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JRC2013-01-28

RESS Standardization

Peter Van den Bossche

Secretary of IEC TC69

Erasmus University College Brussels

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

JRC2013-01-28

The House of Standardization

STANDARDSSAFE

TY

COMPATIBLITY

PERFO

RMANCE

2

JRC2013-01-28

Committees in charge

3

Connective InterfacesIEC 62196(SC23h)

Fixed installationsIEC 60364 (TC64)

EV electrical aspects(if not charging)ISO 6469 (TC22 SC21)(when charging)ISO 17409 (TC22 SC21)

Data transfer ISO/IEC 15118 (JWG)

Battery cells IEC 62660 (TC21)Battery assemblyISO 12405 (TC22SC21)

Charging interfaceIEC 61851 (TC69)

AssembliesIEC 61439-7(TC17D)

Wireless charging interfaceIEC 61980 (TC69)

JRC2013-01-28

Battery design standards

JRC2013-01-28

Standard lead-acid traction batteries

•Suitable for industrial vehicles

•Mature technologies

•Choice of supplier

•Business model differs from automotive OEM

•Strong standardization culture

5

JRC2013-01-28

IEC 60254-2

•Standard dimensions for lead-acid traction batteries

–Width (160 or 200 mm)

–Range of heights (300 to 750 mm)

–Range of lengths (number of plates - 47 to 192 mm)

–Specific European, Japanese and North American series

6

JRC2013-01-28

Conical terminals

d 1d 2

ch

ab

Conicity1: 8

a = Conical cable endb = Conical socket

7

JRC2013-01-28

Bolted terminals

Cable endA, B, C, D

M10terminal bolt

Washer 10,5 mm

Battery terminal

8

JRC2013-01-28

Dimensions for lithium batteries

•Technology still in full development

•Various cell geometries are being developed

9

JRC2013-01-28

Cylindrical cells

•Smaller individual cell capacity (3 to 10 Ah)

•Battery assembly with many cells

10

JRC2013-01-28

Battery modules with cylindrical cells

11

JRC2013-01-28

Prismatic cells

•Larger individual cell capacity

12

JRC2013-01-28

Pouch cells

•Small and large capacities

•Polymer electrolytes

13

JRC2013-01-28

Standardization of dimensions

•Too early to impose standard dimensions

–stifling technological development

•Module dimensions may see earlier standards

•Maturity of battery technology

–standard dimensions

–interchangeability

–open market offer

14

JRC2013-01-28

ISO/IEC/PAS 16898

•Publicly available specification (not a full fledged standard)

•Electrically propelled road vehicles – Battery system design - Requirements on dimensions for lithium-ion cells for vehicle propulsion

• Designations and markings of cell dimensions, configurations and position of terminals and venting mechanism, which are to be used for design of battery packs

15

JRC2013-01-28

ISO/IEC/PAS 16898

• Dimensions for lithium-ion cells and the location of the connection terminals to be used in electrically propelled road vehicles.

• No specs for inner construction, cell chemistry, electrical characteristics and any further properties

• No relation between dimensions and capacity of cell as the performance of secondary lithium-ion batteries for vehicle propulsion is still being improved quickly.

16

JRC2013-01-28

ISO/IEC/PAS 16898

•Type designations

17

a) Type A b) Type B c) Type C

a) Type A b) Type B c) Type C

a) Type A b) Type B

JRC2013-01-28

•Proposed standard dimensions

18

Designation a

(A1A2A3A4N1/N2/N3) Design dimensions

OPSD D h H Di p p'

VIRA38/ʊ/136 37,7 136 <145 32,5 - D/2 RO VIRA38/ʊ/138 38 138 143 29 8 19 RO VIRA54/ʊ/137 54 137 145 35 13 27 RO VIRA54/ʊ/215 54 215 223 35 13 27 RO VIRB27/ʊ/ʊ 27 - 66 - - - RM VIRC19/ʊ/66 19 - 66 - - - RM VIRC40/ʊ/92 40 - 92 - - - RM VIRC40/ʊ/108 40 - 108 - - - RM a Details for designation, see clause 5.

