Scirtothrips dorsalis (Chilli thrips) update-final.pdfCapsicum annuum . L. Capsicum frutescens . L....

Scirtothrips dorsalis(Chilli thrips)

Joe ChamberlinMatt CiomperlikAmanda Hodges

Jeff MichelCindy McKenzie

S. LudwigL.S. Osborne Cristi Palmer

C. RegelbruggeL. SchmaleD. Schuble

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Scirtothrips dorsalis is thought to be a group of four biotypes or species that can’t be told apart except by using DNA analysis. It appears that the we are dealing with only one species in the US. This is would justify the continued effort by USDA-APHIS to prevent the introduction of the other 3 biotypes we don’t have. This is accomplished by having a zero tolerance for S. dorsalis on incoming plant materials at our ports of entry.

S. dorsalisSynonyms: Chilli, Castor, Berry, Assam and

Yellow Tea Thrips

Host Plants:Over 150 host plants including banana, beans,

chrysanthemum, citrus, corn, cotton, cocoa, eggplant, ficus, grape, grasses, holly, jasmine, kiwi, litchi, longan, mango, onion, peach, peanut, pepper, rose, soybean, strawberry, tea, tobacco, tomato, viburnum, etc.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

There are a number of common names for this pest. The most widely used is Chilli thrips (spelled with 2 L’s). The host plant list includes over 40 different host families. The number of plants has significantly increased since the detection of this pest in the US. Please visit one of the websites given at the end of this presentation to obtain the latest information.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEMajor pest of:

• strawberries in Queensland, Australia• tea in Japan and Taiwan• citrus in Japan and Taiwan (Chiu et al. 1991, Tatara and

Furuhushi 1992, Tschuchiya et al 1995)• cotton in the Ivory Coast (Bournier 1999)• soybeans in Indonesia (Miyazaki et al.1984) • chillies and castor bean in India• peanuts in several states in India (Mound and Palmer 1981).• Ananthakrishnan (1984) also reports damage to the following

hosts: cashew, tea, chillies, cotton, tomato, mango, castor bean, tamarind, and grape.

• Rose in India

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Prior to being detected in the US this pest was mainly considered a serious pest of many agricultural commodities. With the exception of the reverence to being a pest of roses in India, Chilli thrips was not considered a major pest of ornamentals.

Is Scirtothrips dorsalis a Serious Economic Pest for the US?

• Assuming an overall U.S. crop yield loss from Chilli Thrips of 5 percent the total crop value loss would equal $3.0 billion (primary hosts $583 million and secondary hosts $2.43 billion).

• Assuming an overall U.S. crop yield loss from Chilli Thrips of 10 percent the total crop value loss would equal $5.98 billion (primary hosts $1.2 billion and secondary hosts $4.78 billion).

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Garrett, L. (2004). Summary of Economic Analysis for Chilli Thrips. http://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/DOCUMENTS/Scirtothrips%20dorsalis%20NPAG%20et%20Report%20060310.pdf

Identificationhttp://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/DOCUMENTS/identification%20aid.pdf

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Field identification of S. dorsalis is extremely difficult and often times impossible to differentiate from other thrips in the field. Adults have a pale body with dark wings and are less than 2 mm in length. Immature S. dorsalis thrips are pale in color as are the immatures of many other thrips species. Some of the distinguishing characteristics of S. dorsalis are as follows: antennae are 8-segmented with segments I–II pale, III–VIII dark; head is pale in color with three pairs of ocellar setae; one pair of ocellar setae occurring between the hind ocelli; one pair of long postocular setae behind the hind ocelli; brown antecostal line and brown area behind line in median ⅓ of abdominal tergites; abdominal sternites with brown antecostal line near anterior margin; forewings brown, paler distally; abdomen with numerous fine microtrichia.

