List of Figures

List of Maps

List of Tables

Preface to Fifth Edition

Preface to Fourth Edition

Preface to Third Edition

Preface to Second Edition

Preface to First Edition

Authors' Acknowledgements

Publisher's Acknowtedgements

The Online Companion

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1 What do sociolinguists study?What is a sociolinguist?Why do we say the same thing in different ways?

What are the different ways we say things?Social factors, dimensions and explanations

Section I Multilingual Speech Communities

2 Language choice in multilingual communitiesChoosing your variety or codeDiglossiaCode-switching or code-mixing

3 Language maintenance and shiftLanguage shift in different communitiesLanguage death and lang'uage loss

Factors contributing to language shiftHow can a minority language be maintained?

Language revival

4 Linguistic varieties and multilingual nationsVernacular languagesStandard languagesLingua francasPidgins and creoles

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5 National languages and language planningNational and official languages

Planning for a national official language

Developing a standard variety in Norway

The linguist's role in language planning

Section ll Language Variation: Focus on Users

Regional and social dialectsRegional variationSocial variationSocial dialects

Gender and age

Gender-exclusive speech differences: highly structured communities

Cender-preferential speech features: social dialect research

Gender and social class

Explanations of women's linguistic behaviour

Age-graded features of sPeech

Age and social dialect data

Age grading and language change

Ethnicity and social nehilorksEthnicitySocial networks

Language changeVariation and change

How do changes spread?

How do we study language change?

Reasons for language change

tntertude: identity in sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics and identitY

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Section lll Language Variation: Focus on Uses

10 Style, context and registerAddressee as an influence on stYle

Accommodation theoryContext style and class

Style in non-Western societies

Register

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11 Speech functions, politeness and cross-cultural communicationThe functions of speech

Politeness and address formsLinguistic politeness in different cultures

Gender, politeness and stereotypesWomen's language and confidencelnteractionGossipThe linguistic construction of genderThe linguistic construction of sexualitySexist language

Language, cognition and cultureLanguage and perceptionWhorfLinguistic categories and cultureDiscourse patterns and cultureLanguage, social class and cognition

Analysing discoursePragmatics and politeness theoryEthnography of speakingInteractional sociolinguisticsConversation Analysis (CA)

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

Attitudes and applicationsAttitudes to languageSociolinguistics and educationSociolinguistics and forensic linguistics

ConclusionSociolinguistic competenceDimensions of sociolinguistic analysis

Sociolinguistic universals

References

Appendix: phonetic symbols

Sociolinguistics: key words and concepts

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