Public Disclosure Authorized E1539 - World Bank · 2016. 7. 14. · Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh where the proposed project would

EPTRI 1

LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

For

RURAL COMMUNITY WATER PROJECT Conducted by: The Environment Protection Training and Research Institute Submitted to: Naandi Foundation Date of Submission: 27th September 2006

Chapter CONTENTS

Page No

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Need for Safe Drinking Water 2

1.3 Safe Drinking Water Project 2

1.4 Limited Environmental Assessment 4

2 Study Area 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Project Location 5

2.3 Methodology of the study 9

3 Baseline Environmental Status 10

3.1 Kovalli 10

3.2 Pedapadu 11

3.3 Pulla 12

3.4 Nagayalanka 14

3.5 Bantumilli 15

3.6 Pedavadlapudi 16

3.7 Vllagewse baselne parameters 17

4 Socio-economic Assessment 18

4.1 Introduction 18

4.2 Identification and Assessment of Socio-economic Impacts 18

4.3 Socio-economic Status for Six Villages 19

5 Stakeholders’ Consultations 32

5.1 Introduction 32

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5.2 Objectives 32

5.3 Target Participants 32

5.4 Consultation Workshops 32

5.5 Process of Consultations 33

6 Water and Soil Quality Analysis 37

6.1 Introduction 37

6.2 Physico-chemical Analysis 38

6.3 Bacteriological Analysis 44

6.4 Conclusion 47

6.5 Soil Analysis 48

7 Impact Assessment 54

7.1 Scope 54

7.2 Major Environmental and Social Impacts 54

7.3 Impacts due to Surface Water Contamination 55

7.4 Impacts due to Solid Waste 57

7.5 Impacts due to Sewage 57

8 Environmental Management Plan 58

8.1 Multiple Barrier Approaches 58

8.2 Principles of Water Supply Systems 59

8.3 Mitigative Measures 61

8.5 Maintenance of Ultra Violet Treatment Plant 65

8.6 Institutional Arrangements 65

Annexures

Annexure 1 Statistical Data A-1

Annexure 2 List of Participants–Stakeholders’ Consultative Meetings

A-3

Annexure 3 Questioners A-10

Annexure 4 Technical overview of the purification process A-20

Annexure 5 UV Waterworks– An Innovative, Reliable & Cost effective tech

A-21

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Today, water is an increasingly scarce resource and is in the forefront of policy

formulations of all the developing countries. Until now, the paradigm of managing water

has followed two interconnected routes. One, the state took upon itself the role of sole

provider of water (it was the colonial state that centralized control over water resources.

The post-independent state inherited this role, and continued with it). Among other

things, this led to communities and households being no longer the primary agents of

water provision and management. Two, the earlier use of rainwater and floodwater

declined. In its place, there came a growing reliance on surface water (primarily rivers)

and groundwater. But a closure look at the current and future scenarios reveals that water

availability, both in terms of quality and quantity has declined sharply and needs to use

judiciously besides adapting scientific techniques for conservation of water.

India has 4% of the world’s water availability, out of this, 70% is not potable.

The agriculture sector accounts for 90 to 95% of surface and groundwater and the

remaining is for industry and the domestic sector. Water quality problems like excessive

concentrations of fluoride and arsenic in groundwater, varying iron levels, presence of

nitrates and heavy metals, bacteriological contamination and salinity result in water

related and water borne diseases all over the places.

About 50% of villages in India do not have any source of protected drinking

water. Inadequate access to safe drinking water causes waterborne diseases that affect

37.7 million Indians annually, out of this 75% are children under the age of five years.

In Andhra Pradesh, where the proposed project would take place, it is estimated

that between 9 and 17 million people are exposed to water with pathogen levels >100

MPN/ml. 500,000 people live within areas with severe fecal contamination of >2,000

MPN/ml in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh (Krishna, East and West Godavari,

EPTRI 4

Prakasam and Guntur). Rural communities need access to better water resources and

need to be educated to make villagers aware of the risks posed by the consumption of

unsafe water.

In spite of the efforts put in for identifying good management practices and

scientific solutions for supply of potable water to the rural households, the results are not

encouraging. There is still a large gap that exists between what has to be done and what

to be done. The importance of local Panchayats are mainly felt in the context of

implementing rural water supply schemes and providing potable water to all the rural

households, as the supply of potable water is the sole responsibility of the local

Panchayat.

1.2 Need for safe drinking water

Most of the villages are dependent on irrigation canals for drinking water. Each

village has a pond, fed by the irrigation canal at regular intervals, storing required

quantity of water. In most villages, under Rural Water Supply (RWS) scheme, the water

in the pond is put through Slow Sand Filters. The filtered water is chlorinated and

pumped into an overhead tank for distribution through a system of pipes. But due to the

frequent clogging and poor maintenance of the slow sand filters, the quality of raw water

in the pond is extremely poor. This has necessitated for rural water supply schemes for

providing safe drinking water to the rural poor.

Rural Water Supply Schemes are designed to supply 40 litres of water per capita

per day. Out of this, only 3-4 litres of water is used for drinking and cooking purpose,

which is about 7.5-10% of total quantity to be supplied in villages.

1.3 Safe drinking water project

Naandi Foundation is a public charitable trust set up in 1998 with a vision to

eradicate poverty through public-private partnerships is engaged in piloting projects to

EPTRI 5

promote alternatives for safe water provision, and expects to scale up the results to larger

areas in Andhra Pradesh. Naandi’s strengths are supporting participatory community

involvement through Village Panchayats, and building capacity in the villages for

managing and delivering self-sustainable services. Naandi’s experience in the water

sector comes from a series of pilot community water projects where they have

implemented water education campaigns and improved access to safe water

Naandi’s Community Safe Water Systems Project depend on low-maintenance,

environmentally friendly, highly effective U.V. Waterworks technology that effectively

eliminates bacteria and viruses typically found in drinking water sources (wells and

ponds) across the country.