JRC2013-01-28

Battery exchange systems

•Battery swapping as alternative for fast charge

19

JRC2013-01-28

Proposed Chinese standard battery

•For exchange systems

20

JRC2013-01-28

Standards for exchange systems

•Need for standard battery pack sizes

•Need for standard connection interface

–electrical

–mechanical

•Need for standardization of vehicle battery compartment

21

JRC2013-01-28

Battery exchange standardization

•Interaction with vehicle design: difficult exercise

•New NP on general requirements for battery exchange systems

•Relevant committees:

–ISO TC22 SC21

–IEC TC69

–IEC TC64 (Electrical installations)

22

JRC2013-01-28

NP in TC69

•Electric vehicle battery exchange infrastructure safety requirements

•Lithium-ion switchable and rechargeable batteries

•Safety aspects of all systems

–Risk reduction

–EMC

–Ergonomics

–Maintenance

23

JRC2013-01-28

Battery safety standards

JRC2013-01-28

ISO TC22 SC21: Electric vehicle safety

•ISO 6469-1 (2009) Electric road vehicles — Safety specifications - Part 1: On-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS)

25

JRC2013-01-28

ISO 6469-1 requirements

•Marking

• Insulation resistance 100 Ω/V

•Clearance and creepage distances

•Gas emission

•RESS crash test requirements

26

JRC2013-01-28

ISO TC22 SC21: Battery safety

•Lithium batteries treated in ISO12405 Part 1 and 2

•Abuse tests

–Short circuit protection

–Overcharge protection

–Overdischarge protection

•Focused on system level

27

JRC2013-01-28

Reliability tests

•Dewing

–Test under high ambient humidity

–Condensation and drying cycles

28

JRC2013-01-28

Reliability tests

•Thermal shock

–Sudden changes in temperature

–-40°C and +85°C

29

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Reliability tests

•Mechanical vibration

–Tests for whole system and electric components

•Mechanical shock

30

JRC2013-01-28

Battery safety by IEC TC21

•Lead batteries: IEC62485-3

•Lithium batteries: new IEC60660-2 by JWG TC21/SC21A/TC69

31

JRC2013-01-28

IEC 62485-3

•Focusing on batteries with aqueous electrolyte (acid or alkaline)

•Special interest for ventilation and gassing

•Based on industrial practices for battery-electric industrial vehicles

32

JRC2013-01-28

•IEC 62660-2: Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicles – Safety testing for lithium-ion cells and batteries (Was 61982-5)

•Battery-centric approach

Lithium battery safety by IEC TC21

33

JRC2013-01-28

•Vibration and shock

•Crush test

Mechanical tests

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

000010001001011Frequency [Hz]

PSD

[(m/s

!)!/

Hz

34

JRC2013-01-28

Thermal tests

•Thermal durability

•Cycling at high or low temperatures

•Specific cycles for BEV and HEV

35

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Electrical tests

•Short circuit

•Overcharge

•Overdischarge

36

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Test criteria

No effect

Deformation

Venting

Leakage

Smoking

Rupture

Fire

Explosion

37

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Crash safety

•ISO TC22 SC21: new part ISO6469-4

–Electrically propelled road vehicles – Safety specifications – Post crash safety requirements

•First responders - emergency services

38

JRC2013-01-28

New ISO6469-4

•Scope:

–Passenger cars and vans according to existing regulations

–All types of electrically propelled vehicles

–The standard shall not add crash requirements for vehicle categories, for those no requirements exist up to now

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JRC2013-01-28

New ISO6469-4

•Crash scenarios

–The standard shall refer to national/regional regulations

–The standard shall not describe any new crash scenario

•Harmonized safety requirements and testing

–Voltage over time (< 60 V < x s)

–Energy (e.g. 0,2 J)

–Isolation resistance

–Degree of protection

40

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Safety labelling

•To be standardized

•Example:

