Sem 2 Review LSHS Science Department, 2015. 1. In a cat, the gene for black fur (B) is dominant...

Sem 2 ReviewLSHS Science Department, 2015

1. In a cat, the gene for black fur (B) is dominant while the gene for white

fur (b) is recessive. a. What are the possible combinations of genes in the

offspring of two heterozygous black cats

(Bb)?

Meiosis/Genetics (CA Standards 2g, 3a-b)

B b

B

b ?

? ?

?

a. What are the possible combinations of genes in

the offspring of two heterozygous black

cats (Bb)?

B b

B

b

BB Bb

Bb bb

b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the

offspring of one homozygous white cat (bb) and one

heterozygous black cat (Bb)?

B

b ??

??

bb

b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the

offspring of one homozygous white cat (bb) and one

heterozygous black cat (Bb)?

b b

B

b

Bb Bb

bb bb

2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same

trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait?

2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same

trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait?

-Organisms may be homozygous dominant or heterozygous, but express same phenotype.

3. Dog fur color is controlled by a gene that comes in a dominant form (G) or a

recessive form (g). Eye color is also controlled by another gene that comes in a dominant form (B) or a recessive form

(b).

Two dogs with the following genotypes were bred: Ggbb x GgBB

a. What are the possible phenotypes for fur color of their offspring?

3a. What are the possible phenotypes for fur color of their

offspring? Ggbb x GgBB

Gene Trait

G Golden Fur

g Black Fur

B Brown Eyes

b Blue Eyes

G g

G

g

GG Gg

Gg gg

a. 75% Golden Fur (GG, Gg), 25% Black Fur (gg)

3b. What are the possible phenotypes for eye color of their

offspring? Gene Trait

G Golden Fur

g Black Fur

B Brown Eyes

b Blue Eyes

B B

b

b

?? ??

?? ??NEXT….

100% Brown Eyes (Bb)

b. What are the possible phenotypes for eye

color of their offspring? Gene Trait

G Golden Fur

g Black Fur

B Brown Eyes

b Blue Eyes

B B

b

b

Bb Bb

Bb Bb

4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells

have only one factor for each inherited trait.

This hypothesis is supported by the observation that during the formation of sex cells, a process called , gametes with one set of chromosomes are formed, also known as

cells.

4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells

have only one factor for each inherited

trait.This hypothesis is supported by the observation that

during the formation of sex cells, a process called Meiosis , gametes with one set of chromosomes are

formed, also known as Haploid cells.

5. The following diagram represents which two

processes?

5. The following diagram represents which two

processes?

_Segregation_ (or the separating of chromosomes)_Recombination____ (the random combining of chromosomes)

6 List the most likely order of succession following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens,

Mosses, Trees.

Ecology (CA Standards 6a-f)

6 List the most likely order of succession following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens,

Mosses, Trees.

Lichens/mosses ➔ grasses ➔ shrubs ➔ trees

7. What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic

factors of an ecosystem?

Biotic – living things in an ecosystemEx Squirrel, tree, grass, etc.

Abiotic – Non-living things in an ecosystemEx Sun, wind, rocks, etc.

7. What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic factors of an

ecosystem?

8. Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this

transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these

newer communities replaced the older communities was that the

( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of the ( habitat / population )

changed.

8. Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this

transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these

newer communities replaced the older communities was that the

( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of the ( habitat / population )

changed.

9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and predator to native birds.

Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible

reasons that could have increased the snake numbers (reasons for change in population size).

The snakes have few effective predators since they were not

originally part of the ecosystem!

9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and

predator to native birds. Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible

reasons that could have increased the snake numbers (reasons for change in population size).

10. In the Carbon Cycle, which processes return the largest amount

of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere?

Respiration Combustion

10. In the Carbon Cycle, which processes return the largest

amount of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere?

11. Combustion or burning of plant material returns the

element ?? primarily to the ?? .

11. Combustion or burning of plant material returns the

element Carbon primarily to the

atmosphere.

12. Draw arrows to match the following population changes to the correct

explanation for this change.

Population increasing birth rate = death rate

Population decreasing birth rate > death ratePopulation remains steady emigration > immigration

12. Draw arrows to match the following

population changes to the correct explanation

for this change.

Population decreasing birth rate > death ratePopulation remains steady emigration > immigrationPopulation increasing birth rate = death rate

13. What is demonstrated by the

Carrying Capacity shown in the graph

below?

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can

support or the ecosystem’s ability to sustain a stable population of

organisms.

13. What is demonstrated by the Carrying Capacity shown

in the graph below?

14. Which community below has more biodiversity?

Community A

Community B

14. Which community below has more biodiversity?

Community A

15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural

disaster? Why?

15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural

disaster? A Why? More diversity = better chance for

survival of at least some organisms if a natural disaster

occurred.

16. Circle all of the following that would most likely be found at the top

of an energy pyramid? Why?

sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans

16. Circle all of the following that would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid? sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans

Why? carnivores at the top

17. Consumers release ________gas, which is

required by ____________(commonly called

plants).

