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EPTRI 1
LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
For
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER PROJECT Conducted by: The Environment Protection Training and Research Institute Submitted to: Naandi Foundation Date of Submission: 27th September 2006
Chapter CONTENTS
Page No
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Need for Safe Drinking Water 2
1.3 Safe Drinking Water Project 2
1.4 Limited Environmental Assessment 4
2 Study Area 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Project Location 5
2.3 Methodology of the study 9
3 Baseline Environmental Status 10
3.1 Kovalli 10
3.2 Pedapadu 11
3.3 Pulla 12
3.4 Nagayalanka 14
3.5 Bantumilli 15
3.6 Pedavadlapudi 16
3.7 Vllagewse baselne parameters 17
4 Socio-economic Assessment 18
4.1 Introduction 18
4.2 Identification and Assessment of Socio-economic Impacts 18
4.3 Socio-economic Status for Six Villages 19
5 Stakeholders’ Consultations 32
5.1 Introduction 32
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5.2 Objectives 32
5.3 Target Participants 32
5.4 Consultation Workshops 32
5.5 Process of Consultations 33
6 Water and Soil Quality Analysis 37
6.1 Introduction 37
6.2 Physico-chemical Analysis 38
6.3 Bacteriological Analysis 44
6.4 Conclusion 47
6.5 Soil Analysis 48
7 Impact Assessment 54
7.1 Scope 54
7.2 Major Environmental and Social Impacts 54
7.3 Impacts due to Surface Water Contamination 55
7.4 Impacts due to Solid Waste 57
7.5 Impacts due to Sewage 57
8 Environmental Management Plan 58
8.1 Multiple Barrier Approaches 58
8.2 Principles of Water Supply Systems 59
8.3 Mitigative Measures 61
8.5 Maintenance of Ultra Violet Treatment Plant 65
8.6 Institutional Arrangements 65
Annexures
Annexure 1 Statistical Data A-1
Annexure 2 List of Participants–Stakeholders’ Consultative Meetings
A-3
Annexure 3 Questioners A-10
Annexure 4 Technical overview of the purification process A-20
Annexure 5 UV Waterworks– An Innovative, Reliable & Cost effective tech
A-21
EPTRI 3
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Today, water is an increasingly scarce resource and is in the forefront of policy
formulations of all the developing countries. Until now, the paradigm of managing water
has followed two interconnected routes. One, the state took upon itself the role of sole
provider of water (it was the colonial state that centralized control over water resources.
The post-independent state inherited this role, and continued with it). Among other
things, this led to communities and households being no longer the primary agents of
water provision and management. Two, the earlier use of rainwater and floodwater
declined. In its place, there came a growing reliance on surface water (primarily rivers)
and groundwater. But a closure look at the current and future scenarios reveals that water
availability, both in terms of quality and quantity has declined sharply and needs to use
judiciously besides adapting scientific techniques for conservation of water.
India has 4% of the world’s water availability, out of this, 70% is not potable.
The agriculture sector accounts for 90 to 95% of surface and groundwater and the
remaining is for industry and the domestic sector. Water quality problems like excessive
concentrations of fluoride and arsenic in groundwater, varying iron levels, presence of
nitrates and heavy metals, bacteriological contamination and salinity result in water
related and water borne diseases all over the places.
About 50% of villages in India do not have any source of protected drinking
water. Inadequate access to safe drinking water causes waterborne diseases that affect
37.7 million Indians annually, out of this 75% are children under the age of five years.
In Andhra Pradesh, where the proposed project would take place, it is estimated
that between 9 and 17 million people are exposed to water with pathogen levels >100
MPN/ml. 500,000 people live within areas with severe fecal contamination of >2,000
MPN/ml in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh (Krishna, East and West Godavari,
EPTRI 4
Prakasam and Guntur). Rural communities need access to better water resources and
need to be educated to make villagers aware of the risks posed by the consumption of
unsafe water.
In spite of the efforts put in for identifying good management practices and
scientific solutions for supply of potable water to the rural households, the results are not
encouraging. There is still a large gap that exists between what has to be done and what
to be done. The importance of local Panchayats are mainly felt in the context of
implementing rural water supply schemes and providing potable water to all the rural
households, as the supply of potable water is the sole responsibility of the local
Panchayat.
1.2 Need for safe drinking water
Most of the villages are dependent on irrigation canals for drinking water. Each
village has a pond, fed by the irrigation canal at regular intervals, storing required
quantity of water. In most villages, under Rural Water Supply (RWS) scheme, the water
in the pond is put through Slow Sand Filters. The filtered water is chlorinated and
pumped into an overhead tank for distribution through a system of pipes. But due to the
frequent clogging and poor maintenance of the slow sand filters, the quality of raw water
in the pond is extremely poor. This has necessitated for rural water supply schemes for
providing safe drinking water to the rural poor.
Rural Water Supply Schemes are designed to supply 40 litres of water per capita
per day. Out of this, only 3-4 litres of water is used for drinking and cooking purpose,
which is about 7.5-10% of total quantity to be supplied in villages.
1.3 Safe drinking water project
Naandi Foundation is a public charitable trust set up in 1998 with a vision to
eradicate poverty through public-private partnerships is engaged in piloting projects to
EPTRI 5
promote alternatives for safe water provision, and expects to scale up the results to larger
areas in Andhra Pradesh. Naandi’s strengths are supporting participatory community
involvement through Village Panchayats, and building capacity in the villages for
managing and delivering self-sustainable services. Naandi’s experience in the water
sector comes from a series of pilot community water projects where they have
implemented water education campaigns and improved access to safe water
Naandi’s Community Safe Water Systems Project depend on low-maintenance,
environmentally friendly, highly effective U.V. Waterworks technology that effectively
eliminates bacteria and viruses typically found in drinking water sources (wells and
ponds) across the country.
The Project is to be implemented in 25 villages of coastal Andhra Pradesh with the
support of an international multi-donor trust fund called the Global Partnership on Output
Based Aid (GPOBA). The criteria for selection of these 25 villages is:
• Villages with population of 8000-20000
• Existence of a surface water body in the village that can be used as a raw water
source to fulfill the drinking requirements of the village
• Prevalence of bacteriological contaminants in the raw water source
• Existence of a suitable plot of land of a minimum size of 4 cents located close to
the raw water source for construction of the purification plant
• Willingness of the community represented by the local self-government i.e
Panchayat to pledge the raw water source and land for the project
• Willingness of the community/inhabitants to buy the treated water from the plant
• Ability and willingness of the community or a philanthropist on behalf of the
community to furnish 20% of the capital cost of the plant
The project is expected to bring about positive health and environmental benefits
through supply of ‘safe’ drinking water to atleast 10,000 under privileged families (500
households per village) In addition to the construction, installation and maintenance of
EPTRI 6
Community Water Systems, the project will have programs related to health and hygiene
education. Several environmental mitigation measures will be included in the project
design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the environment.
