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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: What is Psychotherapy?

Section 2:Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Therapy

Section 3: Cognitive and Behavior Therapies

Section 4:Biological Approaches to Treatment

Chapter Preview 1

Chapter Objectives · Section 1What is Psychotherapy?

Describe psychotherapy and how it is the general term for several approaches used to treat psychological disorders.

Chapter Preview 2

Chapter Objectives · Section 2Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Therapy

Explain how psychoanalysis is an analysis of the conscious and unconscious mind based on the theories of Sigmund Freud, while humanistic therapy is designed to help people reach their full potential.

Chapter Preview 3

Chapter Objectives · Section 3Cognitive and Behavior Therapies

Describe how cognitive and behavior therapies help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving.

Chapter Preview 4

Chapter Objectives · Section 4Biological Approaches to Treatment

Explain how biological approaches to treatment rely on methods such as medication, electric shock therapy, and surgery to help clients.

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-Main Idea

Main Idea

Psychotherapy is a general term for the several approaches used by mental health professionals to treat psychological disorders.

Section 1-Key Terms

Vocabulary

• psychotherapy

• eclectic approach

• placebo effect

• empathy

• group therapy

Section 1-Objectives

Objectives

• Explain the nature of psychotherapy.

• Describe the role of a therapist.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1-Polling Question

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Who do you talk to when you need to discuss your problems?

A. Parents

B. Friends

C. Relatives

D. Other

Section 1

The Nature of Psychotherapy

• Psychotherapy involves three things:

– Verbal interaction between a therapist and client.

– The development of a supportive and trusting relationship.

– An analysis by the therapist of the client’s problems.

Section 1

The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)

• One of the functions of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they are responsible for their own problems, and they are the only ones who can really solve them.

Dorothea Dix

Section 1

The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)

• The role of the therapist is to:

– help people examine their way of living.

– help them understand how their present way of living causes problems.

– help them start living in new, more beneficial ways.

Section 1

The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)

• There are many different kinds of therapy, and some therapists use an eclectic approach—a method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies.

• The primary goal of psychotherapy is to strengthen the patient’s control over his life.

Types of Psychotherapies

Section 1

The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)

• One of the most important factors in effective treatment is the patient’s belief or hope that he can change.

• The placebo effect—the influence that a patient’s hopes and expectations have on his or her improvement during therapy.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which is involved in psychotherapy?

A. Verbal interaction

B. Development of a supportive and trusting relationship

C. Analysis by the therapist of the clients problem

D. All of the above

Section 1

Who Are Therapists?

• Three characteristics found in effective therapists:

– Psychological health

– Empathy

– Experience

Kinds of Therapists

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1

A B C

0% 0%0%

Which do you think is the most important characteristic of an effective therapist?

A. Psychological health

B. Empathy

C. Experience

Section 1

Group Therapies

• Group therapy

• Advantages:

– The patient can see how other people are struggling with problems similar to her own.

– She can discover what other people think of her problem and vice versa.

– She can see people with similar problems recovering.

– One therapist can help a large number of people at a reduced cost.

Section 1

Group Therapies (cont.)

• In family therapy, the focus is on interaction among the family members.

• In a self-help group, people who share a particular problem can meet and help each other without the active involvement of a professional therapist.

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1

A B C

0% 0%0%

Which type of therapy do you think is most effective?

A. Group therapy

B. Self-help groups

C. Family therapy

Section 1

Does Psychotherapy Work?

• Hans Eysenck argued that psychotherapy does not work.

• Allen Bergin countered Eysenck’s review with an argument based on differences of opinion about how patients should be classified.

• Mary Lee Smith and Gene V. Glass found that therapy is generally more effective than no treatment at all.

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1

Do you think therapy can be effective?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Not sure

A B C

0% 0%0%

Section 1-End

Section 2-Main Idea

Main Idea

Psychoanalysis is an analysis of the conscious and unconscious mind based on the theories of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Humanistic therapy helps people reach their full potential.

Section 2-Key Terms

Vocabulary

• psychoanalysis

• insight

• free association

• resistance

• dream analysis

• transference

• humanistic therapy

• client-centered therapy

• nondirective therapy

• active listening

• unconditional positive regard

Section 2-Objectives

Objectives

• Describe psychoanalysis and its aims.

• Explain humanistic therapy and it goals.

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2-Polling Question

Do you think your dreams are worth interpreting?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Not sure

A B C

0% 0%0%

Section 2

What is Psychoanalysis?

• Psychoanalysis

– The apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem, or insight, is the understanding that a psychoanalysis should eventually bring.

Section 2

What is Psychoanalysis? (cont.)

• Psychoanalysis is a slow procedure (sometimes 600 sessions) that begins with a method called free association.

• This is a hard task for most patients, and may be met with resistance.

Section 2

What is Psychoanalysis? (cont.)

• Dream analysis

• Freud believed that dreams contain manifest and latent content:

– Manifest—what you remember about your dreams.

– Latent—hidden meaning represented symbolically in the dream that the therapist interprets from the manifest content.

Section 2

What is Psychoanalysis? (cont.)