41

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Battery transport safety

• Lithium-ion batteries are classified as Class 9 hazardous goods for transportation

– UN 3480: Lithium ion batteries (including lithium ion polymer batteries)

– UN 3481: Lithium ion batteries contained in equipment or Lithium ion batteries packed with equipment (including lithium ion polymer batteries)

42

JRC2013-01-28

UN Manual

•UN Manual of Tests and Criteria for dangerous goods

•Part III, paragraph 38.3

•Classification of lithium metal and lithium ion batteries

•Tests must be passed to allow batteries for transport

43

JRC2013-01-28

UN Manual Tests

•Altitude simulation (low pressure)

•Thermal test (+75°C and -40°C)

•Vibration test (7 to 200 Hz)

•Shock test

•External short circuit

• Impact test (9,1kg from 61 cm)

•Overcharge

•Forced discharge44

JRC2013-01-28

Requirements

•Tests 1 to 4:

–no mass loss, leakage, venting, disassembly, rupture or fire

–open circuit voltage after testing ≥ 90% of voltage immediately prior to testing

•Test 5,6:

–T <170°C, no disassembly, rupture or fire in 6 hours

•Test 7,8:

–no disassembly or fire within 7 days

45

JRC2013-01-28

IATA regulations

• Cells > 20Wh or batteries > 100 Wh

– i.e. all EV batteries

– Limit per package

• 5kg for passenger aircraft

• 35kg for cargo aircraft

• Provision for larger batteries

• Defective or waste batteries not allowed in air transport: special provisions under consideration

• Measures to be taken against short circuit or unintentional activation

46

Classification Flowchart – Lithium Ion Batteries

IDFS/Cargo Page 9 04/10/2012

All cells and batteries must be tested in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria Part III Subsection

38.3 (DGR 3.9.2.6)

Redesign

Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium Ion Batteries

Contained in Equipment

Cells greater than 20 Wh; and

Batteries greater than 100 Wh

UN3480 PI 965 Section IA IMP: RLI

Limit per package: Pax A/C = 5 kg CAO = 35 kg

Cells equal to or less than 20 Wh; and Batteries equal to or less than 100 Wh UN3480 PI 965 Section IB IMP: RLI NOTE: Use “IB” if package exceeds Section II Limits Limit per package: Pax A/C = 10 kg Gross CAO = 10 kg Gross

Cells equal to or less than 20 Wh; and Batteries equal to or less than 100 Wh UN3480 PI: 965 Section II IMP: ELI Limit per package: Equal to or less than 2.7 Wh = 2.5kg; or Greater than 2.7 Wh but equal to or less than 20 Wh = 8 cells; or Greater than 2.7 Wh but equal to or less than 100 Wh = 2 batteries

Cells equal to or less than 20 Wh; and Batteries equal to or less than 100 Wh UN3481 PI 967 Section II IMP: ELI Limit per package: Pax A/C = 5 kg CAO = 5 kg

Cells greater than 20 Wh; and

Batteries greater than 100 Wh

UN3481 PI 966 Section I IMP: RLI Limit per package: Pax A/C = 5 kg CAO = 35 kg

Cells equal to or less than 20 Wh; and Batteries equal to or less than 100 Wh UN3481 PI 966 Section II IMP: ELI Limit per package: Pax A/C = 5 kg CAO = 5 kg

Yes

Cells greater than 20 Wh; and Batteries greater than 100 Wh UN3481 PI 967 Section I IMP: RLI Limit per package: Pax A/C = 5 kg CAO = 35 kg

Lithium Ion Batteries Packed With Equipment

Passed UN?