The Project is to be implemented in 25 villages of coastal Andhra Pradesh with the

support of an international multi-donor trust fund called the Global Partnership on Output

Based Aid (GPOBA). The criteria for selection of these 25 villages is:

• Villages with population of 8000-20000

• Existence of a surface water body in the village that can be used as a raw water

source to fulfill the drinking requirements of the village

• Prevalence of bacteriological contaminants in the raw water source

• Existence of a suitable plot of land of a minimum size of 4 cents located close to

the raw water source for construction of the purification plant

• Willingness of the community represented by the local self-government i.e

Panchayat to pledge the raw water source and land for the project

• Willingness of the community/inhabitants to buy the treated water from the plant

• Ability and willingness of the community or a philanthropist on behalf of the

community to furnish 20% of the capital cost of the plant

The project is expected to bring about positive health and environmental benefits

through supply of ‘safe’ drinking water to atleast 10,000 under privileged families (500

households per village) In addition to the construction, installation and maintenance of

EPTRI 6

Community Water Systems, the project will have programs related to health and hygiene

education. Several environmental mitigation measures will be included in the project

design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the environment.

1.4 Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) Study

EPTRI has been entrusted the task of conducting limited environmental and social

assessment in 6 villages i.e Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and

Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh where

the proposed project would take place. These 6 villages were selected out of the 25

GPOBA Project villages by Stratified random sampling method. Care was taken to

ensure that all the three districts across which the project villages are located were

represented in the sample.

The main objectives of this LEA study is

• To understand the environment-related aspects of the rural community water

project

• To collect and analyze information regarding the environmental (physical –

chemical and biological) parameters related to surface water

• To collect and analyze the socio-economic issues related to the project

• To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

The LEA study is to be carried out in two stages i.e. pre and post construction of UV

treatment plants in the above 6 villages.

EPTRI 7

2 STUDY AREA

2.1 Introduction

Naandi Foundation in association with Water Health International (WHI) a US

based organization is planning to set up water treatment plants in 25 villages in Andhra

Pradesh. The project is expected to bring about positive health and environmental

benefits through supply of ‘safe’ drinking water to atleast 10,000 under privileged

families (500 households per village). The proposed UV treatment plant can treat 60,000

litres of raw water per day. In addition to the construction, installation and maintenance

of Community Water Systems, the project will have programs related to health and

hygiene education. Several environmental mitigation measures will be included in the

project design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the

environment. The project will ensure that about 400 of the 500 households who has

white ration card holders to be serviced in every village

2.2 Project location

The proposed project is expected to bring safe drinking water for 25 villages of

West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra Pradesh. The present Limited

Environmental Assessment (LEA) study is covered only six villages of the above said

districts. (Fig 1-3 represents the location of villages). The villages that have been

identified for the project are here under:

2.2.1 West Godavari District

i. Kovvali village, Denduluru mandal

ii. Pedapadu village & mandal

iii. Pulla village, Bhimadolu mandal

EPTRI 8

Fig 1: Location map of villages in West Godavari District.

Kovvali

Pulla

Pedapadu

EPTRI 9

Fig 2: Location map of villages in Krishna District.

2.2.2. Krishna District

i. Nagayalanka village & mandal

ii. Bantumilli village & mandal

Bantumulli

Nagaylanka

EPTRI 10

Fig 3: Location map of villages in Guntur District.

2.2.3 Guntur District

i. Pedavadlapudi village & mandal

Pedavadlapudi

EPTRI 11

2.3 Methodology of the study

The study is carried out through primary and secondary data sources. A detailed

questionnaire is prepared for collecting baseline environmental and social data. The

related information for the project is collected from secondary sources i.e. from village

records, Census 2001 besides collection of primary data from village schedule and a

household schedule. The village schedule is intended to generate a profile of the village.

It is designed to collect information relating to location, accessibility, demographic

composition, land use pattern, infrastructure facilities, wage structure and community

activities. Infrastructure available in the village includes facilities of transport, power

supply, domestic and drinking water sources, solid waste, sanitation and public health

systems etc.

The socio economic impact of the project is studied through stakeholder

consultative workshops with all the concerned stakeholders of the village such as

Panchayat members, local officials, farmers and agriculture labour, volunteers, fishermen

and women.

In order to formulate an area specific socio economic status, their relationship

with habitat and life-sustaining structures, a random sample survey of 5% (i.e. 20

households per village) of 400 households that are to be covered under the project. This

5% sampling from each village is intended to assess the socio economic profile of the

targeted households and to understand the people's perception towards the project. This

has been carried out through the structured questionnaires.

EPTRI 12

3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

3.1 Kovvali Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is West Manchilla pond. The area of the

pond is 36422 sq.m and the depth is 3m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV

treatment plant is 4 cents. The nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 10 m. The

population of the village is 12000.

The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are

North: Agricultural land

East: Panchayat office

West: Earthern road

South: Black top road

Kovvali Pond

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Water Quality

Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is

saline as the area is near to the coastal zone.

Surface water is polluted as the flood waters in the canals directly enter into the

tanks. The sewage is also entering into the canals, thereby polluting the water in the tanks.

The filter beds are getting polluted due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of

the slow sand filters. The quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor.

Water Supply

Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply

system. There are 225 public taps and 990 individual taps in the village.

3.2 Pedapadu Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is Bapanu pond. The area of the pond is

20234 sq.m and the depth is 1.8 m The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment

plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body to the proposed treatment plant site is

15 m and the nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 10 m. The population of the

village is 11000.


North: Anjaneya Swamy Temple

East: Police Station

West: Agricultural lands

South: High School ground

EPTRI 14

Pedapadu pond

Water Quality







Water Supply


system. There are 8 own wells, 150 public taps and 650 individual taps in the village.

3.3. Pulla Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is the Pulla village pond. The area of the

pond is 32375 sq.m and the depth is 3 m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV

treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body to the site is 10m. The

EPTRI 15

nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 50 m. The population of the village is

13368.


North: Godavari canal

East: Milk project

West: Main road

South: Black top road

Pulla pond

Water Quality







EPTRI 16

Water Supply


system.

3.4 Nagayalanka Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is village pond. The area of the pond is

16187 sq.m and the depth is 3.9m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment

plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body is 200 m. The population of the village

is around 16000.