1.4 Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) Study
EPTRI has been entrusted the task of conducting limited environmental and social
assessment in 6 villages i.e Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and
Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh where
the proposed project would take place. These 6 villages were selected out of the 25
GPOBA Project villages by Stratified random sampling method. Care was taken to
ensure that all the three districts across which the project villages are located were
represented in the sample.
The main objectives of this LEA study is
• To understand the environment-related aspects of the rural community water
project
• To collect and analyze information regarding the environmental (physical –
chemical and biological) parameters related to surface water
• To collect and analyze the socio-economic issues related to the project
• To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
The LEA study is to be carried out in two stages i.e. pre and post construction of UV
treatment plants in the above 6 villages.
EPTRI 7
2 STUDY AREA
2.1 Introduction
Naandi Foundation in association with Water Health International (WHI) a US
based organization is planning to set up water treatment plants in 25 villages in Andhra
Pradesh. The project is expected to bring about positive health and environmental
benefits through supply of ‘safe’ drinking water to atleast 10,000 under privileged
families (500 households per village). The proposed UV treatment plant can treat 60,000
litres of raw water per day. In addition to the construction, installation and maintenance
of Community Water Systems, the project will have programs related to health and
hygiene education. Several environmental mitigation measures will be included in the
project design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the
environment. The project will ensure that about 400 of the 500 households who has
white ration card holders to be serviced in every village
2.2 Project location
The proposed project is expected to bring safe drinking water for 25 villages of
West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra Pradesh. The present Limited
Environmental Assessment (LEA) study is covered only six villages of the above said
districts. (Fig 1-3 represents the location of villages). The villages that have been
identified for the project are here under:
2.2.1 West Godavari District
i. Kovvali village, Denduluru mandal
ii. Pedapadu village & mandal
iii. Pulla village, Bhimadolu mandal
EPTRI 8
Fig 1: Location map of villages in West Godavari District.
Kovvali
Pulla
Pedapadu
EPTRI 9
Fig 2: Location map of villages in Krishna District.
2.2.2. Krishna District
i. Nagayalanka village & mandal
ii. Bantumilli village & mandal
Bantumulli
Nagaylanka
EPTRI 10
Fig 3: Location map of villages in Guntur District.
2.2.3 Guntur District
i. Pedavadlapudi village & mandal
Pedavadlapudi
EPTRI 11
2.3 Methodology of the study
The study is carried out through primary and secondary data sources. A detailed
questionnaire is prepared for collecting baseline environmental and social data. The
related information for the project is collected from secondary sources i.e. from village
records, Census 2001 besides collection of primary data from village schedule and a
household schedule. The village schedule is intended to generate a profile of the village.
It is designed to collect information relating to location, accessibility, demographic
composition, land use pattern, infrastructure facilities, wage structure and community
activities. Infrastructure available in the village includes facilities of transport, power
supply, domestic and drinking water sources, solid waste, sanitation and public health
systems etc.
The socio economic impact of the project is studied through stakeholder
consultative workshops with all the concerned stakeholders of the village such as
Panchayat members, local officials, farmers and agriculture labour, volunteers, fishermen
and women.
In order to formulate an area specific socio economic status, their relationship
with habitat and life-sustaining structures, a random sample survey of 5% (i.e. 20
households per village) of 400 households that are to be covered under the project. This
5% sampling from each village is intended to assess the socio economic profile of the
targeted households and to understand the people's perception towards the project. This
has been carried out through the structured questionnaires.
EPTRI 12
3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
3.1 Kovvali Village
Location
The proposed water source for the project is West Manchilla pond. The area of the
pond is 36422 sq.m and the depth is 3m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV
treatment plant is 4 cents. The nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 10 m. The
population of the village is 12000.
The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are
North: Agricultural land
East: Panchayat office
West: Earthern road
South: Black top road
Kovvali Pond
EPTRI 13
Water Quality
Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is
saline as the area is near to the coastal zone.
Surface water is polluted as the flood waters in the canals directly enter into the
tanks. The sewage is also entering into the canals, thereby polluting the water in the tanks.
The filter beds are getting polluted due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of
the slow sand filters. The quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor.
Water Supply
Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply
system. There are 225 public taps and 990 individual taps in the village.
3.2 Pedapadu Village
Location
The proposed water source for the project is Bapanu pond. The area of the pond is
20234 sq.m and the depth is 1.8 m The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment
plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body to the proposed treatment plant site is
15 m and the nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 10 m. The population of the
village is 11000.
The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are
North: Anjaneya Swamy Temple
East: Police Station
West: Agricultural lands
South: High School ground
EPTRI 14
Pedapadu pond
Water Quality
Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is
saline as the area is near to the coastal zone.
Surface water is polluted as the flood waters in the canals directly enter into the
tanks. The sewage is also entering into the canals, thereby polluting the water in the tanks.
The filter beds are getting polluted due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of
the slow sand filters. The quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor.
Water Supply
Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply
system. There are 8 own wells, 150 public taps and 650 individual taps in the village.
3.3. Pulla Village
Location
The proposed water source for the project is the Pulla village pond. The area of the
pond is 32375 sq.m and the depth is 3 m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV
treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body to the site is 10m. The
EPTRI 15
nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 50 m. The population of the village is
13368.
The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are
North: Godavari canal
East: Milk project
West: Main road
South: Black top road
Pulla pond
Water Quality
Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is
saline as the area is near to the coastal zone.
Surface water is polluted as the flood waters in the canals directly enter into the
tanks. The sewage is also entering into the canals, thereby polluting the water in the tanks.
The filter beds are getting polluted due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of
the slow sand filters. The quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor.
EPTRI 16
Water Supply
Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply
system.
3.4 Nagayalanka Village
Location
The proposed water source for the project is village pond. The area of the pond is
16187 sq.m and the depth is 3.9m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment
plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body is 200 m. The population of the village
is around 16000.
The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are
North: Vetenary Hospital
East: Uppula Road
West: Madivada
South: Talasila
Nagayalanka pond
EPTRI 17
Water Quality
Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is
saline as the area is near to the coastal zone.
