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Sem 2 ReviewLSHS Science Department, 2015
1. In a cat, the gene for black fur (B) is dominant while the gene for white
fur (b) is recessive. a. What are the possible combinations of genes in the
offspring of two heterozygous black cats
(Bb)?
Meiosis/Genetics (CA Standards 2g, 3a-b)
B b
B
b ?
? ?
?
a. What are the possible combinations of genes in
the offspring of two heterozygous black
cats (Bb)?
B b
B
b
BB Bb
Bb bb
b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the
offspring of one homozygous white cat (bb) and one
heterozygous black cat (Bb)?
B
b ??
??
bb
b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the
offspring of one homozygous white cat (bb) and one
heterozygous black cat (Bb)?
b b
B
b
Bb Bb
bb bb
2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same
trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait?
2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same
trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait?
-Organisms may be homozygous dominant or heterozygous, but express same phenotype.
3. Dog fur color is controlled by a gene that comes in a dominant form (G) or a
recessive form (g). Eye color is also controlled by another gene that comes in a dominant form (B) or a recessive form
(b).
Two dogs with the following genotypes were bred: Ggbb x GgBB
a. What are the possible phenotypes for fur color of their offspring?
3a. What are the possible phenotypes for fur color of their
offspring? Ggbb x GgBB
Gene Trait
G Golden Fur
g Black Fur
B Brown Eyes
b Blue Eyes
G g
G
g
GG Gg
Gg gg
a. 75% Golden Fur (GG, Gg), 25% Black Fur (gg)
3b. What are the possible phenotypes for eye color of their
offspring? Gene Trait
G Golden Fur
g Black Fur
B Brown Eyes
b Blue Eyes
B B
b
b
?? ??
?? ??NEXT….
100% Brown Eyes (Bb)
b. What are the possible phenotypes for eye
color of their offspring? Gene Trait
G Golden Fur
g Black Fur
B Brown Eyes
b Blue Eyes
B B
b
b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells
have only one factor for each inherited trait.
This hypothesis is supported by the observation that during the formation of sex cells, a process called , gametes with one set of chromosomes are formed, also known as
cells.
4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells
have only one factor for each inherited
trait.This hypothesis is supported by the observation that
during the formation of sex cells, a process called Meiosis , gametes with one set of chromosomes are
formed, also known as Haploid cells.
5. The following diagram represents which two
processes?
5. The following diagram represents which two
processes?
_Segregation_ (or the separating of chromosomes)_Recombination____ (the random combining of chromosomes)
6 List the most likely order of succession following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens,
Mosses, Trees.
Ecology (CA Standards 6a-f)
6 List the most likely order of succession following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens,
Mosses, Trees.
Lichens/mosses ➔ grasses ➔ shrubs ➔ trees
7. What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic
factors of an ecosystem?
Biotic – living things in an ecosystemEx Squirrel, tree, grass, etc.
Abiotic – Non-living things in an ecosystemEx Sun, wind, rocks, etc.
7. What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic factors of an
ecosystem?
8. Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this
transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these
newer communities replaced the older communities was that the
( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of the ( habitat / population )
changed.
8. Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this
transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these
newer communities replaced the older communities was that the
( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of the ( habitat / population )
changed.
9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and predator to native birds.
Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible
reasons that could have increased the snake numbers (reasons for change in population size).
The snakes have few effective predators since they were not
originally part of the ecosystem!
9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and
predator to native birds. Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible
reasons that could have increased the snake numbers (reasons for change in population size).
10. In the Carbon Cycle, which processes return the largest amount
of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere?
Respiration Combustion
10. In the Carbon Cycle, which processes return the largest
amount of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere?
11. Combustion or burning of plant material returns the
element ?? primarily to the ?? .
11. Combustion or burning of plant material returns the
element Carbon primarily to the
atmosphere.
12. Draw arrows to match the following population changes to the correct
explanation for this change.
Population increasing birth rate = death rate
Population decreasing birth rate > death ratePopulation remains steady emigration > immigration
12. Draw arrows to match the following
population changes to the correct explanation
for this change.
Population decreasing birth rate > death ratePopulation remains steady emigration > immigrationPopulation increasing birth rate = death rate
13. What is demonstrated by the
Carrying Capacity shown in the graph
below?
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can
support or the ecosystem’s ability to sustain a stable population of
organisms.
13. What is demonstrated by the Carrying Capacity shown
in the graph below?
14. Which community below has more biodiversity?
Community A
Community B
14. Which community below has more biodiversity?
Community A
15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural
disaster? Why?
15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural
disaster? A Why? More diversity = better chance for
survival of at least some organisms if a natural disaster
occurred.
16. Circle all of the following that would most likely be found at the top
of an energy pyramid? Why?
sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans
16. Circle all of the following that would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid? sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans
Why? carnivores at the top
17. Consumers release ________gas, which is
required by ____________(commonly called
plants).