• Transference

• Short-term dynamic psychotherapy is a shortened version of psychoanalysis, with a focus on a client’s problems.

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2

A B C

0% 0%0%

Which do you feel is the most successful method used in psychoanalysis?

A. Free association

B. Dream analysis

C. Transference

Section 2

Humanistic Therapy

• Humanistic therapy

• Client-centered therapy, the idea of Carl Rogers, reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy.

– This therapy depends on the person’s own motivation toward growth and actualization.

– The use of the word client as opposed to patient implies an equal relationship between client and therapist.

Section 2

Humanistic Therapy (cont.)

• The equal relationship reflects three components:

– Positive regard for the client.

– Empathy for the client.

– Genuineness toward the client.

Section 2

Humanistic Therapy (cont.)

• Techniques:

– Nondirective therapy

– Active listening

– The atmosphere is one of unconditional positive regard.

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2

A B C

0% 0%0%

Which technique of client-centered therapy do you think is the most valuable?

A. Nondirective therapy

B. Active listening

C. Unconditional positive regard

Section 2-End

Section 3-Main Idea

Main Idea

Cognitive and behavior therapies help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving.

Section 3-Key Terms

Vocabulary

• behavior modification

• cognitive therapy

• rational-emotive therapy (RET)

• behavior therapy

• systematic desensitization

• aversive conditioning

• contingency management

• token economy

• cognitive-behavior therapy

Section 3-Objectives

Objectives

• Describe cognitive therapies and their aims.

• Explain the processes and goals of behavior therapy.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3-Polling Question

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you think therapy should address your emotions or your behavior?

A. Emotions

B. Behavior

C. Both

D. Not sure

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy

• Behavior modification

• Cognitive therapy

– The goal of this type of therapy is to change the way people think.

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy (cont.)

• Basic assumptions these therapies share:

– Faulty cognitions distort our behaviors, attitudes, and emotions.

– They follow one or more of the following principles—

• Disconfirmation

• Reconceptualization

• Insight

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy (cont.)

• Albert Ellis developed rational-emotive therapy (RET)

• The goal of this therapy is to correct false and self-defeating beliefs.

Examples of Irrational Thinking

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy (cont.)

• Techniques used:

– Role playing

– Modeling

– Humor

– Persuasion

– Homework may be given

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy (cont.)

• Ellis liked to teach that behaviors are the result of ABCs.

• A—Activating event

• B—Belief

• C—Consequences

• A does not cause C, but instead B causes C.

Ellis’s ABCs

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy (cont.)

• The individual must take three steps to correct himself:

– He must realize that some of his assumptions are false.

– He must see that he is making himself disturbed by acting on false beliefs.

– He must work to break old habits of thought and behavior.

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy (cont.)

• Aaron T. Beck introduced another form of cognitive therapy similar to Ellis’, but with the focus on illogical thought processes.

– The clients are encouraged to engage in actual tests of their own beliefs.

– The goal is to change the way people think.

Beck’s Maladaptive Thought Patterns

Section 3

Cognitive Therapy (cont.)

• The therapist should determine the pace and direction of the therapy and help the client detect negative thinking patterns.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which term means working toward an alternative belief system to explain their experiences or current observations?

A. Disconfirmation

B. Reconceptualization

C. Insight

D. Activating

Section 3

Behavior Therapies

• Behavior therapy

• The reasons for the patient’s undesirable behavior are not important; what is important is changing the behavior.

• Counterconditioning is one technique used.

Section 3

Behavior Therapies (cont.)

• Three steps:

– The person builds an anxiety hierarchy with the least feared situation on the bottom and the most feared on top.

– The person learns deep muscle relaxation.

– The person imagines or experiences each step in the hierarchy, staring with the least anxiety-provoking situation, while learning to be relaxed.

Section 3

• Systematic desensitization

• The goal is to encourage people to imagine the feared situation while relaxing, thus extinguishing the fear response.

• Flooding refers to another treatment in which the therapist exposes the client to a feared object or situation.

Behavior Therapies (cont.)

Losing Fears

Section 3

• Modeling refers to teaching a client how to do something by watching someone else do it.

Behavior Therapies (cont.)

Section 3

• Aversive conditioning

• Operant conditioning is based on the assumption that behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated, whereas behavior that is not reinforced tends to be extinguished.

Behavior Therapies (cont.)

Section 3

• Contingency management

• A token economy may be used—desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects or points, which can be accumulated and exchanged for various rewards.

Behavior Therapies (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which term means exposing a client to a feared object or situation?

A. Flooding

B. Modeling

C. Averse conditioning

D. Token economy

Section 3

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

• Cognitive-behavior therapy

• Helps clients differentiate between serious, real problems and imagined or distorted problems.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What does cognitive-behavior therapy help clients with?

A. Differentiating between serious real problems and imagined or distorted problems

B. Planning ahead

C. Getting organized

D. All of the above

Section 3-End

Section 4-Main Idea

Main Idea

Biological approaches to treatment rely on methods such as medications, electric shock, and surgery to help clients.

