and control of the following pathogens :
(i)Streptococcus
(ii)Clostridium (iii)Corynebacterium
(iv)Mycobacterium
(v)Neisseria
(vi)Enterobacteriaceae members
(vii)Vibrio
(viii)Hepatitis virus
(ix)Adeno virus
(x)Polio virus
(xi) Chicken pox virus
(xii) Dengue virus
(xiii) Oncogenic viruses
15hrs
UNIT IV IMMUNOLOGY Introduction and overview of immunology Innate
immunity
Phagocytosis
Complement
Cellular defenses
Inflammation and fever- inflammatory cascades Physiological and chemical barriers Immunogenicity
and antigenicity
Requirements for immunogenicity - foreignness, haptens, antigenicity,
epitopes, recognition sites by B and T cells, cross reactivity.
Acquired immunity :
Lymphatic organs
T cells and B cells
Antigen presentation
Antigen-antibody interactions and immunoassays
Monoclonal antibodies
MHC complex
Hypersensitive reactions
Cytokines
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders
15hrs
UNIT V FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology of milk and milk products. Pasteurization and sterilization. Microbial spoilage and preservation of food and food grains
Bacterial food poisoning; mycotoxins
8hrs
PRACTICALS BO 10P2
• Microbial staining techniques - Gram staining,
endospore staining, capsule staining, fungal staining • Culture methods: Solid and semisolid agar culture
methods, Pour plate and streak plate methods. • Isolation of microbes from water and soil.
Bacteriological examination of water including MPN
technique.
• Biochemical characterization of microbes. (9 to10 tests). • Antibiotic sensitivity test. • Study of bacterial and fungal growth. • Isolation of microbes from milk and milk products. • Isolation of microbes from clinical samples - urine,
stool, sputum.
• O
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Agarose gel electrophoresis, Dot ELISA and
counter current electrophoresis. • Bacterial conjugation and transformation. • Genomic DNA, Plasmid DNA, RE digestion and
ligation. • SDS-PAGE for study of proteins. • Bioassay of aflatoxins.
Guided project for students in groups of 3 or 4
each, which will be assessed. 50 Marks (Project
report = 40 Marks, Viva voce = 10 Marks) (No final practical examination will be conducted)
REFERENCES • Alexander,M.1977 Introduction to soil microbiology,
John Viley and Sons Ind, .2. Atlas, R.M. 1998.
Microbiology Fundamentals and applications (2nd
Ed) Millan Publishing Co., NY.
• Dimmock, N.J. and Primrose, S.B. 1994.
Introduction to modern virology, Blackwell
Science Ltd., Oxford. • Gerhardt, P., Murray, R.G., Wood, W.A., and
Kreig, N.R. 1994. Methods for general and
molecular bacteriology - American society for
microbiology. Washington D.C. • Holt, J.S., Kreig, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., and
Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey's manual of
systematic bacteriology (9th
ed.) William and
Winking Baltimore. • Jan Dirk, E., Jack, T.T., and Elizebeth, M.H. 1997.
Modern soil microbiology, Marcell Dekker Inc.,
NY. • Mathews, R.E.F. 1991. Plant Virology, (3
rd Ed.),
Academic Press Inc. • Powell, C.L., and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1984.
Vamycorrhiza, CRD Press, Florida.
• Prescott, S.C., and Dunn, C. 1984. Industrial
microbiology, McGraw Hill, NY. • Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. 1966.
Microbiology, Wm C. Brown Publishers. • Schlegal, H.G. 1993. General microbiology, (7
th
Ed.) Cambridge University Press. • SubbaRao, N.S. 1997. Soil microorganisms and
plant growth. Oxford and IBH Publication Co.,
New Delhi. • Sullia, S.B., and Shantharam, S. 1998. General
Unit I Unit II
Unit III
Unit IV Unit V Unit VI
Unit VII
ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV
BO 0515 (PAPER IV)
ELECTIVE PAPER II: SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS
(60hrs)
Introduction and scope of systematics. A critical study of
angiosperm classifications of Bessey, Dahlgren and Thorne.
Angiosperm phylogeny groups (a brief idea)
Angiosperm origin: first traces, early and upper cretaceous; nature
of probable ancestors. Theories on origin and distribution of
Angiosperms (Isoetes-monocotyledon; Coniferales-Amentiferae;
Gnetales Angiosperm; Anthostrobilus; Caytonian; Pteridosperm;
Pentoxylales; Darian; Stachyspory-phyllospermae theories)
Evolution of Angiosperms: Role of ecology and genetics; insects
and evolution, cradle of Angiosperms, hypothetical construction of
first formed Angiosperms.
Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and
06 Hrs
Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and
preservation of herbarium specimens; role of herbaria; important
herbaria of India and the world. Role of botanical gardens. Keys:
Types and construction of Keys ( Single Access, Multi Access and
Computer-aided).
Databases in Systematics: Plant identification packages; storage and
retrieval of herbarium specimen information; electronic herbarium;
open ended floras, computer based mapping of plant distribution and
vegetation change; cluster analysis, construction of phenograms and
cladograms; websites related to plant systematic.
08hrs
Modern Systematics (a brief idea); Utility and limitations of the 08hrs
following: ultrastructural characters; methods of protein analysis and
protein data; immunological data. Methods of obtaining and utilizing
data from nucleic acids in phylogenetic evaluation.
Species concept: Nominalistic, typological, biological, ecological
and evolutionary concepts 08 hrs
Clausen et al, Turresson's experiments, patterns of ecotypic variation,
ecotypes and ecads and their taxonomy.
05 hrs
12 hrs
05 hrs
Unit VIII
Evolution and Differentiation of Species: Abrupt and gradual
speciation, races, species and isolating mechanisms: geographical
and ecological, seasonal and temporal, mechanical and ethological
isolation; hybridization and speciation; stabilization of hybrids.
