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Range Wrangler I: Guided Tour and Analyses of New World
Mammal DistributionsNick Gotelli
Department of BiologyUniversity of VermontBurlington, VT 05405
NCEAS, October 11, 2008
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
THANK YOU To Thiago Rangel!
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
New World Mammals Data Set
• Gridded Domain: 383 2° x 2° grid cells• Environmental Layers: MinTemp, NPP, PET,
AET• 879 species • Species Density: 11 to 228 species/grid cell• Geographic Ranges: 1 to 350 grid cells
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
Expected Species Richness0 50 100 150 200 250Obs
erve
d S
peci
es R
ichn
ess
0
50
100
150
200
250
Expected Species Richness0 50 100 150 200 250Obs
erve
d S
peci
es R
ichn
ess
0
50
100
150
200
250
r2 = 0.08Slope = 0.60Intercept = 54.5AICc = 4147
Expected Species Richness0 50 100 150 200 250Obs
erve
d S
peci
es R
ichn
ess
0
50
100
150
200
250
r2 = 1.0Slope = 1.0Intercept = 0.0AICc = 2.0
r2 = 0.08Slope = 0.60Intercept = 54.5AICc = 4147
Intercept
0
1
2
3
4
5
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
-500 -300 -100 100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope
r2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-500
-300
-100
100
3600370038003900400041004200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AIC
Intercept
0
1
2
3
4
5
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
-500 -300 -100 100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope
r2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-500
-300
-100
100
3600370038003900400041004200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AIC
Intercept
0
1
2
3
4
5
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
-500 -300 -100 100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope
r2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-500
-300
-100
100
3600370038003900400041004200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AIC
Intercept
0
1
2
3
4
5
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
-500 -300 -100 100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope
r2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-500
-300
-100
100
3600370038003900400041004200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AIC
Intercept
0
1
2
3
4
5
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
-500 -300 -100 100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Slope
r2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-500
-300
-100
100
3600370038003900400041004200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AIC
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
r2
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slo
pe
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
r2
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slo
pe
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
Model Parameters
• SEED CELL– Equiprobable– Proportional to Environmental Variable (linear)– Single Cell (= center of origin)
Center of Origin Model
Model Parameters
• DISPERSAL DISTANCE– 1.0 TO 512.0 standard deviations of map cell
distance
Model Parameters
• TARGET CELL– Equiprobable– Proportional to Environmental Variable (Linear)– Proportional to Similarity of Source Cell (Niche)
Model Parameters
• SEED CELL (Equiprobable, Linear, Single Cell)• DISPERSAL DISTANCE (1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512)
• TARGET CELL (Equiprobable, Linear, Niche)
3 x 10 x 3 = 90 orthogonal parameter settings
Equiprobable
Linear
Niche
Equiprobable
Linear
SingleCell
0.11
10100
1000
TA
RG
ET
CE
LL
SEED
CEL
L
DISPERSAL DISTANCE
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
r2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.2 0.8 1.4 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.0 4.7