Surface water is polluted as the flood waters in the canals directly enter into the
tanks. The sewage is also entering into the canals, thereby polluting the water in the tanks.
The filter beds are getting polluted due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of
the slow sand filters. The quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor.
Water Supply
Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water
supply system. There are 8 own wells, 150 public taps and 650 individual taps in the
village
3.5 Bantumilli Village
Location
The proposed water source for the project is the village pond. The area of the pond
is 28328 sq.m and the depth is 2 m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment
plant is 4 cents. The distance from the nearest habitation to the site is 500m. The distance
from the water body to the site is 1 km. The population of the village is 8000.
The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are
North: Paddy fields
East: Paddy fields
West: Paddy fields
South: Paddy fields and water tank
EPTRI 18
Bantumilli pond
Water Quality
Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is
saline as the area is near to the coastal zone.
Water Supply
Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply
system.
3.6 Pedavadlapudi Village
Location
The proposed water source for the project is the Krishna irrigation canal. The water
from the canal is transported to the village through a pipeline and a sump is to be
constructed from where the water is sent to the treatment plant. The area envisaged for
setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the canal to the site is 3.5
km. The population of the village is 12600.
EPTRI 19
The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are
North: Canal
East: Paddy fields
West: Paddy fields
South: Canal
Water Supply
Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply
system from Mangalagiri village
3.7 Village wise Baseline parameters
The baseline parameters such as average annual rainfall, mean annual temperature, Ground and surface water quality of the 6 villages are given in the following table:
S.No Village Average annual rainfall (mm)
Mean temp (°°°°C)
Depth of GW table (m)
GW potential
GW quality
SW quality
Soil type
1 Kovvali 650 31 2 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 2 Pedapadu 650 30 6 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 3 Pulla 650 28 16-18 Safe Saline Polluted Clayey 4 Nagayalanka 630 35 18-20 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 5 Bantumilli 632 30 4 Semi critical Saline - Sandy 6 Pedavadlapudi 640 34 7 Critical High TDS
& calcium - Sandy
Safe GW exploitation less than 70% Semi Critical GW exploitation between 70-90% Critical GW exploitation between 90-100%
EPTRI 20
4 SOCIO ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT
4.1 Introduction
Development projects/programmes can cause significant changes in many
features of the socioeconomic environment. In some cases the changes may be
beneficial, in others they may be detrimental. Accordingly, environmental impact studies
must systematically identify, quantify, where possible and appropriately interpret the
significance of these anticipated changes. “Human environment” shall be interpreted
comprehensively to include the natural and physical environment and the relationship of
people with that environment. When an environmental impact statement is prepared and
economic or social and natural or physical environmental effects are interrelated, then the
environmental impact statement will discuss all of these effects on the human
environment.
4.2 Identification and Assessment of Socio economic impacts
Potential socioeconomic impacts can be identified through interactions, networks
and checklists. The basic impact area associated with predicting and assessing impacts
on the socioeconomic environment is called “region of influence”. This represents the
geographical area, or region, wherein the project induced changes to the socioeconomic
environment. Assessment of the significance of changes in the socioeconomic
environment requires considerable exercise of professional judgment. The first
consideration relates to the application of screening criteria followed by consideration of
relevant standards and criteria.
The villages identified for the study are Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka,
Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra
Pradesh. The population of these villages as per census 2001 is as below:
EPTRI 21
S.No Village Population 1 Kovvali 12,000 2 Pedapadu 11,000 3 Pulla 13,368 4 Nagayalanka 16,000 5 Bantumilli 8,026 6 Pedavadlapudi 12,600
Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) is conducted in the above mentioned
six villages to know and understand the impact of environmental and social aspects of the
proposed water treatment plants. In these six villages it is proposed to provide safe
drinking water for a minimum of 400 households. In order to formulate an area specific
socio economic status, their relationship with habitat, life-sustaining structures a random
survey of 5% sample (20 representative households) from each village is carried out
through the structured questionnaires. This 5% sampling from each village is intended to
assess the socio economic profile of the targeted households and to understand the
people's perception towards the project.
The objective of the study is to collect and analyze information regarding the
environmental (physical-chemical and biological) and socio-economic issues in the above
six districts and prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment
Management Plan (EMP), duly integrating the overall design of the project.
4.3 Socio-economic status of the six villages 4.4.1 Population and Age Group
As per Census 2001, the population of Kovvali village is 12,000 Out of the total
respondents covered under the study 45% is in the age group of between 20 – 40 years,
50% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years and 5% is in the age group of above 60 years.
EPTRI 22
The population in Pedapadu village is 11,000. Out of the total respondents
covered under the study 15% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 50% is in the age group
of 40 – 60 years and 35% is in the age group of above 60 years.
The population in Pulla village is 13,368. Out of the total respondents covered
under the study 25% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 45% is in the age group of 40 –
60 years and 30% is in the age group of above 60 years.
The population of Nagayalanka village is 16,000. Out of the total respondents
covered under the study 30% is in the age group of 20 – 40 years, 55% is in the age group
of 40 – 60 years and 15% is in the age group of above 60 years.
The population of Bantumilli village is 8,026. Out of the total respondents
covered under the study 20% is in the age group of 20 – 40 years, 40% is in the age group
of 40 – 60 years, and 40% is in the age group of above 60 years.
The population in Pedavadlapudi village is 12,600. Out of the total respondents
covered under the study 20% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 60% is in the age group
of 40 – 60 years and 20% is in the age group of above 60 years.
4.4.2 Literacy and Occupation
In Kovvali village, 15% are illiterates, 50% are in between 1st – 10th standard,
20% are belongs to technical, 10% are graduates and 5% are post graduates. As regards
the occupational status 35% farmers, 20% agricultural labour and the remaining 45% is in
the profession of electricians, masonries and in other businesses.
EPTRI 23
In Pedapadu village, 15% are illiterates, 65% are between 1 – 10th standard, 5%
are technical, 10% are graduates and the remaining 5% are the postgraduates. As regards
the occupational status 55% farmers, 20% agricultural labour, 5% business and the
remaining 20% belongs to other professions.
In Pulla village, 10% are illiterates, 60% are between 1st – 10th standard and the
remaining 30% are graduates. As regards the occupational status 50% farmers, 10%
agricultural labour, 20% retired teachers, retired government employees, other employees
and NGOs, 15% in business and the remaining 5% in other professions.