17. Consumers release Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas,
which is required by Producers (commonly
called plants).
18. What percentage of available energy is passed
from one trophic level to the next in an energy pyramid?
Explain what happens to the rest of the energy that is
not passed on…
10%
18. What percentage of available energy is passed
from one trophic level to the next in an
energy pyramid? Explain what
happens to the rest of the energy that is
not passed on…The other 90% of the energy is lost as heat at each level. This is the amount of energy that is used by the organisms during photosynthesis and respiration.
19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary
consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the lake if the Daphnia are killed with
pesticides?
Circle increase or decrease:The Spirogyra will increase or decrease
The Daphnia will increase or decrease
The sunfish will increase or decrease
The bass will increase or decrease
19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary
consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the
lake if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides?
Circle increase or decrease:The Spirogyra will increase or decreaseWHY? With the Daphnia gone they don’t have a
predator!!
The Daphnia will increase or decreaseWHY? Told in the question that pesticides killed them!
The sunfish will increase or decreaseWHY? They don’t have the Daphnia to eat
The bass will increase or decrease WHY? They don’t have the sunfish to eat
20. What is genetic drift?
Give 2 examples of how it can occur.
Evolution (CA Standards 7a-d, 8a-e)
Changes in a gene pool due to RANDOM or CHANCE
events
20. What is genetic drift?
Give 2 examples of how it can occur.
1. Founder Effect (new population started by a small group) and
2. Bottleneck Effect (natural disasters)
21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a population living in a habitat that does not
change for a long period of time?
Decreases the diversity of the population/gene pool.
21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a population living in a habitat that does not
change for a long period of time?
22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift?
a. a species of fish evolving with greater speed over time to evade predators
b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it has evolved a thicker coat over timer
c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla population
22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift?a. a species of fish evolving with greater
speed over time to evade predatorsb. a rhino breeding more successfully
because it has evolved a thicker coat over timer
c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla population
23. What is Natural Selection?
23. What is Natural Selection?
Organisms that are better suited (adaptations) to their environment will survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are not well suited for their environment.
24. In terms of natural selection, genetic traits are passed on by better adapted organisms which also
a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit” organisms.
b. tend to take resources from “less fit” organisms.
c. tend to have a longer lifespan than “less fit” organisms.
24. In terms of natural selection, genetic traits are passed on by better adapted organisms which also a. tend to reproduce more than “less fit”
organisms.b. tend to take resources from “less fit”
organisms.c. tend to have a longer lifespan than
“less fit” organisms.
25. What is reproductive
isolation?
25. What is reproductive
isolation?
Individuals/populations of the same species are prevented from reproducing with each
other
26. What is geographic isolation?
26. What is geographic isolation?
Individuals/populations of the same species cannot
reproduce due to geographic barriers
27. What is temporal isolation?
27. What is temporal isolation?
Individuals/population of the same species cannot reproduce due to
different mating seasons
28. A significant source of variation in a gene pool is ________ .
28. A significant source of variation in a gene
pool is/aremutations .
29. While SOME mutations CAN cause
harm, MOST mutations
( cause no harm / benefit people )
29. While SOME mutations CAN cause
harm, MOST mutations
( cause no harm / benefit people )
30. Mutations within a DNA sequence are (natural / unnatural) processes that produce (different phenotypes/ genetic diversity ).
30. Mutations within a DNA sequence are (natural / unnatural) processes that produce (different phenotypes/genetic diversity).
31. Complete the following 3 parts of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
– More individuals are produced than can ( survive / emerge )
– There is genetic ( consistency / variation ) among individuals in a population
– Individuals within a population must compete for ( predators / resources )
31. Complete the following 3 parts of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.– More individuals are produced than can
( survive / emerge )– There is genetic ( consistency / variation
) among individuals in a population– Individuals within a population must
compete for ( predators / resources )
32. How often do new mutations occur in a
gene pool?
32. How often do new mutations occur in a
gene pool?
-Constantly.-Some are good, some bad, and some have no effect.
Quaternary?
Cretaceous?
Triassic?
33. According to this chart, which group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during each of the following period?
Quaternary?
LizardsCretaceous
?Lizards Triassic?
Dinosaurs
33. According to this chart, which group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during each of the following period?
34. Finding a large number of dinosaur fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock but not in the newer layers above it would indicate that perhaps a
?? took place.
34. Finding a large number of dinosaur fossils in one layer of sedimentary rock but not in the newer layers above it would indicate that perhaps a Mass Extinctiontook place.
35. After a mass extinction, what is likely
to occur?
35. After a mass extinction, what is likely
to occur?
Those species that survive will adapt and evolve and
increase in number
36. Why has life on earth continued despite major catastrophes?
Answer: A wide of existed.
36. Why has life on earth continued despite
major catastrophes?
Answer: A wide Diversity of Species existed.
37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect
rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it.
Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible
to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a
rabbit that is least likely to survive?