Slope
0
5
10
15
Equiprobable Linear SingleCell
Seed Cell
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
r2
Equiprobable Linear Niche
Target Cell
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
r2
Dispersal Distance (SD)
0.1 1 10 100 1000
r^2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
EquiprobableLinearSingle Cell
Df Sum of Sq Mean Sq F Value Pr(F) Seed.Cell 2 2.256552 1.128276 81.90621 0.00000000Target.Cell 2 1.379895 0.689947 50.08612 0.00000000 DD 1 0.174349 0.174349 12.65670 0.00062169 DDSquared 1 0.072209 0.072209 5.24197 0.02458728 Residuals 83 1.143343 0.013775
Df Sum of Sq Mean Sq F Value Pr(F) Seed.Cell 2 2.256552 1.128276 75.74525 0.0000000000 Target.Cell 2 1.379895 0.689947 46.31866 0.0000000000Seed.Cell:Target.Cell 4 0.353634 0.088408 5.93518 0.0003066929 Residuals 81 1.206549 0.014896
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
r2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.2 0.8 1.4 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.0 4.7
Slope
0
5
10
15
Equiprobable Linear SingleCell
Seed Cell
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slo
pe
Equiprobable Linear Niche
Target Cell
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slo
pe
Df Sum of Sq Mean Sq F Value Pr(F) Seed.Cell 2 27.62234 13.81117 36.27824 0.0000000Target.Cell 2 3.97279 1.98640 5.21773 0.0073368 DD 1 0.87346 0.87346 2.29435 0.1336450 DDSquared 1 0.00026 0.00026 0.00068 0.9792425 Residuals 83 31.59820 0.38070
Df Sum of Sq Mean Sq F Value Pr(F) Seed.Cell 2 27.62234 13.81117 34.82090 0.000000000 Target.Cell 2 3.97279 1.98640 5.00813 0.008898663Seed.Cell:Target.Cell 4 11.00685 2.75171 6.93765 0.000074570 Residuals 81 32.12739 0.39663
Best 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
42 Linear 2 Linear 0.995 0.524
72 Linear 2 Niche 1.010 0.514
71 Linear 1 Niche 1.012 0.514
12 Linear 2 Equiprobable 1.013 0.507
34 Equiprobable 8 Linear 0.985 0.361
41 Linear 1 Linear 1.016 0.522
73 Linear 4 Niche 1.016 0.539
44 Linear 8 Linear 0.983 0.631
11 Linear 1 Equiprobable 1.018 0.521
43 Linear 4 Linear 0.982 0.559
13 Linear 4 Equiprobable 1.019 0.497
5 Equiprobable 16 Equiprobable 0.947 0.085
Best 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
42 Linear 2 Linear 0.995 0.524
72 Linear 2 Niche 1.010 0.514
71 Linear 1 Niche 1.012 0.514
12 Linear 2 Equiprobable 1.013 0.507
34 Equiprobable 8 Linear 0.985 0.361
41 Linear 1 Linear 1.016 0.522
73 Linear 4 Niche 1.016 0.539
44 Linear 8 Linear 0.983 0.631
11 Linear 1 Equiprobable 1.018 0.521
43 Linear 4 Linear 0.982 0.559
13 Linear 4 Equiprobable 1.019 0.497
5 Equiprobable 16 Equiprobable 0.947 0.085
Environmental Effects on SpeciationShort Dispersal DistancesEnvironmental or Niche Effects on Dispersal
Environmental Effects on SpeciationShort Dispersal DistancesEnvironmental or Niche Effects on Dispersal
Best 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
42 Linear 2 Linear 0.995 0.524
72 Linear 2 Niche 1.010 0.514
71 Linear 1 Niche 1.012 0.514
12 Linear 2 Equiprobable 1.013 0.507
34 Equiprobable 8 Linear 0.985 0.361
41 Linear 1 Linear 1.016 0.522
73 Linear 4 Niche 1.016 0.539
44 Linear 8 Linear 0.983 0.631
11 Linear 1 Equiprobable 1.018 0.521
43 Linear 4 Linear 0.982 0.559
13 Linear 4 Equiprobable 1.019 0.497
5 Equiprobable 16 Equiprobable 0.947 0.085
Worst 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
10 Equiprobable 512 Equiprobable 1.793 0.032
52 SingleCell 2 Linear 0.196 0.177
23 SingleCell 4 Equiprobable 0.195 0.149
81 SingleCell 1 Niche 0.187 0.168
51 SingleCell 1 Linear 0.180 0.155
22 SingleCell 2 Equiprobable 0.168 0.129
21 SingleCell 1 Equiprobable 0.161 0.124
16 Linear 32 Equiprobable 2.708 0.443
17 Linear 64 Equiprobable 3.854 0.448
18 Linear 128 Equiprobable 4.422 0.412
19 Linear 256 Equiprobable 4.809 0.414