North: Vetenary Hospital

East: Uppula Road

West: Madivada

South: Talasila

Nagayalanka pond

EPTRI 17

Water Quality







Water Supply

Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water

supply system. There are 8 own wells, 150 public taps and 650 individual taps in the

village

3.5 Bantumilli Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is the village pond. The area of the pond

is 28328 sq.m and the depth is 2 m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment

plant is 4 cents. The distance from the nearest habitation to the site is 500m. The distance

from the water body to the site is 1 km. The population of the village is 8000.


North: Paddy fields

East: Paddy fields

West: Paddy fields

South: Paddy fields and water tank

EPTRI 18

Bantumilli pond

Water Quality



Water Supply


system.

3.6 Pedavadlapudi Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is the Krishna irrigation canal. The water

from the canal is transported to the village through a pipeline and a sump is to be

constructed from where the water is sent to the treatment plant. The area envisaged for

setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the canal to the site is 3.5

km. The population of the village is 12600.

EPTRI 19


North: Canal

East: Paddy fields

West: Paddy fields

South: Canal

Water Supply


system from Mangalagiri village

3.7 Village wise Baseline parameters

The baseline parameters such as average annual rainfall, mean annual temperature, Ground and surface water quality of the 6 villages are given in the following table:

S.No Village Average annual rainfall (mm)

Mean temp (°°°°C)

Depth of GW table (m)

GW potential

GW quality

SW quality

Soil type

1 Kovvali 650 31 2 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 2 Pedapadu 650 30 6 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 3 Pulla 650 28 16-18 Safe Saline Polluted Clayey 4 Nagayalanka 630 35 18-20 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 5 Bantumilli 632 30 4 Semi critical Saline - Sandy 6 Pedavadlapudi 640 34 7 Critical High TDS

& calcium - Sandy

Safe GW exploitation less than 70% Semi Critical GW exploitation between 70-90% Critical GW exploitation between 90-100%

EPTRI 20

4 SOCIO ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

4.1 Introduction

Development projects/programmes can cause significant changes in many

features of the socioeconomic environment. In some cases the changes may be

beneficial, in others they may be detrimental. Accordingly, environmental impact studies

must systematically identify, quantify, where possible and appropriately interpret the

significance of these anticipated changes. “Human environment” shall be interpreted

comprehensively to include the natural and physical environment and the relationship of

people with that environment. When an environmental impact statement is prepared and

economic or social and natural or physical environmental effects are interrelated, then the

environmental impact statement will discuss all of these effects on the human

environment.

4.2 Identification and Assessment of Socio economic impacts

Potential socioeconomic impacts can be identified through interactions, networks

and checklists. The basic impact area associated with predicting and assessing impacts

on the socioeconomic environment is called “region of influence”. This represents the

geographical area, or region, wherein the project induced changes to the socioeconomic

environment. Assessment of the significance of changes in the socioeconomic

environment requires considerable exercise of professional judgment. The first

consideration relates to the application of screening criteria followed by consideration of

relevant standards and criteria.

The villages identified for the study are Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka,

Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra

Pradesh. The population of these villages as per census 2001 is as below:

EPTRI 21

S.No Village Population 1 Kovvali 12,000 2 Pedapadu 11,000 3 Pulla 13,368 4 Nagayalanka 16,000 5 Bantumilli 8,026 6 Pedavadlapudi 12,600

Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) is conducted in the above mentioned

six villages to know and understand the impact of environmental and social aspects of the

proposed water treatment plants. In these six villages it is proposed to provide safe

drinking water for a minimum of 400 households. In order to formulate an area specific

socio economic status, their relationship with habitat, life-sustaining structures a random

survey of 5% sample (20 representative households) from each village is carried out

through the structured questionnaires. This 5% sampling from each village is intended to

assess the socio economic profile of the targeted households and to understand the

people's perception towards the project.

The objective of the study is to collect and analyze information regarding the

environmental (physical-chemical and biological) and socio-economic issues in the above

six districts and prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment

Management Plan (EMP), duly integrating the overall design of the project.

4.3 Socio-economic status of the six villages 4.4.1 Population and Age Group

As per Census 2001, the population of Kovvali village is 12,000 Out of the total

respondents covered under the study 45% is in the age group of between 20 – 40 years,

50% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years and 5% is in the age group of above 60 years.

EPTRI 22

The population in Pedapadu village is 11,000. Out of the total respondents

covered under the study 15% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 50% is in the age group

of 40 – 60 years and 35% is in the age group of above 60 years.

The population in Pulla village is 13,368. Out of the total respondents covered

under the study 25% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 45% is in the age group of 40 –

60 years and 30% is in the age group of above 60 years.

The population of Nagayalanka village is 16,000. Out of the total respondents

covered under the study 30% is in the age group of 20 – 40 years, 55% is in the age group


The population of Bantumilli village is 8,026. Out of the total respondents

covered under the study 20% is in the age group of 20 – 40 years, 40% is in the age group

of 40 – 60 years, and 40% is in the age group of above 60 years.

The population in Pedavadlapudi village is 12,600. Out of the total respondents

covered under the study 20% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 60% is in the age group


4.4.2 Literacy and Occupation

In Kovvali village, 15% are illiterates, 50% are in between 1st – 10th standard,

20% are belongs to technical, 10% are graduates and 5% are post graduates. As regards

the occupational status 35% farmers, 20% agricultural labour and the remaining 45% is in

the profession of electricians, masonries and in other businesses.

EPTRI 23

In Pedapadu village, 15% are illiterates, 65% are between 1 – 10th standard, 5%

are technical, 10% are graduates and the remaining 5% are the postgraduates. As regards

the occupational status 55% farmers, 20% agricultural labour, 5% business and the

remaining 20% belongs to other professions.

In Pulla village, 10% are illiterates, 60% are between 1st – 10th standard and the

remaining 30% are graduates. As regards the occupational status 50% farmers, 10%

agricultural labour, 20% retired teachers, retired government employees, other employees

and NGOs, 15% in business and the remaining 5% in other professions.

