View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Psychology of LearningEXP4404
Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting
Dr. Steve
Topics Covered
Stage Model of Memory Semantic Models of Memory Theories of Forgetting Memory Disorders Applications of Memory Research Memory Strategies
Stage Model of Memory
Deca
y
Disp
lace
ment
Retrie
val
Failu
re
Rehearsa
l
Atkinson & Shiffrin
Sensory Memory
Stage Model of Memory
Sperling experiment demonstrates that . . .
Short Term Memory
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Serial Position Effect Primacy Effect Recency Effect
Stage Model of Memory
Encoding and Remembering
Maintenance Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)
Shallow Deep
Von Restorff Effect
Stage Model of Memory
Stage Model of Memory
Long Term Memory Declarative Memory
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
Nondeclarative Memory
Procedural Memory
Stage Model of Memory
Semantic Network Models
Hierarchical Networks
RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972)
Animal•Has skin•Can move around•Eats•Breaths
Bird Fish•Has fins•Can swim•Has gills
•Has wings•Can fly•Has feathers
Canary •Can sing•Is yellow
Penguin •Is black & white•Can’t fly
Shark •Can bite•Is dangerous
Salmon•Is pink•Is edible•Swims upstream
Spreading Activation Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . .
Demonstrated with priming effect experiments
Semantic Network Models
spoon
fork
knife
toolssaw
hands arms
fingers toes
hammer
nails
Semantic Models
Category Clustering
Forgetting
Ebbinghaus Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)
Forgetting
Theories of Forgetting Decay Theory
Interference
Proactive
Retroactive
Forgetting
Variables affecting interference: Meaningfulness of material
Similarity of material
Time between learning and recall
Memory Disorders
Amnesia May be caused by damage to the limbic system
(specifically Hippocampus). Case of HM –
Suffered from: Moderate retrograde amnesia Severe anterograde amnesia
Memory Disorders
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia Case of 59 yr old man
Memory Disorders
Alzheimer’s Disease
Applications: Foraging
Organisms may be less likely to forget information when it is important for survival
Applications: Eyewitness Testimony
Loftus & Palmer
Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are accessed
Study:
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding Specificity)
State-Dependent Learning
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Massed vs. Distributed Practice
Fatigue
Consolidation
Differential Encoding Hypothesis
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Generation Effects
Overlearning
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Method of Loci
First noted as technique by ancient Greeks
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Keyword Technique
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Other Mnemonics
Musical staff Biological categorizations Mathematical order of functions I before E, except after C 30 days has November, April, June, and September
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Pegword
To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter, soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce)
One is a bun – egg resting on a bun Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple Three is a tree – a butter tree Four is a door – coke logo on a door Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Chunking
Memory Techniques and Strategies
Narrative Chaining
Make a story with the following word list: Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie
Amazing Feats of Memory Video
Recommended