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Practical Beef Nutrition Practical Beef Nutrition and Ration Formulationand Ration Formulation
Dan LoyDan Loy
301 Kildee301 Kildee
dloy@iastate.edu
Basic OutlineBasic Outline
Nutrient Requirements of ImportanceNutrient Requirements of Importance Adjustments to Requirements (beef cows)Adjustments to Requirements (beef cows) Heifer developmentHeifer development Adjustments to Requirements (feedlot)Adjustments to Requirements (feedlot) Introduction to BRANDSIntroduction to BRANDS Common Nutritional “problems” (time Common Nutritional “problems” (time
permitting)permitting)
Nutrient Requirements of Nutrient Requirements of ImportanceImportance
EnergyEnergy ProteinProtein Major MineralsMajor Minerals Minor Minerals and VitaminsMinor Minerals and Vitamins
PARTITIONING OF PARTITIONING OF ENERGYENERGY
Gross Energy (GE)
Digestible Energy (DE)
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
Net Energy (NE)
Digestion loss (fecal)
Urine lossCombustible gases (CH4)
Heat increment (HI)-heat of fermentation-heat of nutrient metabolism
NEm-basal metabolism-activity at maintenance-sustaining body temp
NEg-retained energy
Net Energy for ProductionNet Energy for Production
Weight GainWeight Gain Lean vs. FatLean vs. Fat
Body Condition gainBody Condition gain Fetal GrowthFetal Growth Milk ProductionMilk Production
Net Energy for MaintenanceNet Energy for Maintenance
Basal MetabolismBasal Metabolism Environmental adjustmentsEnvironmental adjustments
Metabolizable ProteinMetabolizable Protein
CPCPUIPUIP
DIP (ammonia)DIP (ammonia)
bypassbypass
energy (TDN)energy (TDN)
MCPMCPMPMP
Effect of Weight and ADG on Effect of Weight and ADG on Protein RequirementsProtein Requirements
0100200300400500600700800900
1.1 ADG 2.2 ADG 3.3 ADG 4.4 ADG
Average Daily Gain, lb
MP
Req
uir
ed,
g
550 lb
900 lb
Major MineralsMajor Minerals
CalciumCalcium Required for milk production and growthRequired for milk production and growth Grains are low in Ca, Forages are high in CaGrains are low in Ca, Forages are high in Ca
PhosphorousPhosphorous Required for milk production and growthRequired for milk production and growth Grains and corn coproducts are high in P, and low Grains and corn coproducts are high in P, and low
in Cain Ca Ca:P may be important in steers because of urinary Ca:P may be important in steers because of urinary
calculicalculi
Major Minerals cont’Major Minerals cont’
MagnesiumMagnesium Low in lush spring grass—Grass Tetany is a Low in lush spring grass—Grass Tetany is a
common deficiencycommon deficiency SaltSalt
Sodium requirement, most feeds are low in sodiumSodium requirement, most feeds are low in sodium PotassiumPotassium
High in forages, low in grains.High in forages, low in grains. SulfurSulfur
Needed when urea is added. Toxicity is concernNeeded when urea is added. Toxicity is concern
Trace Minerals and VitaminsTrace Minerals and Vitamins
Trace Minerals for Beef CattleTrace Minerals for Beef Cattle Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, ZnCo, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn Should be part of sound mineral supplementation Should be part of sound mineral supplementation
programprogram Regional differencesRegional differences
Vitamin RequirementsVitamin Requirements Vitamin A, D, E. Some B vitamins may be needed Vitamin A, D, E. Some B vitamins may be needed
for stressed calves.for stressed calves.