Chilli Thrips-Adult

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The life cycle for S. dorsalis is similar to that of western flower thrips. Female S. dorsalis insert their eggs inside plant tissue. The eggs hatch in 6–8 days. They pass through two larval stages (1st and 2nd instars) that last for 6–7 days. During this time they actively feed on the host plant. They then pass through a prepupal (~24 h) and pupal stages (2–3 days) during which time they do not feed. They can complete their life cycle in 14–20 days. The thrips female oviposit 60 to 200 eggs in her lifetime.

Male and Female (larger)Chilli Thrips-Adults

Thrips-Adults

Chilli thrips

WesternFlower thrips

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In this slide you can see the relative size of an adult chilli (left) thrips compared to an adult flower thrips (right).

Western Flower Thrips Adult

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Note the heavy dark hairs or setae at the end of this flower thrips abdomen. These setae are not as distinct or easily seen on Chilli thrips adults.

Chilli Thrips-Adult(recently emerged)

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In this slide you can see the dark transverse bands across the abdomen of an adult. The light color of the wings in this adult is unusal. It may be an individula that has just molted and hasn’t fully developed its adult coloration.

Chilli Thrips-Adult

Presenter

Presentation Notes

In this slide you can see the dark transverse bands across the abdomen of an adult. This is a more typical photo of an adult because you can also see the dark wings that make it appear as if the adult has a dark stripe down its back.

Chilli Thrips-Adults

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Two adult S. dorsalis.

Chilli Thrips(mixed stages)

1st instar

2nd instar

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This slide shows a number of thrips adults. There is a first instar larva near the center of the slide and a 2nd instar larva near the top edge.

Egg Blister

Chilli Thrips-Adults

Egg Blister

Embryo Removed from Egg Blister

Egg Blister

Embryo

1st Instar Larva

Chilli Thrips1st Instar Larva

Egg to 2nd InstarF° Days60.8 17.268 12.077 7.686 5.8

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Reference

Chilli Thrips2nd Instar Larva

F° Days60.8 12.468 8.177 6.486 4.4

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Reference

Chilli ThripsPre-Pupa & Pupa

F° Days60.8 9.968 6.577 4.486 3.7

Pre-pupa

Pupa

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Reference

DEVELOPMENT (DAYS)EGG TO EGG

40.21

26.11

18.1913.96

11.33

05

1015202530354045

61 68 77 86 95

T emperature °F

Days

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Reference

Over Wintering of Pupae

Grapes• 64.4% in liter• 16.2% in branch zone• 12.5% in soil• 6.9% leaf zone

Okada & Kudo 1982

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Reference

Scouting

Damage

HostsAcanthaceae Strobilanthes dyerianus Mast.Araliaceae Hedera helix L.Berberidaceae Mahonia bealeiCaprifoliaceae Viburnum suspensumCombretaceae

Conocarpus erectusLaguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.

Compositae Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.Ericaceae Rhododendron spp.Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communisIlliciaceae Illicium floridanum EllisMoraceae Ficus elastica

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Table 4: Number of FDACS/DPI confirmed and unconfirmed botanical families and their genera and species positive for Scirtothrips dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006. Confirmed botanical families positive for S. dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006 Plant Family Genus species: Families = 16 Species = 24

HostsOleaceae

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. f.Rosaceae

Raphiolepsis indicaRhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.) Mak.Rosa sp.

Rubiaceae Gardenia jasminoidesRichardia brasiliensis Gomes

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Table 4: Number of FDACS/DPI confirmed and unconfirmed botanical families and their genera and species positive for Scirtothrips dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006. Confirmed botanical families positive for S. dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006 Plant Family Genus species Families = 16 Species = 24

HostsRutaceae

Citrus sp.Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack

Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum frutescens L.Capsicum sp.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Table 4: Number of FDACS/DPI confirmed and unconfirmed botanical families and their genera and species positive for Scirtothrips dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006. Confirmed botanical families positive for S. dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006: Families = 16 Species = 24 Plant Family Genus species

Hosts

Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea L.Araceae Philodendron sp.Araliaceae Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) MerrillBalsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.Compositae Coreopsis sp.Compositae Zinnia sp.Euphorbiaceae Poinsettia pulcherrima GrahamGentianaceae Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.Geraniaceae Pelargonium x hortorum BaileyHamamelidaceae Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliver

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Unconfirmed botanical families positive for S. dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006: Families = 19 Species = 22

Labiatae Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.Salvia sp.

Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L.Lythraceae Cuphea sp.Marantaceae Stromanthe sanguinea (Hook.) SonderOnagraceae Gaura lindheimeriRubiaceae Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) DeflersScrophulariaceae Antirrhinum majus L.Solanaceae Petunia sp.Verbenaceae

Duranta erectaGlandularia x hybrida (Grön. & Rüm.) Neson & Pruski

Hosts

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Unconfirmed botanical families positive for S. dorsalis in Florida as of September 2006: Families = 19 Species = 22

Photos: L. Osborne, UF-IFAS

Damaged Flower Bud and Leaves

Mannion

Photos: L. Osborne, UF-IFAS

Comparison of damaged and normal leaf

Damaged new growth Normal new growth

Mannion

Chilli Thrips - rose

Ligustrum

Pittosporum

Ligustrum

Chilli Thrips-pepper

Chilli Thrips-Indian Hawthorn

Chilli Thrips-Schefflera

Chilli Thrips- Schefflera

Chilli Thrips-strawberry

Sweet Viburnum

ManagementChemical

See Chilli Thrips Management: Osborne & Ludwighttp://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/THRIPS/CHILLIWEB2/chilli-doc/CHILLI%20THRIPS%20Management.pdf

Presenter

Presentation Notes

http://www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/THRIPS/CHILLIWEB2/chilli-doc/CHILLI%20THRIPS%20Management.pdf

100% Reliance on Pesticides =

RESISTANCE

What Can Growers Do?1. Pay attention to information distributed by SAF,

the propagators, media, pesticide companies and/or University and ARS scientists.

2. Implement INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

IRM

ROTATEROTATE

Acephate Foliar N, G, L Acetamiprid Foliar N, G, L Clothianidin Foliar N, G, L Dinotefuran Foliar N, G, L Imidacloprid Foliar N, G, L Thiamethoxam Foliar N, G, L Spinosad Foliar N, G, L Abamectin Foliar N, G, L Flonicamid Foliar G Chlorfenapyr Foliar G Pyridalyl Foliar G N=Nursery

G=GreenhouseL=Landscape

Effective Products7 Different Modes of Action

Compounds in Yellow = the same MOA

Table based on data from:Ciomperlik

LudwigOsborne

Seal

RISK OF RESISTANCEMANAGEMENT

OPTIONLOW MEDIUM HIGH

Pesticide Rotation > 2 Modes 2 Modes 1 Mode

Use of Same Mode of Action

Once More than once

Many times

Infestation Level Low Medium High

Control in Last 3 Cycles

Good Declining Poor

IPM System All Tactics Pesticide and limited

others

Pesticide only

PLANIdentify All Pesticides Registered for the

Pest and CropDetermine Plant SafetyDetermine Labeled Frequency Determine Other Use RestrictionsOrganize Treatments (MOA…)Don’t Forget Other Pests!

ManagementBiological

Why Biological Control?• To help manage pesticide resistance in

populations of Western flower thrips.• Chilli Thrips was attacking basil, mint, and

peppers in organic production systems.• Thrips control impacted implementation of

IPM programs in many ornamental crop systems.

• Chemical control in the landscape isNOT SUSTAINABLE

Amblyseius (Typhlodromips) swirskiiFeeding on a Chilli thrips

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mea

n #

of Im

mat

ures

/Pla

nt

day 7 day 14 day 21

ck oldck newA.s. oldA.s. new

Control of Chilli ThripsChilly Chili Pepper

N=205 plants/Unit4 Units/treatment

Study 1

Franklinothrips vespiformisAdult

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Franklinothrips vespiformisNymph

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ManagementCultural

????

Thank you!

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