Soybean rust management using fungicides in central … · Soybean rust management using fungicides...

Soybean rust management using fungicides in central area of Santa Fe Province (Argentina)

in crop season 2004/2005.Antonio Ivancovich

INTA –National Institute of Agricultural TechnologyPergamino - Province of Buenos Aires -Argentina

Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y AlimentaciónInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria

Soybean in Argentina

Production

32.0 Millions of Tn

Argentina2003 / 2004

14.3 Millions of Hectares

35.3 Millions of Acres

Average Yield

2200 Kg/Hectare

32.7 Bushels/Acre

Argentina2004 / 2005

Millions of Hectares

Millions of Acres

Average Yield

Kg/Hectare

Bushels/Acre

Production

Millions of Tn

Soybean Production in Argentina (tn)

• 1965/70 21.860• 1975/79 1.756.000• 1995/96 12.600.000• 1997/98 18.800.000• 1999/00 20.600.000• 2000/01 24.000.000• 2001/02 30.000.000• 2002/03 36.000.000• 2003/04 32.000.000• 2004/05 3?.000.000

Soybean YieldAverage 19701624 Kg/Hectare24.1 Bushel/Acre

Average 20032.200 Kg/Hectare32.7 Bushel/Acre

Average 2004Kg/HectareBushel/Acre

4 %Northeast

91% of the soybeanproduction of Argentina is concentrated in the so called Pampa Húmeda (Humid Pampa)

5% Northwest

Región Pampeana

NOA

NEA

Región Pampeana

NOA

NEA

Argentina:

8 – 10 % = 3.000.000 Tn.= …$?

World yield losses due to soybean diseases

10-15%

Soybean Diseases in Argentina

Sclerotinia Stem Rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorumSudden Death Syndrome Fusarium solani

f.sp. glycinesStem Canker Phomopsis phaseoli

var. meridionalis

Soybean Diseases in Argentina

Brown Stem Rot Phialophora gregata

Phytophthora Rot Phytophthora sojae

Charcoal Rot Macrophomina phaseolina

Sclerotium Blight Sclerotium rolfsii

Anthracnose Colletotrichum truncatum

Rhizoctonia Blight Rhizoctonia solani

Late-Season Soybean Diseases

Brown Spot Septoria glycines

Cercospora Blight andLeaf Spot

Cercospora kikuchii

Frogeye Leaf Spot Cercospora sojina

SOYBEAN RUSTIN ARGENTINA

NATIONAL PROJECT OF SOYBEAN RUSTINTA ARGENTINA

(National Institute for Agricultural Technology)

PARTICIPANTSPlant PathologistsProvinces

• Buenos Aires - Córdoba• Entre Ríos - Corrientes• Chaco – La Pampa

Collaborators

• INTAProvinces

• Misiones - Chaco• Corrientes - Formosa• Santa Fe – Córdoba• Entre Ríos – Buenos

Aires• Salta - Tucumán

Collaborators

INTAProvinces

• Salta• Tucumán• Entre Ríos• Santa Fe• Córdoba

Objectives of the Project

• 1- To survey soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Asian form) andPhakopsora meibomiae (American form), in Argentina.

• 2- To review available information on rustaround the world and in Argentina.

Objectives of the Project

• 3- To develop tolerant and resistant cultivars.

• 4- To develop a soybean rust managementsystem to reduce the disease incidence.

A – On soybean crops-Farmer plots-Field trials and National Network of SoybeanCultivar Evaluation.

B- On alternative hosts of Soybean Rust.

1- Surveys for soybean rust detectionObjective: Detection of soybean rust

RESULTS

A- Soybean Rust detection in Argentina2003: Only in two fields in the northeast

region.2004: In most of the soybean producing

provinces.2005: In all of the soybean producing

provinces.

Molecular studies (PCR) carried out by Eduardo Guillin from INTAallowed the identification of(Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in all thesoybean samples.

RESULTS

RESULTSb- On Alternative Hosts

2003, 2004 and 2005: Soybean rust wasdetected on Kudzu only in the province ofMisiones.

2005: Soybean rust was detected on volunteersoybean plants collected in the main soybeanregion of Argentina, during and after the winter.