No

JRC2013-01-28

IATA Packing Instructions

•PI965 sec 1A for cells

•PI967 sec 1 for batteries in equipment

•Requirement of venting devices

•Strong outer packaging

48

JRC2013-01-28

Battery-electric vehicles

•Special dangerous goods designation: UN3171

•Not regulated for transport by road,rail or sea

•Regulated for air transport

•Hybrid vehicles under UN3166 (ICE vehicles)

49

JRC2013-01-28

Capacitors

•Proposed transport regulation for EDLC

–energy content > 0.3Wh

–<10 Wh: short circuit protection or shorting

–>10 Wh: shall be shorted

–pressure relief

50

JRC2013-01-28

Battery performance standards

JRC2013-01-28

Energy storage devices

•RESS: rechargeable energy storage system

•Batteries and capacitors

•The need for energy: specific energy Wh/kg

–Determination of range

•The need for power: specific power W/kg

–Determination of vehicle performance

•Comparing Wh/kg and W/kg

52

JRC2013-01-28

Ragone chart (cell level)

Spec

ific

pow

er (W

/kg)

Specific energy (Wh/kg)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1

Lead-acid

Supercapacitor

NiCdNiMH

NaNiCl

Li-PolymerLi-Ion

Ragone diagram

53

JRC2013-01-28

The ”Range Equation”

•Expression of real range vs. manufacturer’s range for battery-electric vehicles may amount to:

DR = DM ⇥Z 100%

0SOCbatdSOCbat

54

JRC2013-01-28

Problems

•How to define the range

•How to define battery capacity

•How to measure battery performances

55

JRC2013-01-28

Traditional Standards

•Traction batteries

•Aqueous electrolyte

• Industrial vehicles

•Strong impact of standardization

56

JRC2013-01-28

Lead standards

•The archetypal standard: IEC 60254Lead-acid traction batteries

–Part 1: General requirements

–Part 2: Standard dimensions

•Capacity characteristics

–constant current discharge

–suitable for industrial battery-electrics

–not suitable for road EV

57

JRC2013-01-28

Road EV battery standards

•Development of suitable discharge cycles

•Faster discharge

•Regenerative braking

•Use of other battery technologies

58

JRC2013-01-28

IEC 61982

•Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicles

–Part 1: Test parameters

–Part 2: Dynamic discharge performance test and dynamic endurance test

–Part 3: Performance and life testing (traffic compatible, urban use vehicles)

•Alkaline and advanced lead

59

JRC2013-01-28

IEC 61982

•Generic battery standard

•Use of alkaline batteries in the 1990s

•Dynamics: peak vs. average power

•Regenerative braking

60

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IEC 61982 Ed. 1

•Secondary batteries (except lithium) for the propulsion of electric road vehicles – Performance and endurance tests

•New edition: single document

61

JRC2013-01-28

DDPT microcycle

•Dynamic discharge performance test

61982-2 © IEC:2002 – 19 –

4.4.6 Mechanical support

If necessary, mechanical support should be provided for the test samples in order to maintainthe same dimensions as when installed in batteries.

Dynamic discharge profile without regenerative charging

0

Idl

Idh

20 40 60 80 100 120

Time s

Current A

Discharge

Charge

Figure 1 – Test profile without regenerative charging

Dynamic discharge profile with regenerative charging

Irc

0

Idl

Idh

20 40 60 80 100 120

Time s

Current A

Discharge

Charge

Figure 2 – Test profile with regenerative charging

5,2 I3

1,3 I3

-2,6 I3

62

JRC2013-01-28

DET

•Dynamic endurance test

•Repeat DDPT discharge cycles

•Until end of life

63

JRC2013-01-28

Performance and life testing

• IEC 61982

• Vehicle-based approach

• Average consumption 100 Wh/km (battery)

• Profile base on energy rather than capacity

• Constant power discharge: current increase when voltage drops

• Maximum power and internal resistance

64

JRC2013-01-28

Dynamic stress testThe electric vehicle - raising the standards

!"#

Figure !."": Dynamic stress test discharge cycle"$%

The standard also features a “battery screening test”"$&, which is an overview of theprocedures to be taken when selecting a battery for a certain vehicle, in collaborationbetween the battery manufacturer and the vehicle manufacturer, incorporating agraph of the calculated range of the vehicle as a function of the battery weight.

