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List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Tables
Preface to Fifth Edition
Preface to Fourth Edition
Preface to Third Edition
Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
Authors' Acknowledgements
Publisher's Acknowtedgements
The Online Companion
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1 What do sociolinguists study?What is a sociolinguist?Why do we say the same thing in different ways?
What are the different ways we say things?Social factors, dimensions and explanations
Section I Multilingual Speech Communities
2 Language choice in multilingual communitiesChoosing your variety or codeDiglossiaCode-switching or code-mixing
3 Language maintenance and shiftLanguage shift in different communitiesLanguage death and lang'uage loss
Factors contributing to language shiftHow can a minority language be maintained?
Language revival
4 Linguistic varieties and multilingual nationsVernacular languagesStandard languagesLingua francasPidgins and creoles
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5 National languages and language planningNational and official languages
Planning for a national official language
Developing a standard variety in Norway
The linguist's role in language planning
Section ll Language Variation: Focus on Users
Regional and social dialectsRegional variationSocial variationSocial dialects
Gender and age
Gender-exclusive speech differences: highly structured communities
Cender-preferential speech features: social dialect research
Gender and social class
Explanations of women's linguistic behaviour
Age-graded features of sPeech
Age and social dialect data
Age grading and language change
Ethnicity and social nehilorksEthnicitySocial networks
Language changeVariation and change
How do changes spread?
How do we study language change?
Reasons for language change
tntertude: identity in sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics and identitY
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Section lll Language Variation: Focus on Uses
10 Style, context and registerAddressee as an influence on stYle
Accommodation theoryContext style and class
Style in non-Western societies
Register
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11 Speech functions, politeness and cross-cultural communicationThe functions of speech
Politeness and address formsLinguistic politeness in different cultures
Gender, politeness and stereotypesWomen's language and confidencelnteractionGossipThe linguistic construction of genderThe linguistic construction of sexualitySexist language
Language, cognition and cultureLanguage and perceptionWhorfLinguistic categories and cultureDiscourse patterns and cultureLanguage, social class and cognition
Analysing discoursePragmatics and politeness theoryEthnography of speakingInteractional sociolinguisticsConversation Analysis (CA)
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Attitudes and applicationsAttitudes to languageSociolinguistics and educationSociolinguistics and forensic linguistics
ConclusionSociolinguistic competenceDimensions of sociolinguistic analysis
Sociolinguistic universals
References
Appendix: phonetic symbols
Sociolinguistics: key words and concepts
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