2- Information on Soybean Rust

Objectives- To share the information available on soybean rustand its management strategies.

- To train researchers and extensionists in the fieldand laboratory diagnose of soybean rust.

RESULTS

2- Information on Soybean Rust

- Workshops were carried out around the soybeanproduction area of Argentina.

- Public and private researchers and extensionistswere trained in field and laboratory diagnose ofsoybean rust.

3- Genetic BreedingObjective-To develop tolerant and resistant cultivars.

Activities- Tolerant cultivars were identified under natural

infection conditions on the field.

4- Cultural ManagementObjective-To develop a soybean rust management system

to reduce the disease incidence.

Activities-Fungicide field trials. Published in:www.inta.gov.ar/pergamino/novedades.htm

-Cultural management trials (planting date, typeof cultivars, et.)

Symptoms on soybean leaf

Symptoms on soybean leaf

Symptoms on soybean leaf

Symptoms on Kudzu

Symptoms on Kudzu

Cajanus - Cajanus cajan (with rust))

Cajanus - Cajanus cajan (without rust))

Kudzu - Pueraria lobata with rust)

Kudzu - Pueraria lobata without rust

Mucuna - Styzolobium niveum (with rust)

Mucuna – Styzolobium niveum (without rust)

Specific determination of Phakopsora spp. In the Northeast region of Argentina1 and 2: Soybean (RECSO-INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)3: Cajanus (Cajanus cajanus) (INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)4: Mucuna (Styzolobium niveum ) (INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)5- Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) (INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)6: Soybean (Gobernador Virasoro, Corrientes)7: Phakposora pachyrhizi (lab. Dr. Frederick); 8: P. meibomiae (lab. Dr. Frederick); 9: Blank (no DNA).

Ppa1,2 and Pme1,2 are specificmarkers for P. pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae, respectively.All the samples showed bandssimilar to the primers Ppa1,2. These results indicate thepresence of Asian rust in thesoybean and the alternativehost samples from theprovinces of Misiones andCorrientes.

Ppa1,2 Primer Pair

Ppm1,2 Primer Pair

Urediniosore of Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Urediniospores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones – Breeding for soybean rust

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

Symptoms of Downy Mildew on soybean

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)

Urediniosores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Urediniosores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones – Rust on Kudzu

INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones – Rust on Kudzu

Roya de la Soja

Roya de la Soja

Severidad 80%

Síntomas de roya en Kudzu

Pústula

Pústula

Roya de la Soja (vista de pústulas bajo lupa de mesa)

Pústula

Urediniosporas

Roya de la Soja

Urediniosporas

Roya de la Soja

Roya de la Soja

Urediniosporas

Situación de la roya de la sojaen la Argentina durante el

ciclo 2004-2005

Soybean Rust in Argentina - 2003

Provinceof Misiones

Province of Corrientes

Soybean Rust in Argentina - 2004

Source: SINAVIMO

Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Abril de 2005

Source: Sinavimo

Soybean Rust in Argentina - 2005

-Low severity of SR in the main soybean regionof Argentina was favored by early planting andthe use of varieties of group III and IV.Both situations allowed the escape of thesoybean to the favorable weather conditions forSR.

Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Diciembre de 2004

Soybean Rust in Argentina – December 2004

Source: Sinavimo

Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Enero de 2005Soybean Rust in Argentina – January 2005

Source: Sinavimo

Source: Sinavimo

Soybean Rust in Argentina – February 2005

Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Marzo de 2005

Source: Sinavimo

Soybean Rust in Argentina – March 2005

Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Abril de 2005

Source: Sinavimo

Soybean Rust in Argentina – April 2005

R410%

R1/R21%

R711%

R531%

R639%

R81%

R37%

Otros81%

Phenological stages of soybean at thetime of SR detection (in percentage)

