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Psychology 1000NA
Psychology 1000NA
Required text: Psychological ScienceOffice hours: Mondays, 8:00 - 10:00 amTests: Web CTCourse ScheduleAdd/Drop by midnight tonightLast Day to Drop Class No perfume/cologne please!!!
What do the following have in common?
telemarketersevangelistsdog trainersfitness instructorscounsellorscon mencasino designersadvertisers
Definitions Themes Origins Foundations Branches
Psychological Science
Mind Brain Behaviour
Definitions Themes Origins Foundations Branches
Psychological Science
Definitions
Cumulative Biological Revolution Adaptive Levels of Analysis
Themes Origins Foundations Branches
Psychological Science
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are cumulative.
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are cumulative.
A biological revolution is energizing research. Brain chemistry (neurotransmitters) Human genome project Brain imaging
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are cumulative.
A biological revolution is energizing research.
The mind is adaptive. Solving adaptive problems Modern minds in stone-age skulls
Themes of Psychological Science
The principles of psychological science are cumulative.
A biological revolution is energizing research.
The mind is adaptive.Psychological science crosses levels
of analysis.
W. W
. Nor
ton
Definitions Themes
Nature-Nuture Mind-Body Evolution
Origins Foundations Branches
Psychological Science
Nature-Nurture Debate
Which are a result of “nature” and which are a result of “nurture?” obesity autism stuttering post traumatic stress disorder
Mind-Body Problem
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism Parallel Interaction
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism Parallel Interaction Causal Relationship:
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism Parallel Interaction Causal Relationship:
mental processes cause neurophysiological processes
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism Parallel Interaction Causal Relationship:
mental processes cause neurophysiological processes
neurophysiological processes cause mental processes
Mind-Body Problem
Dualism Parallel Interaction Causal Relationship:
mental processes cause neurophysiological processes
neurophysiological processes cause mental processes
Reductionism
Evolution
Natural Selection “all of an organism’s characteristics - its
structure, its coloration, its behaviour -have functional significance”
behaviour itself is not inherited - what is inherited is a brain that causes the behaviour to occur.
Evolution
Members of a species not all identical - some of differences exhibited are inherited by offspring
If the inherited characteristics permit it to reproduce more successfully, some of the individual’s offspring will inherit the favorable characteristics and will themselves produce more offspring
characteristic will become more prevalent
Evolution
Owl butterflyalbino - maladaptive traitfinches
W. W
. Nor
ton
Artificial Selection
Racehorsesshow dogsanimal breedersplant breeders
Definitions Themes Origins
Structuralism Functionalism GestaltPsychology
Unconsciousness Behaviourism CognitivePsychology
SocialPsychology
Foundations Branches
Psychological Science
Structuralism
Titchener (1867-1927) “conscious experience can be broken down
into its underlying components or elements” introspection
“systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that required people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts”
disadvantage and advantage to the technique:• subjectiveness
Functionalism
James (1842-1910) “the mind could not be broken down
into its elements because the mind was much more complex than its elements.”
“more concerned with how the mind operates than what the mind contains”
What is the purpose of the mind/behaviour?
Gestalt Psychology
Kohler (1887-1967) phenomenological approach the whole is greater than the sum of the
partsPerception is subjective - no two
people interpret the same context the same
Unconsciousness
Freud (1856-1939) “much of human behaviour is
determined by mental processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness, at the level of the unconscious.”
Psychoanalysis
Behaviourism
Watson (1878-1958) cannot focus on mental processes as not
scientific nature-nurture: “all behaviour was caused by
environmental factors”if understood environmental triggers/stimuli, then
could predict behaviour
Skinner (1904-1990) How was behaviour controlled/influenced by
the consequences?
Cognitive Psychology
higher-order mental functions intelligence thinking language memory decision-making
Social Psychology
Lewin (1890-1947) interplay between people and the social
environment
Determining your school of psychology
Definitions Themes Origins Foundations Branches
Psychological Science
Branches
cognitive psychologist/cognitive neuroscientist
social psychologistgestalt psychologistspsychoanalysis behaviouristsneuropsychologists
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychology
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychologybehavioural psychologist
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologist
skills/strategies
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologistbiological psychologist
nutrition/chemical imbalances
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)
developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologistbiological psychologistclinical psychologist
Approaches
psychometrics (educational psychology)developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologistbiological psychologistclinical psychologistsocial psychologist
support system
Psychology is Used and Abused
human resource departmentsconflict resolutionsadvertisinglawyerspolitical spin doctorscoachesteachersmotivational speakers
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the
dentists?
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the
dentists? How many dentists were surveyed?
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the dentists? How many dentists were surveyed? Were there any toothpastes recommended by
5 out of 5 dentists?How many other toothpastes were recommended?Did the dentists just recommend one brand or did
they pick from, say, the top 3?Was there a list the dentists had to choose from
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the
dentists? How many dentists were surveyed? Were there any toothpastes
recommended by 5 out of 5 dentists? Was the brand the first recommendation
for the 4 out of 5 dentists?
Research in Everyday Life
“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the dentists? How many dentists were surveyed? Were there any toothpastes recommended
by 5 out of 5 dentists? Was the brand the first recommendation
for the 4 out of 5 dentists? Do the dental records of Brand X users
support the claim?
Scientific Inquiry
Empirical Process
Goals: accuracy objectivity skepticism open-mindedness
W. W
. Nor
ton
Types of Studies
Differ according to amount of researcher control over the variables: Experimental Correlational Descriptive
Types of Studies
Experimental maximal control over situation typically one variable is manipulated
(independent variable) to see the effect on a second (dependent) variable
experimental conditionexperimental groupcontrol group
Types of Studies
ExperimentalCorrelational
variables are not manipulated cannot determine causation
Types of Studies
ExperimentalCorrelationalDescriptive
observational naturalistic observationparticipant observation
Methods of Data Collection
Observationself-reportcase studyresponse performance
Methods of Data Collection
Observation operational definition observable, quantifiable behaviours observer bias
Methods of Data Collection
Observationself-report
surveys interviews questionnaires
Methods of Data Collection
Observationself-reportcase study
Methods of Data Collection
Observationself-reportcase studyresponse performance
behavioural psychophysiological
Data Analysis
ReliabilityValidityDescriptive Statistics (“typical”
behaviour) mean median mode variability
Descriptive Statistics
80% 85%85% 80%75% 60%90% 75%70% 80%80% 70%80%
Mean = 78%
Descriptive Statistics
60% 80%70% 80%70% 80%75% 85% 75% 85%80% 90%80%
Mean = 78%
Median = 80%
Descriptive Statistics
60% 80%70% 80%70% 80%75% 85% 75% 85%80% 90%80%
Mean = 78%
Median = 80%
Mode = 80%
Correlation
How closely related are two variables?
Negative correlation when one variable increases in value,
the other decreases in valuePositive correlation
the variables increase or decrease together
Inferential Statistics
used to determine if the groups are different from each other
probability that the difference between the groups was not due to chance p < 0.05
Ethics
What are the benefits?What are the risks?How is participant confidentiality
maintained?Do you have informed consent?
W. W. Norton
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