Literacy

15%

50%

10%

5%

20%

Illiterates1-10 StandardGraduationPost graduationTechnical

Occupation

35%

20%

45% Farmersagri labourOthers

Literacy

15%

65%

10%

5% 5%

Iliiterates1-10 standardGraduatesPost graduationTechnical

Occupation

55%

20%

5%

20%

Farmersagri labourBusinessOthers

EPTRI 24

In Nagayalanka village, 5% are between 1st -10th standard, 10% are graduates,

80% are technical and the remaining 5% are under other category. As regards the

occupational status 60% farmers, 5% agricultural labour, 20% business and the remaining

15 % belongs to other professions.

In Bantumilli village, 5% are illiterates, 65% are between 1st -10th standard and

the remaining 30% are graduates. As regards the occupational status 30% farmers, 15%

agriculture labour, 5% service, 15% business and the remaining 35% are belongs to other

categories of professions.

Literacy

10%

60%

30%Illiterates

1-10 Standard

Graduates

Occupation

50%

10%

15%

20%

5%

Farmersagri laboursBusinessServiceOthers

Literacy

80%

10%

5%

5%

Graduates

1-10 Standard

Technical

Others

Occupation

60%

5%

20%

15%Farmeragri labourBusinessOthers

Occupation

30%

15%15%

5%

35%Farmer

agri labour

Business

Service

Others

EPTRI 25

Literacy

70%

25%

5%

1-10 StandardGraduatesTechnical

In Pedavadlapudi village, 70%

are belongs to 1st – 10th standard, 5% are

technical and the remaining 25% are

graduates. As regards the occupational

status 70% farmers, 20% business and

the remaining 10% belongs to other

categories of professions.

4.4.3 Land Details and Economic Status

The break up of the total respondents covered under the study in each village is as

under:

In Kovvali village, 45% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on

daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000 per annum. 5%

have less than two acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 80

bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to

Rs.1.00 lakh. 25% have two to five acres of land and they get an average production of

Literacy

5%

65%

30%

Illiterate1-10 StandardGraduates

Occupation

70%

20%

10%

FarmerBusinessOthers

Land details

45%

5%25%

10%

15%None

3 lakhs

EPTRI 26

about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from

Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 10% have 5 – 10 acres of land and the remaining 15%

have 10 - 15 acres of land. The average annual income of these respondents (5-10 and 10

15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

In Pedapadu village, 35% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on

daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have 2-5 acres

of land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons

(two crops). The annual income is varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 40% have 5

– 10 acres of land and the remaining 15% have above 15 acres of land. The average

annual income of these respondents (5-10 and above 15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

In Pulla, 30% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages.

The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have less than two acres of

land and an average production of paddy is about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two

crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 5% have 2-5 acres of

land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two

crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 20% have 5 – 10

acres of land, 10% have 10 – 15 acres of land and the remaining 25% have above 15

acres of land and the average annual income of these respondents (5-10, 10-15 and above


Land details

35%

10%40%

15%

None2-5 acres5-10 acres>15 acres

Economic Status

35%

25%

40% 10-50,0001-3 lakhs>3 lakhs

EPTRI 27

In Nagayalanka, 25% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily

wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 15% have less than two

acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 80 bags/year/acre for two

seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 15% have

2-5 acres of land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two

seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 15%

have 5 – 10 acres of land, 20% have 10 – 15 acres and the remaining 10% have above 15

acres of land and the average annual income of these respondents (5-10, 10-15 and above


In Bantumilli, 50% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily


acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 60 – 70 bags/year/acre for two

seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.50,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 30% have

2-5 acres of agriculture land and they get an average production of about 70

Land details

30%

10%

5%20%

10%

25% None15 acres

Economic Status

15%

15%

15%5%

50%

10-50,00050-70,00070,000-1 lakh1-3 lakhs>3 lakhs

Land details

25%

15%

15%15%

20%

10% None15 acres

Economic Status

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.5

10-50,00070,000-1lakh1-3 lakhs>3 lakhs

EPTRI 28

bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh

to Rs.3.00 lakhs and the remaining 10% have 5 – 10 acres of land and the average annual

income is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

In Pedavadlapudi 10% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily


acres of land and an average production of paddy and other commercial crops is about 25

– 30 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from

Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 50% have 2-5 acres of agriculture land and they get an

average production of commercial crops depends on seasonal variation. The remaining

20% have 5 – 10 acres of agriculture land and the average annual income is about Rs.3.00

lakhs depends on the average annual production of paddy and commercial crops. The

average annual production is also influenced by seasonal variations.

Land details

50%

5%

35%

10%

None

3 lakhs

Land details

10%

15%

50%

25%None

3lakhs

EPTRI 29

4.4.4. Drinking Water

In Kovvali village, groundwater is not potable due to high salinity and therefore

the major source is surface water. The local Panchayat is supplying the treated water by

using sand filters. All the respondents are getting and using the protected water, as this is

the only source of drinking water. The existing water source is getting contaminated

during rains and floods due to which water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice,

amoebiasis are spreading.

In Pedapadu and Pulla villages, the groundwater is not potable due to high salinity

and therefore the major drinking water source is surface water. The local Panchayat is

supplying the treated water by using sand filters. All the respondents of the study are

using the protected water, as this is the only source of drinking water. The existing water

source in these villages is getting contaminated during rains and floods due to which

water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, amoebiasis and skin diseases are spreading.

In Nagayalanka village, the major drinking

water source is groundwater. 85% of the

respondents of the study depended on the

groundwater and the remaining 15% are using

protected water under rural water scheme, which

is one kilometer away from the village. No

diseases were recorded due to water

contamination.

In Bantumilli village, the groundwater is

not potable due to high salinity and hence the

major drinking water source is surface water. The

local Panchayat is supplying the treated water by

using sand filters from Malleshwaram which is 2

km away from the village. 95% of the respondents

of the study are getting and using the protected

water and the remaining 5% respondents are depending on the ground water.

Drinking water sources

85%

15%

Bore w ell

Rural w ater


5%

95%

BorewellRural water

EPTRI 30

The existing water source is getting contaminated during rains and floods due to

which water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, amoebiasis and skin diseases are

spreading.

