Speaking Persuasively. AV Aids & Props Guidelines for the Ethical Use of Evidence

Speaking Speaking PersuasivelPersuasivel

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Speaking Speaking PersuasivelPersuasivel

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AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

Guidelines Guidelines for the for the

Ethical Use Ethical Use of of

EvidenceEvidence

Guidelines Guidelines for the for the

Ethical Use Ethical Use of of

EvidenceEvidence

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

1.Provide 1.Provide evidence evidence

from from credible credible

sources. sources.

1.Provide 1.Provide evidence evidence

from from credible credible

sources. sources.

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

2. Identify 2. Identify your your

sources of sources of evidenceevidence

2. Identify 2. Identify your your

sources of sources of evidenceevidence

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3. Use 3. Use evidence evidence

that can be that can be verified by verified by

expertsexperts

3. Use 3. Use evidence evidence

that can be that can be verified by verified by

expertsexperts

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

4. Be sure 4. Be sure that such that such evidence evidence has not has not

been been corruptedcorrupted

4. Be sure 4. Be sure that such that such evidence evidence has not has not

been been corruptedcorrupted

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5. 5. AcknowledgAcknowledg

e e disagreemedisagreements among nts among

expertsexperts

5. 5. AcknowledgAcknowledg

e e disagreemedisagreements among nts among

expertsexperts

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

6. Do not 6. Do not withhold withhold

important important informationinformation

6. Do not 6. Do not withhold withhold

important important informationinformation

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

7. Use 7. Use expertexpert

testimony testimony to establish to establish

factsfacts

7. Use 7. Use expertexpert

testimony testimony to establish to establish

factsfacts

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7B. Use 7B. Use prestigeprestige

testimony to testimony to enhance enhance

credibilitycredibility

7B. Use 7B. Use prestigeprestige

testimony to testimony to enhance enhance

credibilitycredibility

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7C. Use 7C. Use laylay testimony to testimony to

create create identificationidentification

7C. Use 7C. Use laylay testimony to testimony to

create create identificationidentification

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8. Quote or 8. Quote or paraphrase paraphrase accurately accurately

and in and in contextcontext

8. Quote or 8. Quote or paraphrase paraphrase accurately accurately

and in and in contextcontext

Common fallacies in logic

A. The slippery slope: arguing that one bad

thing will lead to many

Common fallacies in logic

B. Confusing fact and opinion: asserting opinions as if they

were facts

Common fallacies in logicC. The Red

Herring: Distracting

listeners with irrelevant

information

Common fallacies in logic

D. The Myth of the Mean: using a

statistical average to hide a problem

Common fallacies in logic

E. Flawed Statistical Comparison: using

percentage increases or decreases in a misleading way

Common fallacies in logic

F. The Ad Hominem fallacy: attacking people instead of

issues

Common fallacies in logic

G. Begging the Question: assuming as a done deal what has not yet been proven

Common fallacies in logic

H. The Shaky Principle: Basing an

argument on an unsound assumption

Common fallacies in logic

I. Omitted qualifiers: confusing

probability with certainty by leaving

out conditions

Common fallacies in logic

J. The Post Hoc fallacy: assuming that event A causes event

B just because B follows A

Common fallacies in logic

K. The Hasty Generalization: drawing

conclusions based on insufficient or non-

representative observations

Common fallacies in logic

L. The Non Sequitur: reasoning in which

principles are unrelated to each

other or to the conclusion

Common fallacies in logic

M.The faulty analogy: comparing things that

are dissimilar in significant ways

Common fallacies in logic

N. The Either-Or Fallacy: suggesting

to listeners that they have only two

options

Common fallacies in logic

O. The Straw Man fallacy: belittling or

trivializing otherwise convincing arguments

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

McGuire’s Five McGuire’s Five Steps to Steps to

PersuasionPersuasion

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

AwareneAwarenessss

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

UnderstandinUnderstandingg

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.AgreementAgreement

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.EnactmentEnactment

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.IntegrationIntegration

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

Winning Winning over a over a

reluctant reluctant audienceaudience

Winning Winning over a over a

reluctant reluctant audienceaudience

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

Establish Establish goodwill & goodwill & IdentificatiIdentificati

on earlyon early

Establish Establish goodwill & goodwill & IdentificatiIdentificati

on earlyon early

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Start with Start with areas of areas of

agreementagreement

Start with Start with areas of areas of

agreementagreement

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

Emphasize Emphasize explanatioexplanatio

n over n over argumentargument

Emphasize Emphasize explanatioexplanatio

n over n over argumentargument

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Cite Cite authorities authorities

your your audience audience

will will respectrespect

Cite Cite authorities authorities

your your audience audience

will will respectrespect

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

Set Set Modest Modest

Goals for Goals for ChangeChange

Set Set Modest Modest

Goals for Goals for ChangeChange

AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props

Make a Make a multisided multisided approachapproach

Make a Make a multisided multisided approachapproach

The Innoculation Effect

Arming your audience with the information and arguments that will help them withstand the arguments of opponents

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.Remind listeners Remind listeners what is at stakewhat is at stake

Moving an Audience to Action

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

Provide a clear, Provide a clear, specific plan of specific plan of

actionaction

Moving an Audience to Action

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

Visualize the Visualize the consequences of consequences of

acting or not acting or not actingacting

Moving an Audience to Action

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

Demonstrate that Demonstrate that you practice what you practice what

you preachyou preach

Moving an Audience to Action

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

Ask for a public Ask for a public commitment commitment

(think altar call)(think altar call)

Moving an Audience to Action

Advantages of Using

Presentation Aids

6. They add variety and

interest.

Make it easy for Make it easy for your audience to your audience to

take the first step; take the first step; people do not people do not change easilychange easily

Moving an Audience to Action