Respiratory System Chapter 11. Objectives Identify the organs of the respiratory system Locate the...

Respiratory SystemChapter 11

Objectives Identify the organs of the respiratory system Locate the structures of the respiratory system Identify the functions of the respiratory

system Review some disorders of the respiratory

system Review some laboratory test and procedures

Functions of the Respiratory System Breathing process Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Enable speech production

How it works: Consist of a series of tubes that transport air

in an out of the lungs. Function is to supply oxygen to the body cells

and to transport carbon dioxide which is produced by the body cells into the atmosphere

There are two forms of respiration exchange

1: External respiration Oxygen is inhaled (inhaled air is about 21%

oxygen) into the air sacs of the lungs It is then immediately passed into tiny

capillary blood vessels surrounding the air spaces

External respiration contd: Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, ( a gas

produced when oxygen and food combine in cells) passes from the capillary blood vessels into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled.

Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen Mostly an involuntary activity

2. Internal respiration Happens simultaneously as external

respiration Occurs between the individual body cells and

the tiny capillary blood vessels Involves an exchange of gases at the cells

with in all organs of the body Oxygen passes out of the blood stream into

tissue cells

Cellular respiration: Further use of the body cells to use oxygen to

produce energy Release of carbon dioxide and water

FYI:RR = respiratory rate

Respiratory rate is the rate per minute of inhaling and exhaling

A normal rate for an adult is 16 to 18 times a minute

Structures of Respiratory System

upper respiratory tract nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and

trachea lower respiratory tract

bronchial tree and lungs

Respiratory tract divided into:

Upper Respiratory tract: Nose: (nostrils or nares). When we inhale air enters the body through

the nose via the nasal nares Then passes trough the nasal cavity This cavity is lined with mucous membranes

and fine hairs called cilia that filter out foreign bodies and also warm and moisten the air

Nose

nasal cavity nasal septum mucous membrane

mucus cilia olfactory receptors

Upper respiratory contd: Pharynx (throat) After passing through the nasal cavity air

reaches the pharynx A 5 inch muscular tube that extends from the

base of the skull to the esophagus The airway that connects the mouth and nose

to the larynx

Pharynx: Divided into three sections

Pharynx contd: Nasopharynx: nearest the nasal cavity and

contain adenoids (masses of lymphatic tissue) If enlarged it can obstruct airway Equalize pressure on both sides of the

tympanic membrane.

Pharynx Contd: Oropharynx: located behind the mouth Muscular soft palate that contains the uvula

and tonsils.

Pharynx contd: Laryngopharynx: surrounds the opening of

the esophagus Also known as the hypo pharynx Serves as a common passageway for food

from the mouth and air from the nose Divided into two branches larynx and

esophagus

Pharynx

Nasopharynx adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils

oropharynx palatine tonsils

laryngopharynx larynx

Pharynx: Divided into three sections

Larynx: Voice box Covered by the epiglottis which is a small flap of

cartilage that is attached to the roof of the tongue Connects the pharynx to the trachea (where air goes

down into the lungs) Contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by nine

cartilages for support Tension of the vocal cords determine the high or low

pitch of the voice

Lower Respiratory Tract:

Trachea: Wind pipe A 10 to 12 cm long tube Extends into the chest Serves as passageway for air into the bronchi Kept open by 16 to 20 C shaped rings made

of cartilage Some of the rings make up the thyroid

cartilage forming the Adams apple

Bronchi Trachea branches into two tubes called

bronchi Bronchi = plural bronchus = singular Right is primary (main) and shorter than the

left Each bronchus enters the lung and subdivides

into smaller tubes The smallest is called bronchioles

Bronchi contd: At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of

air sacs called alveoli Alveoli = plural alveolus = singular Each is lined with a layer of epithelium This very thin wall permits the exchange of

gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries

Lungs: Located in the thoracic cavity Right lung has three lobes Left lung has two lobes Oxygen passes from the lungs into the capillaries

( network of tiny blood vessels) that surround the alveoli and distributes them to the cells

Carbon dioxide from the blood cells passes into the lungs for removal

Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes

Lungs

trachea

Lungs contd: When oxygen is absorbed into the blood it

attaches to the hemoglobin and is released as needed.