20 Linear 512 Equiprobable 4.973 0.410
Worst 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
10 Equiprobable 512 Equiprobable 1.793 0.032
52 SingleCell 2 Linear 0.196 0.177
23 SingleCell 4 Equiprobable 0.195 0.149
81 SingleCell 1 Niche 0.187 0.168
51 SingleCell 1 Linear 0.180 0.155
22 SingleCell 2 Equiprobable 0.168 0.129
21 SingleCell 1 Equiprobable 0.161 0.124
16 Linear 32 Equiprobable 2.708 0.443
17 Linear 64 Equiprobable 3.854 0.448
18 Linear 128 Equiprobable 4.422 0.412
19 Linear 256 Equiprobable 4.809 0.414
20 Linear 512 Equiprobable 4.973 0.410
Center of Origin or Environmental Effects on SpeciationLong or Short Dispersal DistancesEquiprobable Dispersal
Center of Origin or Environmental Effects on SpeciationLong or Short Dispersal DistancesEquiprobable Dispersal
Best 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
49 Linear 256 Linear 1.227 0.766
50 Linear 512 Linear 1.231 0.765
47 Linear 64 Linear 1.197 0.761
48 Linear 128 Linear 1.213 0.761
40 Equiprobable 512 Linear 1.356 0.753
46 Linear 32 Linear 1.146 0.751
38 Equiprobable 128 Linear 1.348 0.747
39 Equiprobable 256 Linear 1.359 0.746
37 Equiprobable 64 Linear 1.332 0.731
45 Linear 16 Linear 1.063 0.721
79 Linear 256 Niche 1.479 0.716
77 Linear 64 Niche 1.435 0.715
Best 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
49 Linear 256 Linear 1.227 0.766
50 Linear 512 Linear 1.231 0.765
47 Linear 64 Linear 1.197 0.761
48 Linear 128 Linear 1.213 0.761
40 Equiprobable 512 Linear 1.356 0.753
46 Linear 32 Linear 1.146 0.751
38 Equiprobable 128 Linear 1.348 0.747
39 Equiprobable 256 Linear 1.359 0.746
37 Equiprobable 64 Linear 1.332 0.731
45 Linear 16 Linear 1.063 0.721
79 Linear 256 Niche 1.479 0.716
77 Linear 64 Niche 1.435 0.715
Environmental Effects on SpeciationLong Dispersal DistancesEnvironmental Effects on Dispersal
Environmental Effects on SpeciationLong Dispersal DistancesEnvironmental Effects on Dispersal
Worst 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
1 Equiprobable 1 Equiprobable 0.587 0.080
61 Equiprobable 1 Niche 0.584 0.079
26 SingleCell 32 Equiprobable 0.254 0.069
6 Equiprobable 32 Equiprobable 1.427 0.067
27 SingleCell 64 Equiprobable 0.232 0.051
7 Equiprobable 64 Equiprobable 1.759 0.050
28 SingleCell 128 Equiprobable 0.220 0.044
29 SingleCell 256 Equiprobable 0.212 0.040
30 SingleCell 512 Equiprobable 0.210 0.039
8 Equiprobable 128 Equiprobable 1.748 0.037
10 Equiprobable 512 Equiprobable 1.793 0.032
9 Equiprobable 256 Equiprobable 1.463 0.023
Worst 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
1 Equiprobable 1 Equiprobable 0.587 0.080
61 Equiprobable 1 Niche 0.584 0.079
26 SingleCell 32 Equiprobable 0.254 0.069
6 Equiprobable 32 Equiprobable 1.427 0.067
27 SingleCell 64 Equiprobable 0.232 0.051
7 Equiprobable 64 Equiprobable 1.759 0.050
28 SingleCell 128 Equiprobable 0.220 0.044
29 SingleCell 256 Equiprobable 0.212 0.040
30 SingleCell 512 Equiprobable 0.210 0.039
8 Equiprobable 128 Equiprobable 1.748 0.037
10 Equiprobable 512 Equiprobable 1.793 0.032
9 Equiprobable 256 Equiprobable 1.463 0.023
Center of Origin or Equiprobable SpeciationLong Dispersal DistancesEquiprobable Dispersal
Center of Origin or Equiprobable SpeciationLong Dispersal DistancesEquiprobable Dispersal
Single “Best” Model based on Slope, r2, and Residuals
Model # Seed Cell for Clade AncestorSD of Dispersal
Distance Target Cell Slope r2
42 Linear 2 Linear 0.995 0.524
72 Linear 2 Niche 1.010 0.514
71 Linear 1 Niche 1.012 0.514
12 Linear 2 Equiprobable 1.013 0.507
34 Equiprobable 8 Linear 0.985 0.361
41 Linear 1 Linear 1.016 0.522
73 Linear 4 Niche 1.016 0.539
44 Linear 8 Linear 0.983 0.631
11 Linear 1 Equiprobable 1.018 0.521
43 Linear 4 Linear 0.982 0.559
13 Linear 4 Equiprobable 1.019 0.497
5 Equiprobable 16 Equiprobable 0.947 0.085
Equiprobable
Linear
Niche
Equiprobable
Linear