Literacy
15%
50%
10%
5%
20%
Illiterates1-10 StandardGraduationPost graduationTechnical
Occupation
35%
20%
45% Farmersagri labourOthers
Literacy
15%
65%
10%
5% 5%
Iliiterates1-10 standardGraduatesPost graduationTechnical
Occupation
55%
20%
5%
20%
Farmersagri labourBusinessOthers
EPTRI 24
In Nagayalanka village, 5% are between 1st -10th standard, 10% are graduates,
80% are technical and the remaining 5% are under other category. As regards the
occupational status 60% farmers, 5% agricultural labour, 20% business and the remaining
15 % belongs to other professions.
In Bantumilli village, 5% are illiterates, 65% are between 1st -10th standard and
the remaining 30% are graduates. As regards the occupational status 30% farmers, 15%
agriculture labour, 5% service, 15% business and the remaining 35% are belongs to other
categories of professions.
Literacy
10%
60%
30%Illiterates
1-10 Standard
Graduates
Occupation
50%
10%
15%
20%
5%
Farmersagri laboursBusinessServiceOthers
Literacy
80%
10%
5%
5%
Graduates
1-10 Standard
Technical
Others
Occupation
60%
5%
20%
15%Farmeragri labourBusinessOthers
Occupation
30%
15%15%
5%
35%Farmer
agri labour
Business
Service
Others
EPTRI 25
Literacy
70%
25%
5%
1-10 StandardGraduatesTechnical
In Pedavadlapudi village, 70%
are belongs to 1st – 10th standard, 5% are
technical and the remaining 25% are
graduates. As regards the occupational
status 70% farmers, 20% business and
the remaining 10% belongs to other
categories of professions.
4.4.3 Land Details and Economic Status
The break up of the total respondents covered under the study in each village is as
under:
In Kovvali village, 45% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on
daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000 per annum. 5%
have less than two acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 80
bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to
Rs.1.00 lakh. 25% have two to five acres of land and they get an average production of
Literacy
5%
65%
30%
Illiterate1-10 StandardGraduates
Occupation
70%
20%
10%
FarmerBusinessOthers
Land details
45%
5%25%
10%
15%None
3 lakhs
EPTRI 26
about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from
Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 10% have 5 – 10 acres of land and the remaining 15%
have 10 - 15 acres of land. The average annual income of these respondents (5-10 and 10
15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.
In Pedapadu village, 35% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on
daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have 2-5 acres
of land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons
(two crops). The annual income is varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 40% have 5
– 10 acres of land and the remaining 15% have above 15 acres of land. The average
annual income of these respondents (5-10 and above 15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.
In Pulla, 30% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages.
The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have less than two acres of
land and an average production of paddy is about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two
crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 5% have 2-5 acres of
land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two
crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 20% have 5 – 10
acres of land, 10% have 10 – 15 acres of land and the remaining 25% have above 15
acres of land and the average annual income of these respondents (5-10, 10-15 and above
15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.
Land details
35%
10%40%
15%
None2-5 acres5-10 acres>15 acres
Economic Status
35%
25%
40% 10-50,0001-3 lakhs>3 lakhs
EPTRI 27
In Nagayalanka, 25% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily
wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 15% have less than two
acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 80 bags/year/acre for two
seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 15% have
2-5 acres of land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two
seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 15%
have 5 – 10 acres of land, 20% have 10 – 15 acres and the remaining 10% have above 15
acres of land and the average annual income of these respondents (5-10, 10-15 and above
15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.
In Bantumilli, 50% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily
wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have less than two
acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 60 – 70 bags/year/acre for two
seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.50,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 30% have
2-5 acres of agriculture land and they get an average production of about 70
Land details
30%
10%
5%20%
10%
25% None15 acres
Economic Status
15%
15%
15%5%
50%
10-50,00050-70,00070,000-1 lakh1-3 lakhs>3 lakhs
Land details
25%
15%
15%15%
20%
10% None15 acres
Economic Status
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.5
10-50,00070,000-1lakh1-3 lakhs>3 lakhs
EPTRI 28
bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh
to Rs.3.00 lakhs and the remaining 10% have 5 – 10 acres of land and the average annual
income is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.
In Pedavadlapudi 10% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily
wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 20% have less than two
acres of land and an average production of paddy and other commercial crops is about 25
– 30 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from
Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 50% have 2-5 acres of agriculture land and they get an
average production of commercial crops depends on seasonal variation. The remaining
20% have 5 – 10 acres of agriculture land and the average annual income is about Rs.3.00
lakhs depends on the average annual production of paddy and commercial crops. The
average annual production is also influenced by seasonal variations.
Land details
50%
5%
35%
10%
None
3 lakhs
Land details
10%
15%
50%
25%None
3lakhs
EPTRI 29
4.4.4. Drinking Water
In Kovvali village, groundwater is not potable due to high salinity and therefore
the major source is surface water. The local Panchayat is supplying the treated water by
using sand filters. All the respondents are getting and using the protected water, as this is
the only source of drinking water. The existing water source is getting contaminated
during rains and floods due to which water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice,
amoebiasis are spreading.
In Pedapadu and Pulla villages, the groundwater is not potable due to high salinity
and therefore the major drinking water source is surface water. The local Panchayat is
supplying the treated water by using sand filters. All the respondents of the study are
using the protected water, as this is the only source of drinking water. The existing water
source in these villages is getting contaminated during rains and floods due to which
water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, amoebiasis and skin diseases are spreading.
In Nagayalanka village, the major drinking
water source is groundwater. 85% of the
respondents of the study depended on the
groundwater and the remaining 15% are using
protected water under rural water scheme, which
is one kilometer away from the village. No
diseases were recorded due to water
contamination.
In Bantumilli village, the groundwater is
not potable due to high salinity and hence the
major drinking water source is surface water. The
local Panchayat is supplying the treated water by
using sand filters from Malleshwaram which is 2
km away from the village. 95% of the respondents
of the study are getting and using the protected
water and the remaining 5% respondents are depending on the ground water.
Drinking water sources
85%
15%
Bore w ell
Rural w ater
Drinking water sources
5%
95%
BorewellRural water
EPTRI 30
The existing water source is getting contaminated during rains and floods due to
which water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, amoebiasis and skin diseases are
spreading.
In Pedavadlapudi village, no major
surface water sources are available. The village
is getting water from Mangalagiri Water Supply
Scheme which is 15 Km away from the village
and it is the major water source for all purposes.
70% of the respondents of the study are
depending on the rural supply water scheme and
the remaining 30% of respondents depend on the
ground water. The villagers are suffering with body and knee pains, jaundice, gastric
trouble, indigestion etc due to water contamination.