17. Consumers release Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas,

which is required by Producers (commonly

called plants).

18. What percentage of available energy is passed

from one trophic level to the next in an energy pyramid?

Explain what happens to the rest of the energy that is

not passed on…

10%

18. What percentage of available energy is passed

from one trophic level to the next in an

energy pyramid? Explain what

happens to the rest of the energy that is

not passed on…The other 90% of the energy is lost as heat at each level. This is the amount of energy that is used by the organisms during photosynthesis and respiration.

19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary

consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the lake if the Daphnia are killed with

pesticides?

Circle increase or decrease:The Spirogyra will increase or decrease

The Daphnia will increase or decrease

The sunfish will increase or decrease

The bass will increase or decrease

19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary

consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the

lake if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides?

Circle increase or decrease:The Spirogyra will increase or decreaseWHY? With the Daphnia gone they don’t have a

predator!!

The Daphnia will increase or decreaseWHY? Told in the question that pesticides killed them!

The sunfish will increase or decreaseWHY? They don’t have the Daphnia to eat

The bass will increase or decrease WHY? They don’t have the sunfish to eat

20. What is genetic drift?

Give 2 examples of how it can occur.

Evolution (CA Standards 7a-d, 8a-e)

Changes in a gene pool due to RANDOM or CHANCE

events

20. What is genetic drift?

Give 2 examples of how it can occur.

1. Founder Effect (new population started by a small group) and

2. Bottleneck Effect (natural disasters)

21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a population living in a habitat that does not

change for a long period of time?

Decreases the diversity of the population/gene pool.

21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a population living in a habitat that does not

change for a long period of time?

22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift?

a. a species of fish evolving with greater speed over time to evade predators

b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it has evolved a thicker coat over timer

c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla population

22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift?a. a species of fish evolving with greater

speed over time to evade predatorsb. a rhino breeding more successfully

because it has evolved a thicker coat over timer

c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla population

23. What is Natural Selection?

23. What is Natural Selection?

Organisms that are better suited (adaptations) to their environment will survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are not well suited for their environment.

24. In terms of natural selection, genetic traits are passed on by better adapted organisms which also

a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit” organisms.

b. tend to take resources from “less fit” organisms.

c. tend to have a longer lifespan than “less fit” organisms.

24. In terms of natural selection, genetic traits are passed on by better adapted organisms which also a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit”

organisms.b. tend to take resources from “less fit”

organisms.c. tend to have a longer lifespan than

“less fit” organisms.

25. What is reproductive

isolation?

25. What is reproductive

isolation?

Individuals/populations of the same species are prevented from reproducing with each

other

26. What is geographic isolation?

26. What is geographic isolation?

Individuals/populations of the same species cannot

reproduce due to geographic barriers

27. What is temporal isolation?

27. What is temporal isolation?

Individuals/population of the same species cannot reproduce due to

different mating seasons

28. A significant source of variation in a gene pool is ________ .

28. A significant source of variation in a gene

pool is/aremutations .

29. While SOME mutations CAN cause

harm, MOST mutations

( cause no harm / benefit people )

29. While SOME mutations CAN cause

harm, MOST mutations

( cause no harm / benefit people )

30. Mutations within a DNA sequence are (natural / unnatural) processes that produce (different phenotypes/ genetic diversity ).

30. Mutations within a DNA sequence are (natural / unnatural) processes that produce (different phenotypes/genetic diversity).

31. Complete the following 3 parts of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

– More individuals are produced than can ( survive / emerge )

– There is genetic ( consistency / variation ) among individuals in a population

– Individuals within a population must compete for ( predators / resources )

31. Complete the following 3 parts of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.– More individuals are produced than can

( survive / emerge )– There is genetic ( consistency / variation

) among individuals in a population– Individuals within a population must

compete for ( predators / resources )

32. How often do new mutations occur in a

gene pool?

32. How often do new mutations occur in a

gene pool?

-Constantly.-Some are good, some bad, and some have no effect.

Quaternary?

Cretaceous?

Triassic?

33. According to this chart, which group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during each of the following period?

Quaternary?

LizardsCretaceous

?Lizards Triassic?

Dinosaurs

33. According to this chart, which group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during each of the following period?

34. Finding a large number of dinosaur fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock but not in the newer layers above it would indicate that perhaps a

?? took place.

34. Finding a large number of dinosaur fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock but not in the newer layers above it would indicate that perhaps a Mass Extinctiontook place.

35. After a mass extinction, what is likely

to occur?

35. After a mass extinction, what is likely

to occur?

Those species that survive will adapt and evolve and

increase in number

36. Why has life on earth continued despite major catastrophes?

Answer: A wide of existed.

36. Why has life on earth continued despite

major catastrophes?

Answer: A wide Diversity of Species existed.

37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect

rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it.

Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible

to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a

rabbit that is least likely to survive?

Hint: Focus on the Order

of Dominance

at the bottom of diagram!!