08 hrs
PRACTICALS BO 10P3
LABORATORY WORK
• Identification of plants with the help of Flora. • Construction of artificial dichotomous keys to the Plants. • Solution of selected nomenclatural problems with the
help of ICBN. • Application of biosystematic methods in taxonomy. • Preparation of biographical sketches of selected taxonomists. SCIENTIFIC VISITS The students should be taken to any one of the following : • A protected area viz., National Park / Sanctuary /
Biosphere reserve; Botanical gardens / research institutes
/ museum.
• Observation of different types of vegetation.
REFERENCES • Anonymous (1997) National Gene Bank : Indian Heritage
on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of
Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. • Arora, R.K. and Nayar, E.R. (1984) Wild Relatives of
Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science Monograph No.7.
• BECK CB (ed.)(1976) Origin and Early Evolution
of Angiosperms,Columbia university press, New
York • BHATTACHARYA B & BM (eds) (1998) Flowering
Plants: Taxonomy and Phylogeny Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi • CARLQUIST S (1961) Comparative plant anatomy- A
guide to taxonomic and evolutionary application of
anatomical data in angiosperms. • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (1948-
1976) The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian Raw
Materials and Industrial Products. New Delhi. Raw
Materials I-IX Revised Vol I-III (1985-1992)
Supplement (2000).
• Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research (1986) The
Useful Plants of India. Publication and Information Directorate,
CSRI, New Delhi. • CRONQUIST A (1981) An Integrated System of
Classification of Flowering Plants Columbia University Press
New York USA. • CRONQUIST A (1988) The evolution and classification of
flowering plants 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden, New York • DAVIS PH & HEYWOOD V H (1973) Principles of Angiosperm
Taxonomy Robert Kreigen Publ. Co, New York • DUTTA S C (1988) Systematic Botany, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi
• ENDRESS P K (1994) Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of
Tropical Flowers: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge • ERDTMAN G (1952)m Pollen Morphology and Plant
Taxonomy, Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass • HEYWOOD V H & MOORE D M (Eds) (1984) Current
Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press, London • HUBER H (1977) The Treatment Of Monocotyledons in
Evolutionary System of Classification. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl: 285-
298 • HUTCHINSON J (1969) The Evolution and Phylogeny of
Flowering Plants Academic Press, London • HUTCHINSON J (1973) The Families of Flowering Plants
arranged according to a new system based on their phylogeny, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press Oxford
• JAIN S K (1989) Botanical Regions and flora of India
Everyman’s Science 24: 213-223 • LAM H J (1959) Taxonomy; general principles and angiosperms.
In WB Turill ed Vistas in botany Vol II pp. 3-75, Pergamon Press,
London • LAWRENCE GHM (1951) Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.
MacMillan, New York • NAIR PKK (1970) Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms: a
historical and phylogenetic study. Barnes and Noble, New York • PHILLIPSON WR (1975) Evolutionary lines within
Dicotyledons. New Zealand J.Bot. 13:73-91 • PORTER CL (1967) Taxonomy of Flowering Plants.
WH Freeman San Francisco • RADFORD AE, DICKENSON WC, MASSEY JR and
BELL CR (1974) Vascular plant systemics, Harper &
Row, New York
• SAHNI KC (2000) The Book of Indian Trees, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press Mumbai.
• SMITH PM (1976) The Chemotaxonomy of Plants. Edward Arnold London
• SNEATH PHA & SOKAL PR (1973) Numerical taxonomy, The principles and practice of
numerical classifications WH Freeman San Francisco. • STACE CA (1980) Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. London: Edward Arnold. • SWAIN T (Ed) (1966) Comparative photochemistry, Academic Press New York
• VALENTINE DH (ed) (1972) Taxonomy, Phytogeography Academic Press, London. • YOUNG DA and SEIGLER DS (eds) Phytochemistry and Angiosperm Phytochemistry,
Praeger Scientific New York.
ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M.SC. BOTANY SEMESTER III – Interdepartmental Elective
BO OE 9515 : HORTICULTURE
30 HR
Unit I Introduction to Horticulture
Branches, applications and significance.
1 hr
Unit II
Propagation structures
Types of propagation structures – green houses, polyhouses and their
uses in plant propagation.
3 hrs
Unit III
Plant propagation
Media for plant propagation. Techniques of plant propagation: cutting,
layering, grafting and budding
6 hrs
Unit IV
Management of plant nurseries
General layout and components of a nursery, types of nurseries.
Practices followed in a nursery - potting, seeding, manuring.
Irrigation and its types – drip irrigation and micro sprinklers.
6 hrs
Unit V
Entrepreneurship
A general account of cultivation, post-harvest care, processing,
packaging and marketing in floriculture, pomiculture and olericulture,
8 hrs
Unit VI
A brief account of organic farming, terrace gardening, vertical
gardening, landscaping, ikebana and bonsai techniques.
REFERENCES
• Poehlman, J.M., and Brothukar, I.B.H., 1998. Breeding of Asian
plants. I.B.H. New Delhi. • Singh, B.D.A 2000. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publ. New Delhi. . • Sharma, J.R. 1994. Plant breeding. T.M.H. Publ. Comp. New Delhi.
• Kumaresan V, 2001. Horticulture and Plant Breeding, Saras
publication.
• Sharma R R, Manish Srivastava 2000, Plant propagation and nursery
management • Hartman, H.J. et al. 1990. Plant propagation - Principles and
practices. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
• Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries, Techniques, production and
management. Indian Pub. New Delhi.
Please note:The Title of the paper has been changed from Plant
propagation and gardening to Horticulture
6 hrs
Recommended