In Pedavadlapudi village, no major

surface water sources are available. The village

is getting water from Mangalagiri Water Supply

Scheme which is 15 Km away from the village

and it is the major water source for all purposes.

70% of the respondents of the study are

depending on the rural supply water scheme and

the remaining 30% of respondents depend on the

ground water. The villagers are suffering with body and knee pains, jaundice, gastric

trouble, indigestion etc due to water contamination.

4.4.5 Public Health

In Kovvali village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing

treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all major diseases the PHC is referring to the

district headquarters’ hospital.

In Pedapadu village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing

treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all the major diseases the PHC is referring to

the district headquarters’ hospital.

In Pulla village, no Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and all the villagers

are going to the near by villages or to the district headquarters’ hospital for treatment

depending on the incidence diseases.


30%

70%

Bore wellRural water

EPTRI 31

In Nagayalanka, the government hospital is available at one kilometer away from

the village. However, no diseases were recorded due to water contamination in this

village.

In Bantumalli village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing

treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all the major diseases the PHC is referring to

the district headquarters’ hospital.

In Pedavadlapudi, the government hospital is available in the village and

providing treatment for all diseases.

4.4.6 Cropping Pattern Agriculture continues to be the main stay for rural households. However,

cropping pattern mainly depends on type of soil, availability of irrigation, manpower,

food habits, marketing facilities, fodder for livestock and the price of the produce. In

view of the recent government interventions in agriculture sector, technological

improvements, low consumption of water and better remunerative prices for commercial

crops the rural households are slowly shifting from traditional cropping pattern i.e. paddy

(both kharif and rabi) to commercial crops like curry leaf, turmeric, cauliflower, cabbage,

jasmine, vegetables, etc.; and such agricultural practices are contributing the

improvement in income levels, which leads to the change in the life styles of the farmers.

4.4.7 Livestock

In rural areas people rear various types of animals for multiple reasons. Some of

the livestock bring direct income in exchange for its milk, meat and services. The indirect

income is derived in the form of using its services to the family’s production and/or by

consuming its milk or meat and in turn improves family’s nutritional levels. Therefore,

keeping all these benefits in view, the livestock is often categorized as assets.

EPTRI 32

In the study villages, only 40% of total families own cows and buffaloes.

However, the villagers commonly domesticate various types of livestock such as cows,

buffaloes, sheep, goats and poultry.

4.4.8 Drainage System and Sanitary Outlets All six villages have the open drainage system. However, 60 – 70% of the

respondents of the study have individual toilets with septic tanks and the remaining 30%

respondents do not have the individual toilets.

4.4.9 Solid waste Generally in villages no separate landfills for dumping the solid wastes.

However, in all the six villages 60% of the respondents of the study are dumping their

wastes in open places near their houses and the respective local Panchayat is collecting

these wastes and dumping in the open places available in the surrounding area of the

village. The remaining 40% of the respondents are dumping the wastes in their backyard

converting it into the manure and using the same in their fields.

4.4.10 Willingness about the Project In all the six villages, about 98% of the respondents of the study are aware of the

proposed Community Safe Drinking Water Supply project through media and all of them

are in favour of the project. However, about 2 - 4% of respondents in Bantumilli and

Pedapadu villages are not aware of the project. Therefore, it is established that the

villagers of these villages are in favour of the proposed project.

Willingness

95%

5%

YesNo

EPTRI 33

4.4.11 Benefits of the Project The following table presents the opinion of the respondents on the benefits of the

proposed safe drinking water project in six villages

Village Reduction in

Waterborne Diseases

(% of respondents)

Village Development

(% of respondents)

Accessibility for Safe Drinking Water (% of respondents)

No new changes (% of respondents)

Kovvali 60 40 - -

Pedapadu 70 30 - -

Pulla 55 45 - -

Nagayalanka 40 - 60 -

Bantumilli 30 10 55 5

Pedavadlapudi 35 - 65 -

In the light of the above, the respondents are in favour of the project, which will

provide easy access to the safe drinking water and thereby enhances the health standards.

The project will further contribute to reduce the expenditure on health and improve the

productivity and capacity of the rural poor to work.

4.4.12 Employment in the Project Area

There is large number of educated youth in all the villages. Naandi proposing to

give priority in jobs/works within the villages for maintenance of the plants besides

creating awareness on health and hygiene.

EPTRI 34

5 STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTATIONS

5.1 Introduction The objective of consultation is to increase the concerned stakeholders’

participation in the village for the project. Participation would generate awareness and

enhance knowledge about the social and environmental concerns pertaining to the local

areas besides discussing the positive and negative impacts of the project to the rural

households.

The objective of stakeholders’ consultation is to minimize the negative impacts in

the area and make them feel that they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the project. In this

process the views ascertained from the stakeholders is analyzed and incorporated.

5.2 Objectives The objectives of conducting stakeholders’ consultations are as follows:

• Information dissemination, education, and liaison

• Identification of problems, needs, and important values

• Idea generation and problem solving

• Reaction and feedback on project

• Evaluation of alternatives

• Conflict resolution by consensus

5.3 Target participants

Panchayat members, local officials, volunteers, farmers, agriculture labour,

fishermen and women.

5.4 Consultation workshops EPTRI in association with Naandi Foundation has conducted five stakeholders’

consultation workshops in six villages which are as under:

EPTRI 35

S. No Date Village District

1 29.8.2006 Kovvali West Godavari

2 29.8.2006 Pedapadu West Godavari

3 30.8.2006 Pulla West Godavari

4 30.8.2006 Nagayalanka Krishna

5 31.8.2006 Pedavadlapadu Guntur

5.5 Process of Consultations The processes of consultations are being kept simple and largely interactive. The

consultations carried out in two-way communication process which involves promoting

full public understanding of the project through which environmental and social problems

and needs are highlighted. Workshops are held at village Panchayats and all the

consultations are in the local language. The issues emerged during the consultations are

analyzed and recorded. The village wise consultative workshops are as follows:

5.5.1 Kovvali Village

During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 29.8.2006, the following

issues have been emerged:

• Removal of water weeds over the pond

• Clogging of slow sand filters due to polluted

surface water

• Lack of maintenance of sand filters due to

increased sand cost

• Flood water directly entering into the pond due

to damage of bunds

• Change in the colour of water due to entry of

flood water

EPTRI 36

• Wide spread of water borne diseases like

jaundice, diarrhea, amoebiasis

• Need of transportation for supply of treated

drinking water to the households

5.5.2 Pedapadu Village During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 29.8.2006, the following


• High salinity in ground water

• Spreading of water weeds

• Clogging of slow sand filters due to polluted

surface water

• Cattle wash in existing water bodies

• Lack of proper drainage system


jaundice, diarrhea, amoebiasis

• Need of transportation of treated drinking water

to the households

5.5.3 Pulla Village




• Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste

• Near by sugar mill effluents are releasing

into the canals which enters into the tank

through inlet

EPTRI 37

• Salinity in the ground water

• Widespread of water borne diseases like

jaundice, diarrhea and amoebiasis.

• Pulla village has declared as amoebiasis prone village.

• No Primary Health Center in the village

• Cattle wash in existing water body

• Need protection and fencing for the water body to prevent human activities

surround the tank

5.5.4 Nagayalanka Village





• Salinity in the ground water

• Seepage of septic tank overflows into

ground water due to lower ground water

table

• Cattle wash in existing water bodies

• Need of transportation of treated drinking

water to the households

• Supply of treated drinking water to the schools at low cost

5.5.5. Pedavadlapudi Village During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 31.8.2006, the following


• Domestic sewage directly letting into the

canals

EPTRI 38



• High salinity in the ground water

• Waste water from septic tank directly letting

into the canal

• Open defecation near by the canal


jaundice, diarrhea, body and knee pains, skin allergies etc.

• Need of transportation of treated drinking water to the households

• Supply of treated drinking water to the schools at low cost.

EPTRI 39

6 WATER AND SOIL QUALITY ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction

In several parts of India, water is being used at a much faster rate than can be

replenished by rainfall. By 2025, the per capita water availability in India will be reduced

to 1500 cubic meters from 5000 in 1950. Therefore, water is an increasingly scarce

resource for human consumption.

Freshwater resources all over are threatened not only by over exploitation and

poor management but also by ecological degradation. The main source of freshwater

pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of industrial

effluents, indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, and run-off from agriculture fields.

Industrial growth urbanization and the increasing use of synthetic organic substances

have serious and adverse impacts on freshwater bodies.

Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy

metals, persistent organic pollutants, and nutrients that have an adverse affect on health.

Water-borne diseases and water-caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and

incompetent management of water resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when

access, sustainability, and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number

of people who are guaranteed safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has

to be an effort to sustain it, and there has to be a fair and equal distribution of water to all

segments of the society. Urban areas generally have a higher coverage of safe water than

the rural areas.

Keeping the above background in view Naandi Foundation proposed to setup UV

based water purification plants in some villages of Andhra Pradesh where bacteriological

contamination of surface water poses a serious risk to the communities health. In this

proposed project, six villages i.e. Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and

Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts are selected.

EPTRI 40

Water samples are collected from the raw water source intended for safe drinking

water project in all the 6 villages. The collected water samples are tested for physico

chemical and microbial parameters as per IS: 10500 standards. The water quality analysis

reports for six villages are as follows:

6.2 Physico-chemical Analysis

6.2.1 Kovvali Village

S. No

Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits

Permissible limits

1 PH 7.3 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 10 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 0.28 5 10 6 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 100.0 300 600 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 117.4 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids

(TDS) mg/L 188 500 2000

9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 29.1 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 20.9 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 11.7 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.39 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 8.0 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.31 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.098 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

EPTRI 41

Remarks

All the parameters are with in the permissible limits and hence the water source

identified for the proposed water treatment plant meets the drinking water standards.

6.2.2 Pedapadu Village

Sl. No


Permissible limits

1 PH 8.6 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co

Scale 30 5 25

3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No

Flavour

5 Turbidity NTU 7.4 5 10 6 Total hardness as

CaCO3 mg/L 124.5 300 600

7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 152.1 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids

(TDS) mg/L 260 500 2000

9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 46.1 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 24.1 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 15.6 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.65 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 24.7 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 1.07 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.079 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

EPTRI 42

Remarks

i. pH and colour values are above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water

will affect the human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer

acceptance will decreases.

ii. Turbidity value is above the desirable limits and within the permissible limits.

Beyond this range the consumer acceptance will decreases.

iii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for

domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.

iv. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.

6.2.3 Pulla Village

Sl. No


Permissible limits

1 PH 8.9 6.5-8.5 No relaxation2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 5 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 1.4 5 10 6 Total hardness as

CaCO3 mg/L 72.3 300 600

7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 74.0 200 600 8 Total dissolved

solids (TDS) mg/L 142 500 2000

9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 24.3 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 14.5 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 8.8 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.32 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 7.9 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.34 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.064 5.0 15

EPTRI 43

25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

i. pH value is above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the

human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance

will decreases.

ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for


iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.


Sl. No


Permissible limits

1 PH 8.0 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 10 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 5 5 10 6 Total hardness as

CaCO3 mg/L 129.0 300 600


(TDS) mg/L 235 500 2000

9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 34.0 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 27.3 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 14.6 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.39 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 29.1 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.55 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation

EPTRI 44

22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.107 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

i. Colour value is above the desirable limits and beyond this range consumer

acceptance will decreases.




6.2.5 Bantumilli Village

Sl. No


Permissible limits

1 PH 9.4 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 5 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 0.27 5 10 6 Total hardness as

CaCO3 mg/L 129.0 300 600


(TDS) mg/L 374 500 2000

9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 153.0 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 14.5 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 22.4 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.67 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 42.8 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 0.554 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.33 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation

EPTRI 45

21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.092 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

i. pH value is above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the

human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance

will decreases.




6.2.6 Pedavadlapudi Village

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Desirable limits

Permissible limits

1 PH 8.0 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 20 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 16 5 10 6 Total hardness as

CaCO3 mg/L 112.4 300 600


(TDS) mg/L 200 500 2000

9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 24.3 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 24.1 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 12.7 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.25 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 24.7 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 0.318 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 1.22 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5

EPTRI 46

17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.081 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

i. Colour and turbidity value is above the desirable limit and beyond this range

consumer acceptance will decreases.