Hint: Focus on the Order
of Dominance
at the bottom of diagram!!
37. The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect
rabbits’ coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it.
Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible
to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a
rabbit that is least likely to survive?
Hint: Focus on the Order of Dominance at the bottom of diagram!!
chc
38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes the death of the young
before they are born. In order for this disease to be passed to future
progeny, the genotypes of the parent sharks must be
. Why?
38. In sharks there is a rare disease that causes the death of the young
before they are born. In order for this disease to be passed to future
progeny, the genotypes of the parent sharks must be Heterozygous, Rr .
Why?
-Disease is recessive, rr
R r
R
r
?? ??
?? rr
39. In natural selection, an organism with favorable ( acquired traits / genetic
variations ) will tend to survive and
(breed / live ) successfully.
39. In natural selection, an organism with favorable ( acquired traits / genetic
variations ) will tend to survive and
(breed / live ) successfully.
40. Surviving families of organisms most likely ( acquired / inherited )
advantageous ( variations / resources ).
40. Surviving families of organisms most likely ( acquired / inherited )
advantageous ( variations / resources ).
41. What happens when the data in an investigation
do NOT support the original hypothesis?
41. What happens when the data in an investigation
do NOT support the original hypothesis?
The hypothesis has to be revised.
42. When enough experimental data
support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a (n) .
42. When enough experimental data
support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a (n) .
theory
43. Based on the experimental results graph
to the right.At which two times of day was the temperature the
same?
43. Based on the experimental results graph
to the right.At which two times of day was the temperature the
same?
10 am10pm
44. Label the parts of the
DNA molecule to the right.
DNA & Protein Synthesis (Cell Biology 1d, Genetics 4a-e & 5a-c)
44. Label the parts of the DNA molecule to the right.
A, B, C, D=Base Pairs
E=Alternating Phosphate and
Sugar molecules
F=Nucleotide
45. Do all cells in a person contain the
same DNA sequence?
45. Do all cells in a person contain the
same DNA sequence?YES!!
46. Do all cells express the same
genes?
46. Do all cells express the same
genes?No.
47. If all cells of a multicellular organism
contain the same genes, explain how they appear and function differently?
47. If all cells of a multicellular organism
contain the same genes, explain how they appear and
function differently?
-cells only transcribe those portions
of genes that they need
48. Describe the nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
48. Describe the nitrogen base-pairing
rules for DNA.
G with CA with T
49. The process of information encoded
in DNA being
rewritten as mRNA is called
.
Transcription
49. The process of information encoded
in DNA being
rewritten as mRNA is called
.
50. Determine the mRNA sequence that would be produced from this original template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG-GCT-A 3`mRNA= ?
50. Determine the mRNA sequence that would be produced from this original template DNA strand.
DNA = 5`ATG – GCT - A 3`mRNA=3 U A C C GA U 5’
51. What are the 4 main differences
between DNA and RNA?
51. What are the 4 main differences between DNA and
RNA?DNA RNA
Shape Double Helix Linear
Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
BasesLocation
GCATNucleus
GCAUNucleus/
Cytoplasm
52. The process of cells using information
from mRNA to produce
proteins is called_ .
52. The process of cells using information
from mRNA to produce
proteins is called_ . Translation
53. Label each of
the parts in the
diagram to the right.
53. Label each of the parts in the diagram
to the right.
A. Polypeptide/Protein
B. Peptide Bond
C. tRNA
D. AminoAcid
E. codon
F. Protein
G. rRNA
54. What type of bonds connect amino
acids to produce a protein?
54. What type of bonds connect amino acids to
produce a protein?Peptide Bonds
Polypeptide/Protein
55. Which amino acids would the
mRNA sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG produce?
55. Which amino acids would the
mRNA sequence
UCA-AUG-GAG produce?
SER-MET- GLU
56. List all mRNA codons that code for
the amino acid alanine.
56. List all mRNA codons that code for
the amino acid alanine.
GCUGCCGCAGCG
57. What is the reason for so many different proteins
existing, when
there are only 20 amino acids?
57. What is the reason for so many different proteins
existing, when
there are only 20 amino acids?
-Each protein is made from a different combination and number of
amino acids.
58. Define mutation:
58. Define mutation:
-A natural process that produces genetic diversity.
59. What are 2 types of mutations?
59. What are 2 types of mutations?
PointFrameshift
60. What are some possible causes of
mutations?
60. What are some possible causes of
mutations?
Over exposure to UV light, smoking, drinking, x-rays,
genetics
61. What could happen as a result of
a mutation?
61. What could happen as a result of a mutation?The amino acid
sequence can change and a different
protein expressed.
NORMAL Sickle Cell
62. Inserting foreign DNA into an organism
is known as .
62. Inserting foreign DNA into an organism
is known as .
Genetic Engineering
63. Give an example of how the process
above can be beneficial.
63. Give an example of how the process
above can be beneficial.
1. To make medicine
2. To make new and better plants and animals
3. To cure diseases