SingleCell
0.11
10100
1000
TA
RG
ET
CE
LL
SEED
CEL
L
DISPERSAL DISTANCE
Residuals From “Best” Model
“Best” Model
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
Model Parameters
• ANCESTOR SPECIES– Equiprobable– Proportional to Geographic Range (Direct)– Inversely Proportional to Geographic Range (Inverse)
Model Parameters
• NICHE CONSERVATISM OF DESCENDANT– 0.0 Evolution to new environmental conditions– 1.0 Strict Niche Conservatism (perfectly inherited
ancestral niche)
Model Parameters
• TARGET (SPECIATION) CELL– Equiprobable– Proportional to Environmental Variable (Linear)– Proportional to Similarity of Source Cell (Niche)
Model Parameters
• ANCESTOR SPECIES (Equiprobable, Direct, Inverse)
• CONSERVATISM (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0)
• TARGET CELL (Equiprobable, Linear, Niche)
3 x 11 x 2 = 66 orthogonal parameter settings
Equiprobable
Linear
Niche
Equiprobable
Linear
SingleCell
0.11
10100
1000
TA
RG
ET
CE
LL
SEED
CEL
L
DISPERSAL DISTANCE
Equiprobable
Linear
Niche
Equiprobable
Linear
SingleCell
0.11
10100
1000
TA
RG
ET
CE
LL
SEED
CEL
L
DISPERSAL DISTANCE
Linear
Niche
Equiprobable
Direct
Inverse
0.00.2
0.40.6
0.81.0
1.2
Spe
ciat
ion
Cel
l
Ance
stor
Ran
ge S
ize
Conservatism <-> Evolution
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
r2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
r2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
r2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.2 0.8 1.4 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.0 4.7
Slope
0
5
10
15
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Slope
0
10
20
30
Direct Equiprobable Inverse
Ancestor Range
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
r2
Linear Niche
Speciation Cell
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
r2
-0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
Conservatism
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
r2
Direct Equiprobable Inverse
Ancestor Range
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Slo
pe
Linear Niche
Speciation Cell
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Slo
pe
Best 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
77 Equiprobable Niche 1 0.999 0.508
81 Direct Niche 0.3 0.999 0.484
84 Direct Niche 0.6 0.999 0.495
82 Direct Niche 0.4 1.002 0.488
86 Direct Niche 0.8 0.998 0.51
83 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.497
85 Direct Niche 0.7 0.992 0.488
87 Direct Niche 0.9 1.009 0.506
51 Direct Linear 0.6 1.014 0.522
53 Direct Linear 0.8 1.015 0.511
67 Equiprobable Niche 0 1.015 0.55
50 Direct Linear 0.5 1.016 0.505
Best 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
77 Equiprobable Niche 1 0.999 0.508
81 Direct Niche 0.3 0.999 0.484
84 Direct Niche 0.6 0.999 0.495
82 Direct Niche 0.4 1.002 0.488
86 Direct Niche 0.8 0.998 0.51
83 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.497
85 Direct Niche 0.7 0.992 0.488
87 Direct Niche 0.9 1.009 0.506
51 Direct Linear 0.6 1.014 0.522
53 Direct Linear 0.8 1.015 0.511
67 Equiprobable Niche 0 1.015 0.55
50 Direct Linear 0.5 1.016 0.505
Speciation Proportional To Range SizeTarget Cell Similar to AncestorNiche Conservatism Variable
Speciation Proportional To Range SizeTarget Cell Similar to AncestorNiche Conservatism Variable
Worst 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
62 Inverse Linear 0.6 0.896 0.575
97 Inverse Niche 0.8 0.888 0.534
61 Inverse Linear 0.5 0.887 0.611
60 Inverse Linear 0.4 0.879 0.635
63 Inverse Linear 0.7 0.879 0.605
65 Inverse Linear 0.9 0.875 0.605
56 Inverse Linear 0 0.87 0.624
59 Inverse Linear 0.3 0.869 0.621
64 Inverse Linear 0.8 0.869 0.607
66 Inverse Linear 1 0.863 0.627
57 Inverse Linear 0.1 0.854 0.596
89 Inverse Niche 0 0.799 0.469
Worst 12 Models Based on Slope
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