6.3 Bacteriological Analysis

Rural drinking water supply is to a large extent dependent on surface and ground

water. Though ground water is less susceptible to pollution, the quality problem in

ground water is inherent in the form of contamination caused by the very nature of

geological formation, viz. excess fluoride, arsenic, brackishness, iron, etc. The reasons

for bacteriological contamination are:

• Poor hygienic conditions around the water sources

• Improper disposal of sewage and industrial waste water

• Disposal of solid waste and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers having high

quantity of Nitrates used in the agricultural sector

• Over-exploitation leading to quality degradation

• Pollution of the source due to ignorance of the people

EPTRI 47

• Over-population and lack of public awareness.

The bacteriological analysis report for six villages is as under: 6.3.1 Kovvali Village

S.No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500)

1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 34 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative

Test Present Absent

Remarks:

i. The Total Coliform value is above the permissible limits.

ii. The Fecal Coliform value is below the permissible limits

iii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human

beings

iv. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for



Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits

(IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative

Test Present Absent

Remarks:



EPTRI 48

iii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human

beings

iv. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for


6.3.3 Pulla Village




Test Present Absent

Remarks:

i. The Total and Fecal Coliform value is above the permissible limits.

ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human

beings

iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for


iv.





Test Present Absent

Remarks:


ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease, which is harmful to the human

beings.

EPTRI 49



6.3.5 Bantumilli Village:

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500)

1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml 900 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 23 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative

Test Absent Absent

Remarks:





6.3.6 Pedavadlapudi Village:

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500)

1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative

Test Present Absent

Remarks:


ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease, which is harmful to the human

beings.



EPTRI 50

6.4 Conclusion

As per the physico-chemical analysis pertaining to six villages the water is not

potable in five villages except Kovvali due to presence of high pH and Colour, which is

above the permissible limits. Turbidity is also above the desirable limits but below the

permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the human mucous membrane

and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance will decrease. The water will be fit

for drinking and cooking after treatment.

As per the bacteriological analysis the water in all the six villages viz. Kovvali,

Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi is not potable due to high

Coliform value. The presence of high Coliform value inferences human contamination,

cattle wash and indiscriminate dumping of the wastes. Presence of E.Coli may cause

bacterial diseases, which is harmful for human beings.

As per the reports of physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis, setting up the

UV treatment plants in these villages are useful to treat the available raw water which

directly minimizes the bacterial and other contaminants and purifying water to make it fir

for drinking and cooking. The treatment plants will also provide better accessibility to the

villagers for safe drinking water and thereby reduces the water borne diseases.

The proposed UV treatment plant can reduce the bacteriological contamination in

the surface water and make it potable.

6.5 Soil Analysis

Soil analysis is one of the method for determining the physical and chemical

characteristics, fertility status of the soils. Soil testing is an essential part of any

development scheme proposed for implementation.

The soil analysis reports for six villages of the study are as follows:

EPTRI 51

6.51 Kovvali Village

Sl. No

Test Parameter (s) Unit Value

1 Organic Matter % 1.51 2 pH - 8.28 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 408 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 19.18 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 8.65 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 2.14 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.54 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 3997.4 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 201.2 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 71.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 38.4 12 Sodium % % 6.8 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 44.50 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 18.98 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 42.96 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 343.0 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 391.08

Remarks:

Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content.

Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium and copper

values are very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes

and these are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae.

The remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates

and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good

water holding capacity.


Sl. No


1 Organic Matter % 1.10 2 pH - 7.90 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 146

EPTRI 52

4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 16.66 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 5.70 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 0.61 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.45 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 1804.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 160.8 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 34.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 28.4 12 Sodium % % 2.5 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 55.24 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 2.00 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 22.05 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 34.35 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 363.48

Remarks:

Soil is acidic in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content.

Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The values of chloride and chromium are

found to be very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes.

These are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The

remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and

urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water

holding capacity.

6.5.3 Pulla Village

Sl. No


1 Organic Matter % 2.49 2 pH - 8.60 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 135 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 22.67 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 8.84 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 0.46 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.08 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 8381.3 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 103.1 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 51.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 36.0

EPTRI 53

12 Sodium % % 1.4 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 54.82 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 6.10 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 33.02 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 33.84 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 369.68

Remarks:









Sl. No



EPTRI 54

Remarks:








6.5.5 Bantumilli Village

Sl. No


1 Organic Matter % 0.39 2 pH - 8.42 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 1780 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 16.28 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 3.54 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 7.60 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 0.47 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 12175.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 44.0 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 46.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 31.4 12 Sodium % % 27.2 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 37.20 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg BDL 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 15.33 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 35.81 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 192.44

Remarks: Soil is alkaline in nature with low moisture and organic content. Nitrates are found to be

below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium values are found to be very high. The

source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes and these are essential

elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining all

EPTRI 55

elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for

improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding

capacity.

6.5.6 Pedavadlapudi Village

Sl. No



Remarks:

Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture and organic content. Nitrates are

found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium values are found to be very

high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes and these are

essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining

all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for

improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding

capacity.

EPTRI 56

7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7.1 Scope

Rural water supply embraces the supply of drinking and household water to the

rural population. The supply of water for general agricultural purposes does not come

within the scope of rural water supply. Rural water supply does not cover systems for the

irrigation of fields or rural hydraulic engineering works. In contrast to urban water supply

systems, there is no piped distribution in the majority of rural water supply systems.

Water demand must, inevitably, adjust itself to the supply that is present and

usable. Depending on the nature of the abstraction, rural water supply is based on surface

water.

7.2 Major environmental and social impacts

The Rural Water Supply Programme is classified in the environmental category

given that the services entail relatively simple technologies with no major environmental

impacts. While they may cause some adverse environmental impacts, no major negative

social or environmental impacts have been identified or expected to warrant a full

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.