37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect

rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it.

Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible

to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a

rabbit that is least likely to survive?

Hint: Focus on the Order of Dominance at the bottom of diagram!!

chc

38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes the death of the young

before they are born. In order for this disease to be passed to future

progeny, the genotypes of the parent sharks must be

. Why?

38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes the death of the young

before they are born. In order for this disease to be passed to future

progeny, the genotypes of the parent sharks must be Heterozygous, Rr .

Why?

-Disease is recessive, rr

R r

R

r

?? ??

?? rr

39. In natural selection, an organism with favorable ( acquired traits / genetic

variations ) will tend to survive and

(breed / live ) successfully.

39. In natural selection, an organism with favorable ( acquired traits / genetic

variations ) will tend to survive and

(breed / live ) successfully.

40. Surviving families of organisms most likely ( acquired / inherited )

advantageous ( variations / resources ).

40. Surviving families of organisms most likely ( acquired / inherited )

advantageous ( variations / resources ).

41. What happens when the data in an investigation

do NOT support the original hypothesis?

41. What happens when the data in an investigation

do NOT support the original hypothesis?

The hypothesis has to be revised.

42. When enough experimental data

support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a (n) .

42. When enough experimental data

support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a (n) .

theory

43. Based on the experimental results graph

to the right.At which two times of day was the temperature the

same?

43. Based on the experimental results graph

to the right.At which two times of day was the temperature the

same?

10 am10pm

44. Label the parts of the

DNA molecule to the right.

DNA & Protein Synthesis (Cell Biology 1d, Genetics 4a-e & 5a-c)

44. Label the parts of the DNA molecule to the right.

A, B, C, D=Base Pairs

E=Alternating Phosphate and

Sugar molecules

F=Nucleotide

45. Do all cells in a person contain the

same DNA sequence?

45. Do all cells in a person contain the

same DNA sequence?YES!!

46. Do all cells express the same

genes?

46. Do all cells express the same

genes?No.

47. If all cells of a multicellular organism

contain the same genes, explain how they appear and function differently?

47. If all cells of a multicellular organism

contain the same genes, explain how they appear and

function differently?

-cells only transcribe those portions

of genes that they need

48. Describe the nitrogen base-pairing

rules for DNA.

48. Describe the nitrogen base-pairing

rules for DNA.

G with CA with T

49. The process of information encoded

in DNA being

rewritten as mRNA is called

.

Transcription

49. The process of information encoded

in DNA being

rewritten as mRNA is called

.

50.  Determine the mRNA sequence that would be produced from this original template DNA strand.

DNA = 5`ATG-GCT-A 3`mRNA= ?

50.  Determine the mRNA sequence that would be produced from this original template DNA strand.

DNA = 5`ATG – GCT - A 3`mRNA=3 U A C C GA U 5’

51. What are the 4 main differences

between DNA and RNA?

51. What are the 4 main differences between DNA and

RNA?DNA RNA

Shape Double Helix Linear

Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose

BasesLocation

GCATNucleus

GCAUNucleus/

Cytoplasm

52. The process of cells using information

from mRNA to produce

proteins is called_ .

52. The process of cells using information

from mRNA to produce

proteins is called_ . Translation

53. Label each of

the parts in the

diagram to the right.

53. Label each of the parts in the diagram

to the right.

A. Polypeptide/Protein

B. Peptide Bond

C. tRNA

D. AminoAcid

E. codon

F. Protein

G. rRNA

54. What type of bonds connect amino

acids to produce a protein?

54. What type of bonds connect amino acids to

produce a protein?Peptide Bonds

Polypeptide/Protein

55. Which amino acids would the

mRNA sequence

UCA-AUG-GAG produce?

55. Which amino acids would the

mRNA sequence

UCA-AUG-GAG produce?

SER-MET- GLU

56. List all mRNA codons that code for

the amino acid alanine.

56. List all mRNA codons that code for

the amino acid alanine.

GCUGCCGCAGCG

57. What is the reason for so many different proteins

existing, when

there are only 20 amino acids?

57. What is the reason for so many different proteins

existing, when

there are only 20 amino acids?

-Each protein is made from a different combination and number of

amino acids.

58. Define mutation:

58. Define mutation:

-A natural process that produces genetic diversity.

59. What are 2 types of mutations?

59. What are 2 types of mutations?

PointFrameshift

60. What are some possible causes of

mutations?

60. What are some possible causes of

mutations?

Over exposure to UV light, smoking, drinking, x-rays,

genetics

61. What could happen as a result of

a mutation?

61. What could happen as a result of a mutation?The amino acid

sequence can change and a different

protein expressed.

NORMAL Sickle Cell

62. Inserting foreign DNA into an organism

is known as .

62. Inserting foreign DNA into an organism

is known as .

Genetic Engineering

63. Give an example of how the process

above can be beneficial.

63. Give an example of how the process

above can be beneficial.

1. To make medicine

2. To make new and better plants and animals

3. To cure diseases