The actual tests described in this standard represent a quite original approach anddo in a number of points differ from ordinary battery tests, hence the need for furtherconsideration here.

First, it is interesting to note that the “capacity” test of “traditional” batterystandards, which involved either a discharge at constant current like '() $*%+"-!"$",or a dynamic discharge cycle like '() $!#,%-%"$+, is replaced by a “energy” test"$$.From the vehicle standpoint, the energy content of the whole battery pack (expressedin kWh) is in fact more interesting than the capacity (in Ah) of individual batterycells. Also, the criteria for the end of the test are different: whileas a traditionalbattery discharge test is performed down to a pre-defined cut-off voltage (e.g. !,+ Vper cell), the “Black Box” approach dictates that the test is stopped either when thebattery can not deliver the required power or when the discharge is terminated by thebattery management system. "$% Ibid., graph derived from data in Table !"$& Ibid., ¶".&"$" '() $*%+"-!:!##-, ¶".%"$+ '() $!#,%-%:%**%, ¶".%.""$$ '() $!#,%-&:%**!, ¶+.%.&

-100,0%

-87,5%

-75,0%

-62,5%

-50,0%

-37,5%

-25,0%

-12,5%

0,0%

12,5%

25,0%

37,5%

50,0%

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

time (s)

24 kW

65

JRC2013-01-28

Hybrid NiMH batteries

•Annex A of 61982

•Current-voltage characteristic

66

10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min

10 s 1/3 It

10s

10 s

10 s

10 s

10 s

10 s

10 s

Dis

char

ge (+

) C

urre

nt

(A)

Cha

rge

(–)

Time

1/3 It

1 It

1 It

5 It

5 It

10 It

10 It

JRC2013-01-28

Hybrid NiMH batteries

•Power density at discharge or charge

67

Voltage at 10 s

Discharge current (A)

Discharge lower limit voltage

0 2 It 4 It 6 It 8 It 10 It Id

Vd

(V)

Charge current (A)

Voltage at 10 s

(V)

Charge upper limit voltage Vc

0 2 It 4 It 6 It 8 It 10 It Ic

JRC2013-01-28

HEV cycles

68

12 It

0

10 It 8 It 6 It 4 It 2 It 0 It

–2 It –4 It –6 It –8 It

–10 It –12 It

60 120 180 240 300 360 Time (s)

Cur

rent

(A

) D

isch

arge

C

harg

e

JRC2013-01-28

New challenges

•New applications

–Hybrid vehicle: power battery

–Discharge patterns and SOC evolution

•New batteries

–Lithium

69

JRC2013-01-28

•Lithium proposals in 2008

–ISO TC22 SC21 - Road vehicles

–IEC TC21 - Secondary batteries

–IEC SC21A - Secondary batteries with non-acid electrolyte

•Competing and overlapping proposals

New initiatives

70

JRC2013-01-28

•Application cycles

–hybrid vehicle: power storage

–battery-electric: energy storage

•System limitation

–cell and module standards

–system in the vehicle

Lithium battery standards

71

JRC2013-01-28

Battery culture

•Electrotechnical approach

–Battery element or module

–IEC standards

•Automotive approach

–Battery system as vehicle component

–ISO standards

72

JRC2013-01-28

Battery system (ISO 12405)

Bus

in

out

Battery SystemBattery

ControlUnit

LVConnections

HVConnectionsHV Electric

CircuitContactors,

Fuse,Wiring

ServiceDisconnect

(optional) Cell - Electronics

Normal use Impact Case

Cooling Device & Connections

Cell / Module

AssemblyCells,

Sensors,Cooling

equipment

73

JRC2013-01-28

Problems

•Competing and overlapping proposals

–Parallel work

–Loss of resources

–Conflicting and useless standards

•High-level conflict resolution needed

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JRC2013-01-28

•IEC will carry out standardization activities on cell and battery level for automobile/automotive applications

• ISO will carry out standardization activities on battery pack and system level for automobile/automotive applications.

