SC B-4.9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT INTRODUCE NEW GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS INTO AN ORGANISM OR A POPULATION...

SC B-4.9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT INTRODUCE NEW

GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS INTO AN ORGANISM OR A

POPULATION BY APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF MODERN

GENETICS

GENETIC ENGINEERING

CN Page 104 Notebook

EQ: How has technology allowed humans to genetically alter an organism?

Changing the Living World

Selective breeding: allowing only those individuals with desirable traits to reproduce

Humans use it in animals, plants, & other organisms

SELECTIVE BREEDING

Hybridization

A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Usually are: Hardier More disease

tolerant

Inbreeding

The continued breeding of individuals with similar traits

Increases the incidence of recessive traits

Increasing Variation

Breeders can increase genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations (the ultimate source of genetic variation)

Bacteria Small size, short life

cycle makes them easy to radiate get desirable mutation

Example: Bacteria used in oil spills digest oil

Plants Polyploidy induced

by chemicals Bananas, Citrus

Fruit

Key Questions

How does selective breeding work?

Why would inducing mutations in an organism be a good idea?

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Possible to transfer genes from one organism to another 1st done in 1986 by

Howell Transferred gene

from firefly tobacco plant

Transgenic Bacteria

Bacteria reproduce rapidly & easy to grow

use restriction enzymes to open bacterial plasmid or loop of DNA then insert gene

used to make human forms of proteins Insulin Growth Hormone Clotting Factor

How Restriction Enzymes Work

Transgenic Animals

Mice produced with human genes that makes their immune systems act like humans Scientist able to

study effects of diseases or treatments on mice before testing on humans

Some livestock now have extra copies of gene for Growth Hormone grow faster & produce leaner meat, more milk

Transgenic Animals

CLONING

A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Example: Cloned colonies of

bacteria (easy) Multicellular

organisms (difficult)

Use of cloning in humans raises serious ethical & moral issues

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

using technology to make many copies of desired gene or DNA sequence

DNA “Fingerprinting”

using Gel-Electrophoresis

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter16/animations.html#

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro15.swf::Polymerase Chain Reaction