4.4.5 Public Health
In Kovvali village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing
treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all major diseases the PHC is referring to the
district headquarters’ hospital.
In Pedapadu village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing
treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all the major diseases the PHC is referring to
the district headquarters’ hospital.
In Pulla village, no Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and all the villagers
are going to the near by villages or to the district headquarters’ hospital for treatment
depending on the incidence diseases.
Drinking water sources
30%
70%
Bore wellRural water
EPTRI 31
In Nagayalanka, the government hospital is available at one kilometer away from
the village. However, no diseases were recorded due to water contamination in this
village.
In Bantumalli village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing
treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all the major diseases the PHC is referring to
the district headquarters’ hospital.
In Pedavadlapudi, the government hospital is available in the village and
providing treatment for all diseases.
4.4.6 Cropping Pattern Agriculture continues to be the main stay for rural households. However,
cropping pattern mainly depends on type of soil, availability of irrigation, manpower,
food habits, marketing facilities, fodder for livestock and the price of the produce. In
view of the recent government interventions in agriculture sector, technological
improvements, low consumption of water and better remunerative prices for commercial
crops the rural households are slowly shifting from traditional cropping pattern i.e. paddy
(both kharif and rabi) to commercial crops like curry leaf, turmeric, cauliflower, cabbage,
jasmine, vegetables, etc.; and such agricultural practices are contributing the
improvement in income levels, which leads to the change in the life styles of the farmers.
4.4.7 Livestock
In rural areas people rear various types of animals for multiple reasons. Some of
the livestock bring direct income in exchange for its milk, meat and services. The indirect
income is derived in the form of using its services to the family’s production and/or by
consuming its milk or meat and in turn improves family’s nutritional levels. Therefore,
keeping all these benefits in view, the livestock is often categorized as assets.
EPTRI 32
In the study villages, only 40% of total families own cows and buffaloes.
However, the villagers commonly domesticate various types of livestock such as cows,
buffaloes, sheep, goats and poultry.
4.4.8 Drainage System and Sanitary Outlets All six villages have the open drainage system. However, 60 – 70% of the
respondents of the study have individual toilets with septic tanks and the remaining 30%
respondents do not have the individual toilets.
4.4.9 Solid waste Generally in villages no separate landfills for dumping the solid wastes.
However, in all the six villages 60% of the respondents of the study are dumping their
wastes in open places near their houses and the respective local Panchayat is collecting
these wastes and dumping in the open places available in the surrounding area of the
village. The remaining 40% of the respondents are dumping the wastes in their backyard
converting it into the manure and using the same in their fields.
4.4.10 Willingness about the Project In all the six villages, about 98% of the respondents of the study are aware of the
proposed Community Safe Drinking Water Supply project through media and all of them
are in favour of the project. However, about 2 - 4% of respondents in Bantumilli and
Pedapadu villages are not aware of the project. Therefore, it is established that the
villagers of these villages are in favour of the proposed project.
Willingness
95%
5%
YesNo
EPTRI 33
4.4.11 Benefits of the Project The following table presents the opinion of the respondents on the benefits of the
proposed safe drinking water project in six villages
Village Reduction in
Waterborne Diseases
(% of respondents)
Village Development
(% of respondents)
Accessibility for Safe Drinking Water (% of respondents)
No new changes (% of respondents)
Kovvali 60 40 - -
Pedapadu 70 30 - -
Pulla 55 45 - -
Nagayalanka 40 - 60 -
Bantumilli 30 10 55 5
Pedavadlapudi 35 - 65 -
In the light of the above, the respondents are in favour of the project, which will
provide easy access to the safe drinking water and thereby enhances the health standards.
The project will further contribute to reduce the expenditure on health and improve the
productivity and capacity of the rural poor to work.
4.4.12 Employment in the Project Area
There is large number of educated youth in all the villages. Naandi proposing to
give priority in jobs/works within the villages for maintenance of the plants besides
creating awareness on health and hygiene.
EPTRI 34
5 STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTATIONS
5.1 Introduction The objective of consultation is to increase the concerned stakeholders’
participation in the village for the project. Participation would generate awareness and
enhance knowledge about the social and environmental concerns pertaining to the local
areas besides discussing the positive and negative impacts of the project to the rural
households.
The objective of stakeholders’ consultation is to minimize the negative impacts in
the area and make them feel that they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the project. In this
process the views ascertained from the stakeholders is analyzed and incorporated.
5.2 Objectives The objectives of conducting stakeholders’ consultations are as follows:
• Information dissemination, education, and liaison
• Identification of problems, needs, and important values
• Idea generation and problem solving
• Reaction and feedback on project
• Evaluation of alternatives
• Conflict resolution by consensus
5.3 Target participants
Panchayat members, local officials, volunteers, farmers, agriculture labour,
fishermen and women.
5.4 Consultation workshops EPTRI in association with Naandi Foundation has conducted five stakeholders’
consultation workshops in six villages which are as under:
EPTRI 35
S. No Date Village District
1 29.8.2006 Kovvali West Godavari
2 29.8.2006 Pedapadu West Godavari
3 30.8.2006 Pulla West Godavari
4 30.8.2006 Nagayalanka Krishna
5 31.8.2006 Pedavadlapadu Guntur
5.5 Process of Consultations The processes of consultations are being kept simple and largely interactive. The
consultations carried out in two-way communication process which involves promoting
full public understanding of the project through which environmental and social problems
and needs are highlighted. Workshops are held at village Panchayats and all the
consultations are in the local language. The issues emerged during the consultations are
analyzed and recorded. The village wise consultative workshops are as follows:
5.5.1 Kovvali Village
During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 29.8.2006, the following
issues have been emerged:
• Removal of water weeds over the pond
• Clogging of slow sand filters due to polluted
surface water
• Lack of maintenance of sand filters due to
increased sand cost
• Flood water directly entering into the pond due
to damage of bunds
• Change in the colour of water due to entry of
flood water
EPTRI 36
• Wide spread of water borne diseases like
jaundice, diarrhea, amoebiasis
• Need of transportation for supply of treated
drinking water to the households
5.5.2 Pedapadu Village During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 29.8.2006, the following
issues have been emerged:
• High salinity in ground water
• Spreading of water weeds
• Clogging of slow sand filters due to polluted
surface water
• Cattle wash in existing water bodies
• Lack of proper drainage system
• Wide spread of water borne diseases like
jaundice, diarrhea, amoebiasis
• Need of transportation of treated drinking water
to the households
5.5.3 Pulla Village
During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 30.8.2006, the following
issues have been emerged:
• Lack of proper drainage system
• Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste
• Near by sugar mill effluents are releasing
into the canals which enters into the tank
through inlet
EPTRI 37
• Salinity in the ground water
• Widespread of water borne diseases like
jaundice, diarrhea and amoebiasis.