Source: Sinavimo

273

196

8 8 94

diciembre enero febrero marzo abril mayo

meses

cant

idad

den

unci

as re

cibi

das

Distribución de las denuncias de roya de la soja

Source: Sinavimo

Date of SR detection in Argentina – 2004/2005

December January February March April May

2004 2005

Num

bero

fSR

det

ectio

ns

Province December January February March April May TOTALBuenos Aires 10 35 1 46Córdoba 13 52 1 66Corrientes 6 2 7 4 2 21Chaco 1 1 1 24 2 29Entre Ríos 124 10 134Formosa 4 4Jujuy 2 2La Pampa 3 3Misiones 1 1Salta 11 26 37Santa Fe 1 1 109 30 141Santiago del Estero 5 1 6

Tucumán 1 7 8

SR detection during December 2004 – May 2005

Souvce: Sinavimo

• During the 2004-2005 soybean season SR was detected in all the soybean regions of Argentina, but in the south areaof province of Buenos Aires.

• Since usually the causal agent of SR can not overwinter in most part of the main soybean region of Argentina theactual source of inoculum for the country is southern Braziland Paraguay.

• The incidence and severity of SR in Argentina will dependon the favorable weather conditions for the disease in both, Argentina and southern Brazil.

• During 2003-2004 the weather conditonswere favorable for SR in Brazil andParaguay but were unfavorable in Argentina.

• During 2004-2005 the weather conditonswere favorable for SR in Argentina butunfavorable in Brazil and Paraguay.

• La aplicación de fungicidas foliares apenas se detecten los primeros síntomas se constituye en una herramienta factible de ser utilizada para minimizar los daños causados por la roya.

• Si las condiciones favorables para la enfermedad persisten durante un tiempo prolongado pueden ser necesarias varias aplicaciones.

• Diversos fungicidas han sido mencionados como efectivos. Entre estos se encuentran los triazoles, de acción curativa, como cyproconazole, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, etc., las estrobilurinas, de acción preventiva, como azoxistrobina, pyraclostrobin, y trifloxystrobin, y las mezclas de estrobilurinas con triazoles.

Aplicaciones preventivas cuando se detecta la enfermedad en lotes cercanos

Ventajas: Mayor disponibilidad de equipos de aplicación de fungicidas. Si el cultivo está en estadío R3 avanzado o en R4, puede evitarse una segunda aplicación, si el cultivar es de grupo III o IV corto.

Aplicaciones preventivas cuando se detecta la enfermedad en el lote en consideración

Ventajas: Si el cultivo está en estadío R3 avanzado o en R4, puede evitarse una segunda aplicación, si el cultivar es de grupo III o IV corto.

Desventajas: Si la detección no es temprana y los síntomas son avanzados pierde eficiencia la aplicación del fungicida.

Manejo integrado de la roya de la soja en la Argentina

• -Monitoreo intensivo de la enfermedad durante el período reproductivo del cultivo de soja.

• -Diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad. • -Uso de variedades de buen comportamiento frente la enfermedad.• -Uso racional de fungicidas preventivos y/o curativos.• -Eliminación de hospedantes alternativos y plantas guachas de

soja.• -Siembras tempranas y/o de grupos cortos que permitan el escape

del cultivo a las condiciones ambientales favorables para la enfermedad.

• -DIVERSIFICACION: Fechas de siembra, tipo de cultivar (grupos).

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

ivancovich@pergamino.inta.gov.ar

www.inta.gov.ar

Diagnóstico rápido de roya de la sojaMétodo de las “tiritas” (Opción 1)

Se coloca la hoja a analizar en una bolsita especial y se le agrega una solución buffer

Se macera el tejido con unpalillo de madera

Se vierte el líquido obtenido en un microtubo (Eppendorf)

Diagnóstico rápido de roya de la sojaMétodo de las “tiritas” (Opción 2)

Se extrae un disco del tejido foliar a analizar con la tapita delmicrotubo (Eppendorf) y se coloca dentro del mismo.

Se agrega la solución buffer y se macera el tejido con un palillo de madera. Finalmente se coloca la tirita en el microtubo.

A los 20 minutos se hace la lectura, donde la línea roja superior (A) (control) indica que el método funciona y la línea roja inferior (B) indica que la reacción es positiva para roya de la soja.Resultado: Muestras 4 y 6 positivas y muestra 1 negativa.