Better quality water and improved hygiene will reduce the prevalence and

severity of waterborne and water-related diseases, particularly among infants, young

children, and the elderly, leading to a reduction in sick days and health expenditures thus

contributing to the overall village development.

Development of rural water supply and sanitation improves health conditions of

the rural people by reducing the incidence of water-related diseases and associated costs

of seeking health care and treatment. It contributes to the economic productivity of men

and women, especially in terms of time-savings and burden of labor, enabling households

to devote more resources to productive activities

EPTRI 57

7.2.1 Environmental impacts

• Increased access to adequate quantities of potable water properly collected,

transported and stored

• Reduce water borne diseases like diarrhoea and dysentery

• Reduce water related skin and eye diseases

• Improve health conditions and well-being of the beneficiary communities thereby

reduce healthcare costs.

• Reduction in over exploitation of groundwater aquifers

7.2.2 Social impacts

• Reduce morbidity and mortality from water related diseases

• Bringing the water sources closer to the beneficiary communities will free time for

other economic activities and reduce school drop-out rates for girls particularly in

remote areas

• Improved accessibility to safe drinking water

• Employment generation to local youth

The proposed project does not have any significant impact on ground water.

However, contaminated surface water might have an impact on the project as the surface

water is to be used as raw water source. The possible impacts due to surface water

contamination, solid waste dumping around the water bodies and sewage are discussed

below:

7.3 Impacts due to Surface water contamination

• Deterioration of water quality is caused chiefly by suffusion with light and algal

and plant growth and by pronounced warming of the generally static water. If

there is also a rich supply of nutrients combined with a low rate of exchange of

the water, then eutrophication processes may occur in the impounded bodies of

water, which are generally shallow.

• Exposure to polluted water can cause diarrhoea, skin irritation, respiratory

problems, and other diseases, depending on the pollutant that is in the water body.

EPTRI 58

Stagnant water and other untreated water provide a habitat for the mosquito and a

host of other parasites and insects that cause a large number of diseases. Malaria

is the most widely distributed and causes most damage to human health.

• The health risks (malaria, diarrhetic diseases) posed by stored water of this kind

are compounded by the proliferation of insects, by the possibility of human and

animal excrement on the banks and shores, and by the discharge of waste water

leaks from the motor or bucket drive (diesel fuel, lubricant), with open wells

being more at risk here than closed wells with pumps

• Contamination by faecal and organic matter leads to most intestinal diseases are

infectious

• Pesticide contamination of surface water can seriously damage the ecology and

threaten the health of the people. Contamination of surface water may degrade

fisheries and wildlife threatening the economic and aesthetic well being of the

village

7.3.1 Important Surface-Water Contaminants and their impacts

Contaminants Impacts Suspended solids Suspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic

conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic environment.

Biodegradable organics

Composed principally of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, biodegradable organics are measured most commonly in terms of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD (chemical oxygen demand). If discharged untreated to the environment, their biological stabilization can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen resources and to the development of septic conditions.

Microbial Pathogens

Gastrointestinal illnesses, fevers, diarrhea and dehydration, cancers, neurological effects, reproductive and developmental outcomes, rashes, heart disease, diabetes, and immune problems.

Nutrients Both nitrogen and phosphorous, along with carbon, are essential nutrients for growth. When discharged to the aquatic environment, these nutrients can lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater.

Priority pollutants Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or high acute toxicity. Many of these compounds are found in wastewater.

Heavy metals Heavy metals are usually added to wastewater from commercial and industrial activities and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be removed if the

EPTRI 59

wastewater is to be reused. Dissolved inorganics

Inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and sulfate are added to the original domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.

7.4 Impacts due to solid waste

• Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid

waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to

the spread of infectious diseases.

• Unattended waste lying around the water bodies attract flies, rats, and other

creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes

and releases a bad odour. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise

in the health problems

• Organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they ferment, creating

conditions favourable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens.

• Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic

diseases with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.

7.5 Impacts due to sewage

• Untreated or inadequately treated sewage is a major source of groundwater and

surface water pollution. The organic material that is discharged into the

watercourses uses substantial oxygen for biological degradation thereby upsetting

the ecological balance of rivers and lakes.

• Sewage also carries microbial pathogens that are the cause of the spread of

disease.

EPTRI 60

8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

An environment management plan is necessary for the smooth operation and

maintenance of the water treatment plant. Based on the issues and its potential impacts

that have been emerged from the baseline data, the EMP has been prepared for long-term

sustainability of the project.

8.1 Multiple barrier approach

It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely essential for healthy living.

Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings

on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of

this. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 1.1 billion people

globally lack basic access to drinking water resources, while 2.4 billion people have

inadequate sanitation facilities, which accounts for many water related acute and chronic

diseases. Some 3.4 million people, many of them young children, die each year from

water-borne diseases, such as intestinal diarrhea (cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery),

caused by microbially-contaminated water supplies that are linked to deficient or non-

existent sanitation and sewage disposal facilities. Globally, water-borne diseases are the

second leading cause of death in children below the age of five years, while childhood

mortality rates from acute respiratory infections ranks first.

The best assurance for clean, safe drinking water is the multiple-barrier concept.

The multiple-barrier approach is universally recognized as the most comprehensive

method for protecting drinking water quality. Redundancies, or multiple barriers, are put

in place so that if one barrier fails, there are back-up systems and processes to prevent or

reduce contaminants from making it through the drinking water system. The strategy

outlines the barriers in three broad areas:

8.1.1 Keeping clean water clean: Source Protection

This means preventing contaminants from entering the drinking water source in the

first place, which is better and far less costly than trying to remove them later.

EPTRI 61

8.1.2 Making it safe: Water Treatment and System Operation This means applying management practices and engineered technical solutions to

remove impurities and maintain quality. Management practices include such things as

education, training, and certification. Engineered solutions include construction and

treatment standards. Securing the distribution system against the intrusion of

contaminants are required to deliver safe water.

8.1.3 Proving it’s safe: Monitoring and Testing

This means having programs in place that allow public wa

Documents

Public Disclosure Authorized E1539 - World Bank · 2016. 7. 14. · Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh where the proposed project would