IEC-ISO Agreement

75

JRC2013-01-28

ISO 12405

•Electrically propelled road vehicles — Test specification for Lithium-Ion traction battery systems 

–Part 1: High power applications

–Part 2: High energy applications

•Oriented on the battery system in the vehicle

•Reflecting automotive demands

•Performance and safety tests

•Based on automotive proposals76

JRC2013-01-28

ISO 12405 test procedures

•General tests

•Performance tests

•Reliability tests

•Abuse tests

77

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Performance testing

•Energy and capacity at different temperature and discharge rates

•Power and internal resistance

•Self discharge

•Energy efficiency

•Cycle life

78

JRC2013-01-28

Internal resistance - Power

I

discharge

charge

20C

-15C

t

V Ri�t =U0 � U�t

I�t

P�t = U�t · I�t

79

JRC2013-01-28

ISO 12405-1

•Pulse power capability (internal resistance)

•Micro cycles for hybrid operation

•Reliability and abuse tests

•Vehicle-centric concept

80

JRC2013-01-28

Cycle life test

•Microcycles: charge or discharge-rich

•1,94% SOC difference per microcycle

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Δ

Curr

ent (

C)

Time (s)

discharge

charge

81

JRC2013-01-28

SOC evolution

SOC

t

discharge rich charge rich

80%

30%

0 1h 2h 3h

82

JRC2013-01-28

ISO12405-2

•High-energy lithium traction batteries

–Battery-electric vehicles

–Plug-in hybrid

•Standard discharge capacity: C3

•Power discharge capacity

•Energy efficiency at fast charge

•No load SOC loss

•Cycle life

83

JRC2013-01-28

Discharge profiles for cycle life test

•Battery-electric profiles

•Plug-in hybrid profiles for charge sustaining operation

•Profiles also used for cell tests (IEC)

84

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Discharge microcycle

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Time [s]

RatioofPm

ax[%]

charge

discharge

85

JRC2013-01-28

Discharge microcycle B (with slope)

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480

Time [s]

RatioofPm

ax[%]

charge

discharge

86

JRC2013-01-28

Plug-in hybrid discharge-rich microcycle

•Note lower current than HEV in 12405-1 ?

•Current expressed as capacity of the battery

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time [s]

Current[Crate]

charge

discharge

! SOC = -0,78 %

87

JRC2013-01-28

Plug-in charge rich microcycle

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time [s]

Current[Crate]

charge

discharge

¨ SOC = +0,78 %

88

JRC2013-01-28

Charge-sustaining operation

20

25

30

35

40

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200

Time [s]

SOC[%]

Ini tial SOC = 30 %

Cycle turn pointat SOC = 25 %

Cycle turn pointatSOC = 25 %

Cycle turn pointatSOC = 35 %

Plug-in charge-rich cycle Plug-in discharge-rich cycle

89

JRC2013-01-28

IEC TC21 on Lithium

•Work on automotive traction batteries

•To be performed by joint working group IEC TC21/SC21A/TC69

•Coordination with ISO work

•Aimed on battery cells and modules

90

JRC2013-01-28

•IEC 62660-1: Secondary batteries for the propulsion of electric road vehicles – Performance testing for lithium-ion cells and batteries (Was 61982-4)

IEC TC21 performance standards

91

JRC2013-01-28

IEC 62660-1

•Performance and life testing

•Definition of specific cycles

–battery-electric applications

•charge-depleting

•energy oriented

–hybrid applications

•charge-sustaining

•power oriented

92

JRC2013-01-28

Power test

•For BEV and HEV applications

10s 1/3 It

10s 1/3 It

10s 1 It

10s 1 It

10s 2 It

10s 2 It

10s 5 It

10s 5 It

10s Imax

10s Imax

Time

Brake

Current (A)

Rest time

Discharge (+)

Charge (-)

10s 1/3 It

10s 1/3 It

10s 1 It

10s 1 It

10s 5 It

10s 5 It

10s 10 It

10s 10 It

10s Imax

10s Imax

Time

Brake

Current (A)

Rest time

Discharge (+)

Charge (-)

93

JRC2013-01-28

Dynamic discharge profiles

•Profile A and B as in ISO 12405-2

•For hybrid: cycle as in ISO 12405-1

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Time [s]

RatioofPm

ax[%]

charge

discharge

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480

Time [s]

RatioofPm

ax[%]

charge

discharge

94

JRC2013-01-28

•Initial proposals

–Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Large format secondary lithium cells and batteries for stationary and motive applications.