62 Inverse Linear 0.6 0.896 0.575
97 Inverse Niche 0.8 0.888 0.534
61 Inverse Linear 0.5 0.887 0.611
60 Inverse Linear 0.4 0.879 0.635
63 Inverse Linear 0.7 0.879 0.605
65 Inverse Linear 0.9 0.875 0.605
56 Inverse Linear 0 0.87 0.624
59 Inverse Linear 0.3 0.869 0.621
64 Inverse Linear 0.8 0.869 0.607
66 Inverse Linear 1 0.863 0.627
57 Inverse Linear 0.1 0.854 0.596
89 Inverse Niche 0 0.799 0.469
Speciation Inversely Proportional To Range SizeTarget Cell Proportional to AETNiche Conservatism Variable
Speciation Inversely Proportional To Range SizeTarget Cell Proportional to AETNiche Conservatism Variable
Best 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
60 Inverse Linear 0.4 0.879 0.635
66 Inverse Linear 1 0.863 0.627
56 Inverse Linear 0 0.87 0.624
59 Inverse Linear 0.3 0.869 0.621
58 Inverse Linear 0.2 0.908 0.619
61 Inverse Linear 0.5 0.887 0.611
64 Inverse Linear 0.8 0.869 0.607
63 Inverse Linear 0.7 0.879 0.605
65 Inverse Linear 0.9 0.875 0.605
57 Inverse Linear 0.1 0.854 0.596
36 Equiprobable Linear 0.2 0.915 0.592
35 Equiprobable Linear 0.1 0.913 0.592
Best 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
60 Inverse Linear 0.4 0.879 0.635
66 Inverse Linear 1 0.863 0.627
56 Inverse Linear 0 0.87 0.624
59 Inverse Linear 0.3 0.869 0.621
58 Inverse Linear 0.2 0.908 0.619
61 Inverse Linear 0.5 0.887 0.611
64 Inverse Linear 0.8 0.869 0.607
63 Inverse Linear 0.7 0.879 0.605
65 Inverse Linear 0.9 0.875 0.605
57 Inverse Linear 0.1 0.854 0.596
36 Equiprobable Linear 0.2 0.915 0.592
35 Equiprobable Linear 0.1 0.913 0.592
Speciation Inversely Proportional To Range SizeTarget Cell Proportional to AETNiche Conservatism Variable
Speciation Inversely Proportional To Range SizeTarget Cell Proportional to AETNiche Conservatism Variable
Worst 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
79 Direct Niche 0.1 1.024 0.503
80 Direct Niche 0.2 1.029 0.503
96 Inverse Niche 0.7 0.922 0.502
78 Direct Niche 0 1.101 0.501
83 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.497
84 Direct Niche 0.6 0.999 0.495
82 Direct Niche 0.4 1.002 0.488
85 Direct Niche 0.7 0.992 0.488
81 Direct Niche 0.3 0.999 0.484
88 Direct Niche 1 1.084 0.471
89 Inverse Niche 0 0.799 0.469
99 Inverse Niche 1 0.98 0.445
Worst 12 Models Based on r2
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
79 Direct Niche 0.1 1.024 0.503
80 Direct Niche 0.2 1.029 0.503
96 Inverse Niche 0.7 0.922 0.502
78 Direct Niche 0 1.101 0.501
83 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.497
84 Direct Niche 0.6 0.999 0.495
82 Direct Niche 0.4 1.002 0.488
85 Direct Niche 0.7 0.992 0.488
81 Direct Niche 0.3 0.999 0.484
88 Direct Niche 1 1.084 0.471
89 Inverse Niche 0 0.799 0.469
99 Inverse Niche 1 0.98 0.445
Variable Effects of Range Size on Speciation ProbabilityTarget Cell Similar To AncestorNiche Conservatism Variable
Variable Effects of Range Size on Speciation ProbabilityTarget Cell Similar To AncestorNiche Conservatism Variable
Best Models Based on Slope, r2, and Residuals
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
77 Equiprobable Niche 1 0.999 0.508
81 Direct Niche 0.3 0.999 0.484
84 Direct Niche 0.6 0.999 0.495
82 Direct Niche 0.4 1.002 0.488
86 Direct Niche 0.8 0.998 0.51
83 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.497
85 Direct Niche 0.7 0.992 0.488
87 Direct Niche 0.9 1.009 0.506
51 Direct Linear 0.6 1.014 0.522
53 Direct Linear 0.8 1.015 0.511
67 Equiprobable Niche 0 1.015 0.55
50 Direct Linear 0.5 1.016 0.505
Best Models Based on Slope, r2, and Residuals
Model # Ancestor Choice Target Cell Niche Conservatism Slope r2
77 Equiprobable Niche 1 0.999 0.508
81 Direct Niche 0.3 0.999 0.484
84 Direct Niche 0.6 0.999 0.495
82 Direct Niche 0.4 1.002 0.488
86 Direct Niche 0.8 0.998 0.51
83 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.497