Adjustments to Requirements (cows)Adjustments to Requirements (cows)
Stage of ProductionStage of Production Environmental AdjustmentsEnvironmental Adjustments Cow size and breedCow size and breed Body Condition ScoringBody Condition Scoring
Seasonal Beef Cow Energy Seasonal Beef Cow Energy RequirementsRequirements
4042
4446
485052
5456
5860
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month After Calving
Ene
rgy
Req
uire
men
t %
TD
N
Seasonal Beef Cow Protein Seasonal Beef Cow Protein RequirementsRequirements
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month After Calving
Pro
tein
Req
uire
men
t, %
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON ON
ENERGY REQUIREMENTSENERGY REQUIREMENTS
EFFECTIVE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
THERMONEUTRALZONE
Low High
Heat StressCold stress
OptimumforPerformanceand Health
LowerCriticalTemperature
UpperCriticalTemperature
Lower Critical Lower Critical TemperatureTemperature
•Coat DescriptionCoat Description LCTLCT•Summer or wetSummer or wet 5959•Fall Fall 4545•WinterWinter 3232•Heavy winterHeavy winter 1818
Effective Effective TemperatureTemperature
TemperatureWind Speed -10 0 10 20 30Calm -10 0 10 20 305 -16 -6 3 13 2315 -25 -15 -5 4 1430 -46 -36 -26 -16 -6
*Maintenance Requirements increase .7% for each degreeof cold stress.
Environmental Adjustments NRCEnvironmental Adjustments NRC
Added are:Added are: Internal insulation factors (body condition or Internal insulation factors (body condition or
fatness)fatness) Hide thicknessHide thickness Heat production from feedHeat production from feed
Effect of Breed on Energy Requirements
90%100%
120%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Bosindicus
Bos taurus Dairybreeds
Rel
ativ
e N
Em
Req
uir
ed
Effect of Lactation on Energy Requirements
100%
120%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Non-lactating
Lactating
Rel
ativ
e N
Em
Req
uir
ed,
% o
f B
asal
Body Condition ScoringBody Condition Scoring
Management tool for adjusting energy Management tool for adjusting energy requirement of beef cowsrequirement of beef cows
Also used to evaluate previous nutrition of Also used to evaluate previous nutrition of feeder cattlefeeder cattle
Thin CowsThin Cows
• 1 Severely emaciated; starving and weak; no palpable fat detectable over back, hips or ribs; tailhead and individual ribs prominently visible; all skeletal structures are visible and sharp to the touch; animals are usually disease stricken. Under normal production systems cattle in this condition score are rare.
• 2 Emaciated; similar to BCS 1, but not weakened; little visible muscle tissue; tailhead and ribs less prominent.
• 3 Very thin; no fat over ribs or in brisket; backbone easily visible, slight increase in muscling over BCS
Borderline and OptimumBorderline and Optimum
• borderline• 4 Borderline; individual ribs noticeable but overall fat cover is
lacking; increased musculature through shoulders and hindquarters; hips and backbone slightly rounded versus sharp appearance of BCS 3.
• optimum• 5 Moderate; increased fat cover over ribs, generally only 12th
and 13th ribs are individually distinguishable; tailhead full, but not rounded.
• 6 Good; back, ribs, and tailhead slightly rounded and spongy when palpated; slight fat deposition in brisket.
Fat ConditionFat Condition
• 7 Fat; cow appears fleshy and carries fat over the back, tailhead, and brisket; ribs are not visible; area of vulva and external rectum contain moderate fat deposits; may have slight fat in udder.
• 8 Very fat; squared appearance due to excess fat over back, tailhead, and hindquarters; extreme fat deposition in brisket and throughout ribs; excessive fat around vulva and rectum, and within udder; mobility may begin to be restricted.
• 9 Obese; similar to BCS 8, but to a greater degree; majority of fat deposited in udder limits effective lactation. Under normal production systems cattle in this condition score are rare.
Condition Score 3Condition Score 3
Condition Score 6Condition Score 6
Condition Score 8Condition Score 8
Pictures from NDSU factsheet AS-1026
Condition Scoring ExamplesCondition Scoring Examples
Condition Scoring of CowsCondition Scoring of Cows
Optimum is condition 5-6 at calvingOptimum is condition 5-6 at calving Each condition score it 80 to 150 pounds Each condition score it 80 to 150 pounds
depending on cow sizedepending on cow size It is best to condition score cows in the fall to It is best to condition score cows in the fall to
allow sufficient time for condition score gainallow sufficient time for condition score gain
Heifer DevelopmentHeifer Development
Target Weight ConceptTarget Weight Concept Heifers should be 60% of mature weight at Heifers should be 60% of mature weight at
breeding and 85% of mature weight at calvingbreeding and 85% of mature weight at calving Sets target weights and rate of gainSets target weights and rate of gain
1400 mature size should weigh: 840 at breeding 1400 mature size should weigh: 840 at breeding and 1190 at calving. If fall weight is 500 lb., in and 1190 at calving. If fall weight is 500 lb., in November (210 days before breeding), then ADG November (210 days before breeding), then ADG needs to be 1.6 to breeding. needs to be 1.6 to breeding.