–Safety requirements for secondary lithium batteries for hybrid vehicles and mobile applications

•Work to be concentrated on non-automotive applications in accordance with TC21 and ISO

IEC SC21A

95

JRC2013-01-28

Capacitor standards

•Electric double-layer capacitors(“supercapacitors”) used for peak power

•Describing electrical characteristics

• IEC62576 international standard published 2009

96

JRC2013-01-28

IEC 62576 (CDV)

•Electric Double-Layer Capacitors for Use in Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Test Methods for Electrical Characteristics

•Scope: capacitors used for peak power assistance in hybrid vehicles

97

JRC2013-01-28

Capacitance measure

•Energy conversion capacitance method

•General capacitor energy:

•Discharge from 0,9 to 0,7 x rated voltage:

E =12

· C · U2

C =2�E

(0, 9UR)2 � (0, 7UR)2

98

JRC2013-01-28

Internal resistance

•Least squares approximation of voltage drop due to internal resistance

Ri =�U3

Id

99

JRC2013-01-28

Maximum power density

•Matched impedance power density

•Power dissipated in load is maximal if load resistance is equal to internal resistance

Pdm =�

UR2

⇥2

Ri · m=

0, 25U2R

Ri · m

100

JRC2013-01-28

Voltage maintenance

•Self-discharge over 72h

A% =U72h

UR� 100

101

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Efficiency

•Charge to full voltage

•Discharge to half voltage

•Covering 75% of energy content

� =Ed

Ec=

� t0,5URtUR

Id · U(t)dt� tUR

t0Ic · U(t)dt

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Additional tests

•Endurance test

–Rated voltage at high temperature for 1000 h

•Thermal equilibrium test

•Charge and discharge efficiency

–Stated at 95%:

–Start value 30 A if Ri unknown

Ic =U

38Ri

Id =U

40Ri

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•”Lithium capacitor”

•Shares both battery and capacitor characteristics

•Existing standard measurement procedures not suitable

•Special standards to be developed - if demand exists

New components

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New applications - Second life

•Battery is “end of life” if at 80% rated capacity

•Still good for less demanding applications

–Lower range vehicles

•Business model: leased batteries

•Find new applications in other fields

–Smart grid

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Smart grid

•Optimization of charging timesPlease

don’t chargehere

Charge here

Cost

Mid winter example

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Peak shaving0:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30 8:30 9:30 10:3

0

11:30

12:30

13:30

14:30

15:30

16:30

17:30

18:30

19:30

20:30

21:30

22:30

23:30

Pleasedon’t charge

hereCharge here

Peak shaving

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Peak shaving

•Need for dynamic power sources

–Gas turbine generators (expensive)

–Pumped storage

–Stationary batteries

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Second-life batteries for peak shaving

•Decommissioned traction batteries in stationary role

•Research challenges

–State of health measurement: assembly of battery packs with cells of similar state

–Residual life in static deployment: how to forecast

–Typical load cycles for the application

•Needs for new standardization

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Relevant European regulations

•Battery directive 2006/66/EC

–“Automotive” batteries: SLI

–“Industrial” batteries including Traction batteries

•End-of-life directive 2000/53/EC

–Banning of some substances

–Temporary exemption for cadmium

–Permanent exemption for lead in batteries

•Relevance beyond the EU!

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Conclusions

JRC2013-01-28

Conclusions

•New components and new applications need new standards

•Collaboration between actors and committees

•Standardization culture

•No double standards or conflicting work

•Standardization as a key element in technological and societal development

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