• Pulla village has declared as amoebiasis prone village.
• No Primary Health Center in the village
• Cattle wash in existing water body
• Need protection and fencing for the water body to prevent human activities
surround the tank
5.5.4 Nagayalanka Village
During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 30.8.2006, the following
issues have been emerged:
• Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste
• Lack of proper drainage system
• Salinity in the ground water
• Seepage of septic tank overflows into
ground water due to lower ground water
table
• Cattle wash in existing water bodies
• Need of transportation of treated drinking
water to the households
• Supply of treated drinking water to the schools at low cost
5.5.5. Pedavadlapudi Village During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 31.8.2006, the following
issues have been emerged:
• Domestic sewage directly letting into the
canals
EPTRI 38
• Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste
• Lack of proper drainage system
• High salinity in the ground water
• Waste water from septic tank directly letting
into the canal
• Open defecation near by the canal
• Wide spread of water borne diseases like
jaundice, diarrhea, body and knee pains, skin allergies etc.
• Need of transportation of treated drinking water to the households
• Supply of treated drinking water to the schools at low cost.
EPTRI 39
6 WATER AND SOIL QUALITY ANALYSIS
6.1 Introduction
In several parts of India, water is being used at a much faster rate than can be
replenished by rainfall. By 2025, the per capita water availability in India will be reduced
to 1500 cubic meters from 5000 in 1950. Therefore, water is an increasingly scarce
resource for human consumption.
Freshwater resources all over are threatened not only by over exploitation and
poor management but also by ecological degradation. The main source of freshwater
pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of industrial
effluents, indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, and run-off from agriculture fields.
Industrial growth urbanization and the increasing use of synthetic organic substances
have serious and adverse impacts on freshwater bodies.
Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy
metals, persistent organic pollutants, and nutrients that have an adverse affect on health.
Water-borne diseases and water-caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and
incompetent management of water resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when
access, sustainability, and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number
of people who are guaranteed safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has
to be an effort to sustain it, and there has to be a fair and equal distribution of water to all
segments of the society. Urban areas generally have a higher coverage of safe water than
the rural areas.
Keeping the above background in view Naandi Foundation proposed to setup UV
based water purification plants in some villages of Andhra Pradesh where bacteriological
contamination of surface water poses a serious risk to the communities health. In this
proposed project, six villages i.e. Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and
Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts are selected.
EPTRI 40
Water samples are collected from the raw water source intended for safe drinking
water project in all the 6 villages. The collected water samples are tested for physico
chemical and microbial parameters as per IS: 10500 standards. The water quality analysis
reports for six villages are as follows:
6.2 Physico-chemical Analysis
6.2.1 Kovvali Village
S. No
Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits
Permissible limits
1 PH 7.3 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 10 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 0.28 5 10 6 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 100.0 300 600 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 117.4 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids
(TDS) mg/L 188 500 2000
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 29.1 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 20.9 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 11.7 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.39 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 8.0 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.31 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.098 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001
EPTRI 41
Remarks
All the parameters are with in the permissible limits and hence the water source
identified for the proposed water treatment plant meets the drinking water standards.
6.2.2 Pedapadu Village
Sl. No
Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits
Permissible limits
1 PH 8.6 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co
Scale 30 5 25
3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No
Flavour
5 Turbidity NTU 7.4 5 10 6 Total hardness as
CaCO3 mg/L 124.5 300 600
7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 152.1 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids
(TDS) mg/L 260 500 2000
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 46.1 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 24.1 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 15.6 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.65 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 24.7 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 1.07 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.079 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001
EPTRI 42
Remarks
i. pH and colour values are above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water
will affect the human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer
acceptance will decreases.
ii. Turbidity value is above the desirable limits and within the permissible limits.
Beyond this range the consumer acceptance will decreases.
iii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
iv. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.
6.2.3 Pulla Village
Sl. No
Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits
Permissible limits
1 PH 8.9 6.5-8.5 No relaxation2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 5 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 1.4 5 10 6 Total hardness as
CaCO3 mg/L 72.3 300 600
7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 74.0 200 600 8 Total dissolved
solids (TDS) mg/L 142 500 2000
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 24.3 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 14.5 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 8.8 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.32 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 7.9 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.34 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.064 5.0 15
EPTRI 43
25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001
Remarks:
i. pH value is above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the
human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance
will decreases.
ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.
6.2.4 Nagayalanka Village
Sl. No
Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits
Permissible limits
1 PH 8.0 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 10 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 5 5 10 6 Total hardness as
CaCO3 mg/L 129.0 300 600
7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 139.1 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids
(TDS) mg/L 235 500 2000
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 34.0 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 27.3 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 14.6 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.39 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 29.1 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.55 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation
EPTRI 44
22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.107 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001
Remarks:
i. Colour value is above the desirable limits and beyond this range consumer
acceptance will decreases.
ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.
6.2.5 Bantumilli Village
Sl. No
Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits
Permissible limits
1 PH 9.4 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 5 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 0.27 5 10 6 Total hardness as
CaCO3 mg/L 129.0 300 600
7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 113.0 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids
(TDS) mg/L 374 500 2000
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 153.0 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 14.5 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 22.4 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.67 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 42.8 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 0.554 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.33 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation
EPTRI 45
21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.092 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001
Remarks:
i. pH value is above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the
human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance
will decreases.
ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.
6.2.6 Pedavadlapudi Village
Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits
Permissible limits
1 PH 8.0 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 20 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 16 5 10 6 Total hardness as
CaCO3 mg/L 112.4 300 600
7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 108.7 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids
(TDS) mg/L 200 500 2000
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 24.3 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 24.1 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 12.7 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.25 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 24.7 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 0.318 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 1.22 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5
EPTRI 46
17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.081 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001
Remarks:
i. Colour and turbidity value is above the desirable limit and beyond this range
consumer acceptance will decreases.
ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.
6.3 Bacteriological Analysis
Rural drinking water supply is to a large extent dependent on surface and ground
water. Though ground water is less susceptible to pollution, the quality problem in
ground water is inherent in the form of contamination caused by the very nature of
geological formation, viz. excess fluoride, arsenic, brackishness, iron, etc. The reasons
for bacteriological contamination are:
• Poor hygienic conditions around the water sources
• Improper disposal of sewage and industrial waste water
• Disposal of solid waste and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers having high
quantity of Nitrates used in the agricultural sector
• Over-exploitation leading to quality degradation
• Pollution of the source due to ignorance of the people
EPTRI 47
• Over-population and lack of public awareness.