85 Direct Niche 0.7 0.992 0.488
87 Direct Niche 0.9 1.009 0.506
51 Direct Linear 0.6 1.014 0.522
53 Direct Linear 0.8 1.015 0.511
67 Equiprobable Niche 0 1.015 0.55
50 Direct Linear 0.5 1.016 0.505
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
Best Models Based on Slope, r2, and Residuals
Model # Ancestor Choice Target CellNiche
Conservatism Slope r244 Independent Origins 0.983 0.63177 Equiprobable Niche 1 0.999 0.50883 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.49767 Equiprobable Niche 0 1.015 0.55
Best Model SmackDown
Best Model: Independent Origins
Best Model: Ancestry, Direct, Niche, 0.5
Best Model: Ancestry, Equiprobable, Niche, 1.0
Best Model: Ancestry, Equiprobable, Niche, 0.0
Best Model: Independent Origins
Best Model: Independent Origins
Best Model: Independent Origins
Best Model: Ancestry, Direct, Niche, 0.5
Best Model: Ancestry, Equiprobable, Niche, 1.0
Best Model: Ancestry, Equiprobable, Niche, 0.0
Best Models Based on Slope, r2, and Residuals
Model # Ancestor Choice Target CellNiche
Conservatism Slope r244 Independent Origins 0.983 0.63177 Equiprobable Niche 1 0.999 0.50883 Direct Niche 0.5 1.008 0.49767 Equiprobable Niche 0 1.015 0.55
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
Amphibians
Birds
Range Wrangler 1
• Inputs & Model Structure• Goodness of Fit Statistics• Independent Origins Models• Ancestry Models• Best Model Comparisons• Applications to Other Taxa• Conclusions
Conclusions
• Best fitting models (BFM) account for ~ 50% of variance
Conclusions
• Best fitting models (BFM) account for ~ 50% of variance
• BFM includes ancestry, medium-distance dispersal, evolutionary shifts, and effects of AET on dispersal
Conclusions
• Best fitting models (BFM) account for ~ 50% of variance
• BFM includes ancestry, medium-distance dispersal, evolutionary shifts, and effects of AET on dispersal
• BFM has acceptable residual distribution and better accounts for high-diversity residuals
Some Things That Don’t Work
Some Things That Don’t Work
• Equiprobable Dispersal
Some Things That Don’t Work
• Equiprobable Dispersal• Long-Distance Dispersal
Some Things That Don’t Work
• Equiprobable Dispersal• Long-Distance Dispersal• Speciation ~ Inverse of Geographic Ranges
Some Things That Don’t Work
• Equiprobable Dispersal• Long-Distance Dispersal• Speciation ~ Inverse of Geographic Ranges• Independent Origin of Species
Something for Everybody!
• “History” Fans• “Contemporary Climate” Fans• “Geometric Constraints” Fans
For History Fans….
Only models that included ancestry and a simple form of speciation could
generate a linear fit with good residuals and best account for high
diversity sites
For Contemporary Climate Fans….
Only models that included an environmental layer representing contemporary climate (AET) could
account for a substantial fraction of the variance in species richness.
For Geometric Constraints Fans….
Only models that included short- to medium-distance dispersal provided adequate fit and had good predictive
power.
Remaining Challenges
Remaining Challenges
• Choice of “response variable” (r2 ≠ slope)
Remaining Challenges
• Choice of “response variable” (r2 ≠ slope)• Efficient exploration of parameter space
Remaining Challenges
• Choice of “response variable” (r2 ≠ slope)• Efficient exploration of parameter space• Goodness of Fit tests
Remaining Challenges
• Choice of “response variable” (r2 ≠ slope)• Efficient exploration of parameter space• Goodness of Fit tests• Quantification of patterns in residuals
Remaining Challenges
• Choice of “response variable” (r2 ≠ slope)• Efficient exploration of parameter space• Goodness of Fit tests• Quantification of patterns in residuals• Selecting among many competing alternative
models
Onward to Range Wrangler 2 !
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