(A)

B

Fungicide evaluation for soybean rust control in Argentina.Antonio Ivancovich (1), Eduardo Zini (2), Grisela Botta (1) andMiguel Mendez (2)(1) INTA Pergamino, Argentina (2) INTA El Sombrerito–Corrientes, Argentina.

Results published in: www.inta.gov.ar/pergamino/novedades.htm

OBJECTIVEEvaluation of fungicides to control soybean rust caused by Phakopsorapachyrhizi, under field conditions in Argentina.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Location of the field trial: Colonia Liebig, province of Corrientes, Argentina.GPS S27° 50' 56,2'‘ W: 55° 53' 11,4''

Randomized block design with three replications.

Plots were 4 rows, 20 meters long.

MATERIALS AND METHODSDates of fungicide application: March 18 (R3) and April 25 (R6).

Tejeet 8002. Double flat fan nozzles.

180 lts of water/hectare.

45 pounds (psi).

-Evaluation of disease severity: Percentage of leaves withsymptoms at R3, R6 and R7 growth stage (Fehr`s scale)

(0 – 100%).

Treatments Brand name/Company Dosecc/ha

Growth stage(*)

Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole

Sphere/Bayer

300 R 3

Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole

Sphere/Bayer

300 R 3 + R 6

Myclobutanil Rally/Dow 500 R 3

Myclobutanil Rally/Dow 500 R 3 + R6

Fenbuconazole Indar/Dow 500 R 3

Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole

Opera/Basf 500 R 3

Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole

Opera/Basf 500 R 3 + R6

Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim

Opera/Basf+

Duett/Basf

500 +300

R 3

Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim

Opera/Basf+

Duett/Basf

500 +300

R 3 + R6

NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 565 +375

R 3

NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 565 +375

R 3 + R6

NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 750 +500

R 3

NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 750 +500

R 3 + R6

*Fehr Scale

Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes - Argentina

Treatments Brand name/Company Dose cc/ha Growth stage(*)

A -1677 SC Crompton Dosis 1 R 3

A -1677 SC Crompton Dosis 1 R 3 +R6

A -1677 SC Crompton Dosis 2 R 3

Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole

Amistar Extra +Nimbus/Syngenta

300 + 1000 R3

Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole

Amistar Extra +Nimbus/Syngenta

300 + 1000 R3 + R6

Tebuconazole Genbra 290 R 3

Difenoconazole Genbra 300 R 3

Hexaconazole Genbra 400 R 3

Tebuconazole +Carbendazim

Genbra 290 +500

R 3

Difenoconazole + Carbendazim

Genbra 300 + 500 R 3

Hexaconazole +Carbendazim

Genbra 400 +500

R 3

Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes - Argentina

*Fehr Scale

Treatments Brand name/Company Dose cc/ha Growth stage(*)

Tetraconazole Domark 10/Sipcam

400 R 3

Tetraconazole Domark 10/Sipcam

600 R 3

Tetraconazole Domark 10/Sipcam

800 R 3

Triadimefon Xenor/CAS 350 R3

Triadimefon Xenor/CAS 350 R3 + R6

Triadimefon + Coady.

Xenor/CAS + Coady. 350 + 250 R3

Triadimefon +Carbendazim

Xenor + Barrier/CAS

350 + 1000 R3

Triadimefon + Carbendazim+Coady.

Xenor + Barrier+Coady./

CAS

350+1000 + 250

R3

Triadimefon Xenor/CAS 500 R3

CHECK ------- ----- -----

Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes - Argentina

*Fehr Scale

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004

Treatments Dosecc/ha

Growth stage(*)

Rust severity(**)

4-21 R6

Rust severity(**)

5-4 R7Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole

300 R 3 10 17

Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole

300 R 3 + R 6 10 8

Myclobutanil 500 R 3 12 30

Myclobutanil 500 R 3 + R6 12 17

Fenbuconazole 500 R 3 12 ND

Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole

500 R 3 7 10

Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole

500 R 3 + R6 7 5

Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim

500 +300

R 3 7 10

Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim

500 +300

R 3 + R6 7 5

CHECK ----- ----- 41 65

(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data

Treatments Dosis cc/ha

Growth stage(*)

Rust severity(**)

4-21 R6

Rust severity(**)