Section 4-Key Terms

Vocabulary

• drug therapy

• antipsychotic drugs

• antidepressants

• lithium carbonate

• antianxiety drugs

• electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

• psychosurgery

• prefrontal lobotomy

Section 4-Objectives

Objectives

• Explain biological approaches to treatment.

• Give examples of treatment medicines and their effects on patients.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4-Polling Question

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you feel that drugs should be used to relieve the symptoms of some psychological problems?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Not sure

D. Sometimes

Section 4

Biological Therapy

• Biological approaches assume there is an underlying physiological reason for the disturbed behavior, faulty thinking, and inappropriate emotions.

• Drug therapy

Section 4

Biological Therapy (cont.)

• Four main types of psychoactive medications:

– Antipsychotic drugs

– Antidepressant drugs

– Lithium carbonate

– Antianxiety drugs

– Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Deinstitutionalization

Section 4

Biological Therapy (cont.)

• Other treatments include:

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

• Psychosurgery including a prefrontal lobotomy

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which medication is used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder?

A. Antidepressants

B. Lithium carbonate

C. Antianxiety

D. None of the above

Section 4-End

Figure 1

Types of PsychotherapiesThere are several types of therapies. The ones listed in this chart are commonly used methods.

Figure 2

Kinds of TherapistsSeveral groups of people practice psychotherapy. Not all of them have professional training in psychology.

Figure 3

Examples of Irrational ThinkingAlbert Ellis (1961) asserted that the irrational ideas we believe stand in the way of achieving lives that are free of anxiety.

Figure 4

Ellis’s ABCsMany cognitive therapists believe that our emotional reactions to situations are the result not of the situations but of our beliefs about the situations or our interpretations of the situations.

Figure 5

Beck’s Maladaptive Thought PatternsBeck believed that maladaptive thought patterns cause a distorted view of oneself and one’s world, leading to various psychological problems.

Figure 6

Losing FearsCounterconditioning techniques, such as systematic desensitization, are used to help people overcome their irrational fears and anxieties.

Figure 7

DeinstitutionalizationOver the past three decades the national policy has been one of deinstitutionalization. Deinstitutionalization refers to the release of patients from mental hospitals. These patients rejoin the community to attempt to lead independent lives.

Profile

Dorothea Dix1802–1887

“I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your

attention to the present state of Insane Persons

confined within this Commonwealth, in

cages, closets, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and

lashed into obedience!”

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What Makes a Good Therapist?

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Vocab1

psychotherapy: any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems

Vocab2

eclectic approach: method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies

Vocab3

placebo effect: the influence that a patient’s hopes and expectations have on his or her improvement during therapy

Vocab4

empathy: capacity for warmth and understanding

Vocab5

group therapy: patients work together with the aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems

Vocab6

psychoanalysis: therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior

Vocab7

insight: the apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem

Vocab8

free association: a method used to examine the unconscious; the patient is instructed to say whatever comes into his or her mind

Vocab9

resistance: the reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelings or to examine longstanding behavior patterns

Vocab10

dream analysis: a technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret the content of patients’ dreams

Vocab11

transference: the process, experienced by the patient, of feeling toward an analyst or therapist the way he or she feels or felt toward some other important figure in his or her life

Vocab12

humanistic therapy: focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person; holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one’s full potential

Vocab13

client-centered therapy: reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy

Vocab14

nondirective therapy: the free flow of images and ideas, with no particular direction

Vocab15

active listening: empathetic listening; a listener acknowledges, restates, and clarifies the speaker’s thoughts and concerns

Vocab16

unconditional positive regard: a therapist’s consistent expression of acceptance of the patient, no matter what the patient says and does

Vocab17

behavior modification: a systematic method of changing the way a person acts and feels

Vocab18

cognitive therapy: using thoughts to control emotions and behaviors

Vocab19

rational-emotive therapy (RET): a form of psychological help aimed at changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people

Vocab20

behavior therapy: changing undesirable behavior through conditioning techniques

Vocab21

systematic desensitization: a technique to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties

Vocab22

aversive conditioning: links an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior in an attempt to eliminate the behavior

Vocab23

contingency management: undesirable behavior is not reinforced, while desirable behavior is reinforced

Vocab24

token economy: desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects or points, which can be accumulated and exchanged for various rewards

Vocab25

cognitive-behavior therapy: based on a combination of substituting healthy thoughts for negative thoughts and beliefs and changing disruptive behaviors in favor of healthy behaviors

Vocab26

drug therapy: biological therapy that uses medications

Vocab27

antipsychotic drugs: medication to reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations by blocking the activity of dopamine in the brain; tranquilizers

Vocab28

antidepressants: medication to treat major depression by increasing the amount of one or both of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and serotonin

Vocab29

lithium carbonate: a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder

Vocab30

antianxiety drugs: medication that relieves anxiety and panic disorders by depressing the activity of the central nervous system

Vocab31

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): an electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance

Vocab32

psychosurgery: a medical operation that destroys part of the brain to make the patient calmer and freer of symptoms

Vocab33

prefrontal lobotomy: a radical form of psychosurgery in which a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is destroyed

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