The bacteriological analysis report for six villages is as under: 6.3.1 Kovvali Village
S.No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500)
1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50
2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 34 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative
Test Present Absent
Remarks:
i. The Total Coliform value is above the permissible limits.
ii. The Fecal Coliform value is below the permissible limits
iii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human
beings
iv. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
6.3.2 Pedapadu Village
Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits
(IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50
2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative
Test Present Absent
Remarks:
i. The Total Coliform value is above the permissible limits.
ii. The Fecal Coliform value is below the permissible limits
EPTRI 48
iii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human
beings
iv. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
6.3.3 Pulla Village
Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits
(IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50
2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative
Test Present Absent
Remarks:
i. The Total and Fecal Coliform value is above the permissible limits.
ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human
beings
iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
iv.
6.3.4 Nagayalanka Village
Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits
(IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50
2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative
Test Present Absent
Remarks:
i. The Total and Fecal Coliform value is above the permissible limits.
ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease, which is harmful to the human
beings.
EPTRI 49
iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
6.3.5 Bantumilli Village:
Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500)
1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml 900 50
2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 23 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative
Test Absent Absent
Remarks:
i. The Total Coliform value is above the permissible limits.
ii. The Fecal Coliform value is below the permissible limits
iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
6.3.6 Pedavadlapudi Village:
Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500)
1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative
Test Present Absent
Remarks:
i. The Total and Fecal Coliform value is above the permissible limits.
ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease, which is harmful to the human
beings.
iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for
domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.
EPTRI 50
6.4 Conclusion
As per the physico-chemical analysis pertaining to six villages the water is not
potable in five villages except Kovvali due to presence of high pH and Colour, which is
above the permissible limits. Turbidity is also above the desirable limits but below the
permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the human mucous membrane
and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance will decrease. The water will be fit
for drinking and cooking after treatment.
As per the bacteriological analysis the water in all the six villages viz. Kovvali,
Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi is not potable due to high
Coliform value. The presence of high Coliform value inferences human contamination,
cattle wash and indiscriminate dumping of the wastes. Presence of E.Coli may cause
bacterial diseases, which is harmful for human beings.
As per the reports of physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis, setting up the
UV treatment plants in these villages are useful to treat the available raw water which
directly minimizes the bacterial and other contaminants and purifying water to make it fir
for drinking and cooking. The treatment plants will also provide better accessibility to the
villagers for safe drinking water and thereby reduces the water borne diseases.
The proposed UV treatment plant can reduce the bacteriological contamination in
the surface water and make it potable.
6.5 Soil Analysis
Soil analysis is one of the method for determining the physical and chemical
characteristics, fertility status of the soils. Soil testing is an essential part of any
development scheme proposed for implementation.
The soil analysis reports for six villages of the study are as follows:
EPTRI 51
6.51 Kovvali Village
Sl. No
Test Parameter (s) Unit Value
1 Organic Matter % 1.51 2 pH - 8.28 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 408 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 19.18 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 8.65 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 2.14 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.54 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 3997.4 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 201.2 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 71.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 38.4 12 Sodium % % 6.8 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 44.50 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 18.98 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 42.96 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 343.0 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 391.08
Remarks:
Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content.
Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium and copper
values are very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes
and these are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae.
The remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates
and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good
water holding capacity.
6.5.2 Pedapadu Village
Sl. No
Test Parameter (s) Unit Value
1 Organic Matter % 1.10 2 pH - 7.90 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 146
EPTRI 52
4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 16.66 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 5.70 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 0.61 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.45 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 1804.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 160.8 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 34.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 28.4 12 Sodium % % 2.5 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 55.24 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 2.00 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 22.05 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 34.35 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 363.48
Remarks:
Soil is acidic in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content.
Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The values of chloride and chromium are
found to be very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes.
These are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The
remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and
urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water
holding capacity.
6.5.3 Pulla Village
Sl. No
Test Parameter (s) Unit Value
1 Organic Matter % 2.49 2 pH - 8.60 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 135 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 22.67 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 8.84 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 0.46 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.08 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 8381.3 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 103.1 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 51.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 36.0
EPTRI 53
12 Sodium % % 1.4 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 54.82 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 6.10 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 33.02 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 33.84 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 369.68
Remarks:
Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content.
Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium and copper
values are very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes
and these are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae.
The remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates
and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good
water holding capacity.
6.5.4 Nagayalanka Village
Sl. No
Test Parameter (s) Unit Value
1 Organic Matter % 3.20 2 pH - 8.79 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 218 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 32.36 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 11.99 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 1.02 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 0.59 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 1585.8 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 31.4 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 40.0 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 48.8 12 Sodium % % 2.2 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 53.37 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 16.98 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 58.30 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 38.8 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 373.11
EPTRI 54
Remarks:
Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content.
Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium and copper
values are very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes
and these are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae.
The remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates
and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good
water holding capacity.
6.5.5 Bantumilli Village
Sl. No
Test Parameter (s) Unit Value
1 Organic Matter % 0.39 2 pH - 8.42 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 1780 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 16.28 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 3.54 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 7.60 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 0.47 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 12175.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 44.0 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 46.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 31.4 12 Sodium % % 27.2 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 37.20 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg BDL 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 15.33 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 35.81 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 192.44
Remarks: Soil is alkaline in nature with low moisture and organic content. Nitrates are found to be
below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium values are found to be very high. The
source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes and these are essential
elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining all
EPTRI 55
elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for
improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding
capacity.
6.5.6 Pedavadlapudi Village
Sl. No
Test Parameter (s) Unit Value
1 Organic Matter % 2.89 2 pH - 8.49 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 756 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 15.11 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 5.31 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 2.87 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 0.80 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 2829.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 88.9 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 112.5 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 27.8 12 Sodium % % 11.9 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 56.00 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 15.59 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 23.80 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 55.78 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 333.26
Remarks:
Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture and organic content. Nitrates are
found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium values are found to be very
high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes and these are
essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining
all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for
improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding
capacity.
EPTRI 56
7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT
7.1 Scope
Rural water supply embraces the supply of drinking and household water to the
rural population. The supply of water for general agricultural purposes does not come
within the scope of rural water supply. Rural water supply does not cover systems for the
irrigation of fields or rural hydraulic engineering works. In contrast to urban water supply
systems, there is no piped distribution in the majority of rural water supply systems.