5-4 R7NS126 + MKH 913 565 +

375 R 3 6 10

NS126 + MKH 913 565 +375

R 3 + R6 6 5

NS126 + MKH 913 750 +500

R 3 8 10

NS126 + MKH 913 750 +500

R 3 + R6 8 5

A -1677 SC Dosis 1 R 3 18 20

A -1677 SC Dosis 1 R 3 +R6 18 17

A -1677 SC Dosis 2 R 3 11 ND

Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole 300 + 1000 R3 9 10

Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole 300 + 1000 R3 + R6 9 5

CHECK ----- ----- 41 65

Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004

(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data

Treatments Dosiscc/ha

Growth stage(*)

Rust severity(**)

4-21 R6

Rust severity (**)5-4 R7

Tebuconazole 290 R 3 12 ND

Difenoconazole 300 R 3 10 ND

Hexaconazole 400 R 3 13 ND

Tebuconazole +Carbendazim

290 +500

R 3 7 ND

Difenoconazole + Carbendazim 300 + 500 R 3 8 ND

Hexaconazole +Carbendazim

400 +500

R 3 9 ND

Tetraconazole 400 R 3 12 ND

Tetraconazole 600 R 3 8 ND

Tetraconazole 800 R 3 8 ND

CHECK ----- ----- 41 65

Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004

(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data

Treatments Dosiscc/ha

Growth stage(*)

Rust severity(**)

4-21 R6

Rust severity (**)5-4 R7

Triadimefon 350 R3 15 30

Triadimefon 350 R3 + R6 15 10

Triadimefon + Coadyuvante

350 + 250 R3 16 ND

Triadimefon + Carbendazim 350 + 1000 R3 18 ND

Triadimefon + Carbendazim +Coadyuvante

350 +1000 + 250

R3 9 ND

Triadimefon 500 R3 16 ND

CHECK ----- ----- 41 65

Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004

(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

TheThe testedtested fungicidesfungicides werewere efficientefficient totocontrol control soybeansoybean rustrust. . TheThe diseasedisease severityseveritywaswas reducedreduced more more thanthan 80% in 80% in relationrelationtoto thethe check check plotsplots..

Double treatments kept rust severity at lowlevels until R7 growth stage. Some of thetreatments had very good residual effect.

These results show the efficientcontrol of soybean rust through theuse of fungicide.

Considerations for an efficient use offungicide to control soybean rust in Argentina

AlternativeAlternative 11PreventativePreventative applicationapplication atat R3 R3 growthgrowth

stagestage..

AdvantagesAdvantages: : AvailabilityAvailability ofof fungicidefungicide andandequipmentsequipments toto applyapply thethe fungicidefungicide..

DisadvantagesDisadvantages: : IfIf farmersfarmers do do notnot havehave enoughenoughfungicidefungicide forfor a a secondsecond applicationapplication theythey may may notnot havehaveitit whenwhen theythey reallyreally needneed itit..

Alternative 2Preventative application when thedisease is detected nearby.

Advantages:AvailabilityAvailability ofof fungicidefungicide andand equipmentequipment toto applyapplythethe fungicidefungicide..

If the disease appears when soybeans are in R3 or R4 growth stage a second application could be avoided(with cultivars of groups III and IV).

Alternative 3

Application of fungicide when thedisease is detected in the field underconsiderationAdvantages:

If the disease appears when soybeans are in R3 or R4 growth stage a second application could be avoided(with cultivars of group III and IV).

Disadvantages:

If the detection is not early enough fungicideapplication it is not efficient.

Final considerations

Integrated management is the most efficienttool to control soybean rust.

-Use of resistant varieties when they be available.-Use of fungicide.-DIVERSIFICATION: Different planting dates, and different group of cultivars.

Field fungicide trial to control soybean rustCol. Liebig – Corrientes (2004)

Field fungicide trial to control soybean rustCol. Liebig – Corrientes (2004)

Field fungicide trial to control soybean rustCol. Liebig – Corrientes (2004)

Rust Severity - Check 65%

Soybean Rust in Reconquista (Province of Santa Fe, Argentina)

Treated with fungicide

Treated with fungicide

Non Treated