Each lung is covered by a membrane called pleura

The outer layer (near the ribs) parietal pleura The inner layer (closet to the lungs) visceral

pleura

Lungs contd: A serous fluid ( thin, watery lubricating fluid)

moistens the pleura This facilitates movement between the pleuras

and prevent friction Lungs extend from the collar bone to the

diaphragm

Lungs contd: Diaphragm: is a muscular partition that

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

This muscles aids in the process of breathing Breathing is the process of inhalation and

exhalation

Lungs contd: Inhalation: (inspiration) the diaphragm

contracts and descends causing enlargement of the thoracic cavity area

This allows air to flow into the lungs to equalize the pressure

Inhalation Breathing in Body gets oxygen from the air Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the

lungs Tissue expands to force (pull) in air.

Lungs contd: Exhalation: (expiration) when the lungs are

full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates making the thoracic cavity smaller

This increases the air pressure in the thorax Air is then expelled out of the lungs to

equalize the pressure

Exhalation Breathing out Get rid of carbon dioxide Rib muscles relax Diaphragm muscle relaxes Tissue returns to resting position and forces

(pushes) air out

http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/respiratory.html

Respiratory Root Words: Adenoid/o Adenoids Alveol/o Alveolus, air sac Atel/o Imperfect, incomplete Bronch/o Bronchus Bronchi/o Bronchial tubes Epiglott/o Epiglottis Laryng/o Larynx Nas/o, rhin/o Nose

Root words contd: Ox/o, Ox/i oxygen Pharyng/o throat Pleur/o Pleura Pneum/o Lung, air Pulmon/o Lung Spir/o To breathe Thorac/o Chest Tonsill/o Tonsils Trache/o Trachea

Respiratory Prefixes: An-, a- Without, absent Endo- Within Inter- Between Intra- Within

Respiratory suffixes: -ar, -ary Pertaining to -capnia Carbon dioxide -centesis Surgical puncture with

needle to aspirate fluid -ectasis Stretching or expansion -gram Record -graphy Process of recording -itis Inflammation

Suffixes contd: -ostomy creation of an artificial

opening -oxia oxygen -pnea breathing -scope instrument used to examine -scopy visual examination -stenosis narrowing or contracting -thorax chest

Suffixes contd: -ptysis spitting -sphyxia pulse -osmia smell

A few lung disorders: Lung abscess: a localized collection of pus in

a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue

Asthma Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to

bronchial airway obstruction

Bronchitis Inflammation of one or more bronchi

Coryza Profuse discharge from the mucous

membrane of the nose

Deviated septum Defect in the wall between the nostrils that

cause partial or complete obstruction

Epistaxis Hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed

Hiatal hernia Protrusion of part of the stomach into the

chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of the diaphragm

Pleural effusion Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which

compresses the underlying potion of the lung causing dyspnea

Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls

Lung cancer Leading cause of cancer death for men and

women

Respiratory general terms Anoxia - without oxygen Apnea- temporary cessation of breathing Aphonia- absence of voice Bifurcation- a division into two branches Bronchospasm- sporadic contraction of the

bronchi muscle Dysphonia- difficulty in speaking

Contd: Cyanosis- a bluish discoloration of skin and

mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood

Eupnea- normal breathing Hemoptysis- coughing up of blood from the

lungs Hyperventilation- increased rate and depth of

respiration

Contd: Hypoxia- insufficient oxygen Orthopnea- difficult breathing except in

upright position Rales, rhonchi- abnormal respiratory sound

heard on auscultation Sputum- matter ejected from the trachea,

bronchi, and lungs through the mouth

Diagnostic and instruments used: Auscultation- listening to the lungs through a

stethoscope Percussion- short sharp blows to the body

with the fingers Bronchoscopy- lung examination using a

bronchoscope Endotracheal catheter- an airway catheter

inserted into the trachea during surgery

Contd: Oximetry- measurement of the oxygen

saturation of arterial blood Peak expiratory flow rate- measurement of

how fast a person can exhale using a small hand held device

Medical procedures and tests: Blood gases- blood drawn to check oxygen,

carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood Bronchodilator- an agent used to dilate the

bronchi CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation IPPB- intermittent positive pressure breathing Larngectomy- excision of the larynx

Contd: Lavage of sinuses- the irrigation or washing

out of sinuses Lobectomy- excision of a lobe of the lung Mantoux- TB skin test PPD- purified protein derivative (TB test) Pulmonary function- test to assess ventilator

status

Contd: Rhinoplasty- plastic surgery of the nose Scan- an image or picture produced using

radioactive isotopes Thoracentesis- surgical puncture of the chest

wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid Tracheotomy- incision of the trachea through

the skin and muscles of the neck

Bronchoscopy

Tracheotomy

The End!