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SC B-4.9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT INTRODUCE NEW
GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS INTO AN ORGANISM OR A
POPULATION BY APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF MODERN
GENETICS
GENETIC ENGINEERING
CN Page 104 Notebook
EQ: How has technology allowed humans to genetically alter an organism?
Changing the Living World
Selective breeding: allowing only those individuals with desirable traits to reproduce
Humans use it in animals, plants, & other organisms
SELECTIVE BREEDING
Hybridization
A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
Usually are: Hardier More disease
tolerant
Inbreeding
The continued breeding of individuals with similar traits
Increases the incidence of recessive traits
Increasing Variation
Breeders can increase genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations (the ultimate source of genetic variation)
Bacteria Small size, short life
cycle makes them easy to radiate get desirable mutation
Example: Bacteria used in oil spills digest oil
Plants Polyploidy induced
by chemicals Bananas, Citrus
Fruit
Key Questions
How does selective breeding work?
Why would inducing mutations in an organism be a good idea?
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Possible to transfer genes from one organism to another 1st done in 1986 by
Howell Transferred gene
from firefly tobacco plant
Transgenic Bacteria
Bacteria reproduce rapidly & easy to grow
use restriction enzymes to open bacterial plasmid or loop of DNA then insert gene
used to make human forms of proteins Insulin Growth Hormone Clotting Factor
Transgenic Animals
Mice produced with human genes that makes their immune systems act like humans Scientist able to
study effects of diseases or treatments on mice before testing on humans
Some livestock now have extra copies of gene for Growth Hormone grow faster & produce leaner meat, more milk
Transgenic Animals
CLONING
A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Example: Cloned colonies of
bacteria (easy) Multicellular
organisms (difficult)
Use of cloning in humans raises serious ethical & moral issues
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
using technology to make many copies of desired gene or DNA sequence
DNA “Fingerprinting”
using Gel-Electrophoresis
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter16/animations.html#
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro15.swf::Polymerase Chain Reaction