Water demand must, inevitably, adjust itself to the supply that is present and
usable. Depending on the nature of the abstraction, rural water supply is based on surface
water.
7.2 Major environmental and social impacts
The Rural Water Supply Programme is classified in the environmental category
given that the services entail relatively simple technologies with no major environmental
impacts. While they may cause some adverse environmental impacts, no major negative
social or environmental impacts have been identified or expected to warrant a full
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.
Better quality water and improved hygiene will reduce the prevalence and
severity of waterborne and water-related diseases, particularly among infants, young
children, and the elderly, leading to a reduction in sick days and health expenditures thus
contributing to the overall village development.
Development of rural water supply and sanitation improves health conditions of
the rural people by reducing the incidence of water-related diseases and associated costs
of seeking health care and treatment. It contributes to the economic productivity of men
and women, especially in terms of time-savings and burden of labor, enabling households
to devote more resources to productive activities
EPTRI 57
7.2.1 Environmental impacts
• Increased access to adequate quantities of potable water properly collected,
transported and stored
• Reduce water borne diseases like diarrhoea and dysentery
• Reduce water related skin and eye diseases
• Improve health conditions and well-being of the beneficiary communities thereby
reduce healthcare costs.
• Reduction in over exploitation of groundwater aquifers
7.2.2 Social impacts
• Reduce morbidity and mortality from water related diseases
• Bringing the water sources closer to the beneficiary communities will free time for
other economic activities and reduce school drop-out rates for girls particularly in
remote areas
• Improved accessibility to safe drinking water
• Employment generation to local youth
The proposed project does not have any significant impact on ground water.
However, contaminated surface water might have an impact on the project as the surface
water is to be used as raw water source. The possible impacts due to surface water
contamination, solid waste dumping around the water bodies and sewage are discussed
below:
7.3 Impacts due to Surface water contamination
• Deterioration of water quality is caused chiefly by suffusion with light and algal
and plant growth and by pronounced warming of the generally static water. If
there is also a rich supply of nutrients combined with a low rate of exchange of
the water, then eutrophication processes may occur in the impounded bodies of
water, which are generally shallow.
• Exposure to polluted water can cause diarrhoea, skin irritation, respiratory
problems, and other diseases, depending on the pollutant that is in the water body.
EPTRI 58
Stagnant water and other untreated water provide a habitat for the mosquito and a
host of other parasites and insects that cause a large number of diseases. Malaria
is the most widely distributed and causes most damage to human health.
• The health risks (malaria, diarrhetic diseases) posed by stored water of this kind
are compounded by the proliferation of insects, by the possibility of human and
animal excrement on the banks and shores, and by the discharge of waste water
leaks from the motor or bucket drive (diesel fuel, lubricant), with open wells
being more at risk here than closed wells with pumps
• Contamination by faecal and organic matter leads to most intestinal diseases are
infectious
• Pesticide contamination of surface water can seriously damage the ecology and
threaten the health of the people. Contamination of surface water may degrade
fisheries and wildlife threatening the economic and aesthetic well being of the
village
7.3.1 Important Surface-Water Contaminants and their impacts
Contaminants Impacts Suspended solids Suspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic
conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic environment.
Biodegradable organics
Composed principally of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, biodegradable organics are measured most commonly in terms of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD (chemical oxygen demand). If discharged untreated to the environment, their biological stabilization can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen resources and to the development of septic conditions.
Microbial Pathogens
Gastrointestinal illnesses, fevers, diarrhea and dehydration, cancers, neurological effects, reproductive and developmental outcomes, rashes, heart disease, diabetes, and immune problems.
Nutrients Both nitrogen and phosphorous, along with carbon, are essential nutrients for growth. When discharged to the aquatic environment, these nutrients can lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater.
Priority pollutants Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or high acute toxicity. Many of these compounds are found in wastewater.
Heavy metals Heavy metals are usually added to wastewater from commercial and industrial activities and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be removed if the
EPTRI 59
wastewater is to be reused. Dissolved inorganics
Inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and sulfate are added to the original domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.
7.4 Impacts due to solid waste
• Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid
waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to
the spread of infectious diseases.
• Unattended waste lying around the water bodies attract flies, rats, and other
creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes
and releases a bad odour. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise
in the health problems
• Organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they ferment, creating
conditions favourable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens.
• Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic
diseases with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.
7.5 Impacts due to sewage
• Untreated or inadequately treated sewage is a major source of groundwater and
surface water pollution. The organic material that is discharged into the
watercourses uses substantial oxygen for biological degradation thereby upsetting
the ecological balance of rivers and lakes.
• Sewage also carries microbial pathogens that are the cause of the spread of
disease.
EPTRI 60
8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
An environment management plan is necessary for the smooth operation and
maintenance of the water treatment plant. Based on the issues and its potential impacts
that have been emerged from the baseline data, the EMP has been prepared for long-term
sustainability of the project.
8.1 Multiple barrier approach
It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely essential for healthy living.
Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings
on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of
this. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 1.1 billion people
globally lack basic access to drinking water resources, while 2.4 billion people have
inadequate sanitation facilities, which accounts for many water related acute and chronic
diseases. Some 3.4 million people, many of them young children, die each year from
water-borne diseases, such as intestinal diarrhea (cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery),
caused by microbially-contaminated water supplies that are linked to deficient or non-
existent sanitation and sewage disposal facilities. Globally, water-borne diseases are the
second leading cause of death in children below the age of five years, while childhood
mortality rates from acute respiratory infections ranks first.
The best assurance for clean, safe drinking water is the multiple-barrier concept.
The multiple-barrier approach is universally recognized as the most comprehensive
method for protecting drinking water quality. Redundancies, or multiple barriers, are put
in place so that if one barrier fails, there are back-up systems and processes to prevent or
reduce contaminants from making it through the drinking water system. The strategy
outlines the barriers in three broad areas:
8.1.1 Keeping clean water clean: Source Protection
This means preventing contaminants from entering the drinking water source in the
first place, which is better and far less costly than trying to remove them later.
EPTRI 61
8.1.2 Making it safe: Water Treatment and System Operation This means applying management practices and engineered technical solutions to
remove impurities and maintain quality. Management practices include such things as
education, training, and certification. Engineered solutions include construction and
treatment standards. Securing the distribution system against the intrusion of
contaminants are required to deliver safe water.
8.1.3 Proving it’s safe: Monitoring and Testing
This means having programs in place that allow public wa
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