Adjustments to Requirements Adjustments to Requirements (feedlot)(feedlot)
Frame sizeFrame size ImplantsImplants Feed additivesFeed additives Step up programsStep up programs Bunk Management/Monitoring Bunk Management/Monitoring
Frame SizeFrame Size
Weight at 28% Body FatWeight at 28% Body Fat
Frame SizeFrame Size
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
SteerSteer 882882 954954 10291029 11021102 11751175 12501250 13221322 13951395 14701470
HeiferHeifer 705705 763763 824824 882882 939939 10011001 10581058 11151115 11771177
The Normal Growth CurveThe Normal Growth Curve
Managementfor more rapidgrowth changesthe shape
Muscle GrowthMuscle Growth
Fat GrowthFat Growth
Methods of Increasing GrainMethods of Increasing Grain
Ration Step
Increasing GrainDays
Days
DaysDays
Days
Days
X
X
=
=
%Concentrate
%Concentrate
FeedIntake
FeedIntake
ConcentrateIntake
ConcentrateIntake
Feed Additives for Feedlot CattleFeed Additives for Feedlot Cattle
IonophoresIonophores MGA MGA OptaflexxOptaflexx Broad spectrum antibioticsBroad spectrum antibiotics CoccidiostatsCoccidiostats
Adapting cattle to grainAdapting cattle to grain
Two partsTwo parts Manage feed consumptionManage feed consumption Adjust rumen microbes to new substrateAdjust rumen microbes to new substrate Each may take 2-3 weeks with calvesEach may take 2-3 weeks with calves May only take 4 weeks with previously adapted May only take 4 weeks with previously adapted
yearlingsyearlings Thumb rule for initial grain consumptionThumb rule for initial grain consumption
.5 to 1% of bodyweight.5 to 1% of bodyweight
Developing a Starting Program Developing a Starting Program (some examples)(some examples)
determine expected intakedetermine expected intake determine eventual rationdetermine eventual ration determine beginning concentrate levelsdetermine beginning concentrate levels
Sample starting program - Long Sample starting program - Long hauled calves ( 400 lb.)hauled calves ( 400 lb.)
Conc., lb Feed Intake % Conc.
Week 1 3 4 75
Week 2 5.5 8 75
Week 3 7 10 75
Week 4 8.5 12 75
Final ration 8.5 14 60
Sample starting program - precon or Sample starting program - precon or low stress calves (400 lb.)low stress calves (400 lb.)
Conc., lb Feed Intake % Conc.
Week 1 4 8 60
Week 2 6.6 11 60
Week 3 7.5 12.5 60
Week 4 8.4 14 60
Final ration 8.5 14 60
Sample starting program - Sample starting program - Backgrounded yearlings (800 lb.)Backgrounded yearlings (800 lb.)
Conc., lb Feed Intake % Conc.
Week 1 6 15 40
Week 2 10 17 60
Week 3 14 20 70
Week 4 17 23 74
Final ration 20 25 80
Goal of Feedbunk ManagementGoal of Feedbunk Management Deliver a consistent, nutritious, fresh ration in Deliver a consistent, nutritious, fresh ration in
a manner that maximizes feed intake and a manner that maximizes feed intake and minimizes waste and spoilage.minimizes waste and spoilage.
Some Items a Good Bunk Sheet Some Items a Good Bunk Sheet Should ContainShould Contain
Pen NumberPen Number Lot NumberLot Number Head CountHead Count In WeightIn Weight Current WeightCurrent Weight Days on FeedDays on Feed Days on RationDays on Ration
Indication of Slick Indication of Slick BunksBunks
Indication of When Indication of When Bunks Last CleanedBunks Last Cleaned
Amount of Feed Fed Amount of Feed Fed Last 5-7 DaysLast 5-7 Days
From Horton (1990)
SDSU Bunk Scoring SystemSDSU Bunk Scoring System Developed to improve feed deliveries in a Developed to improve feed deliveries in a
University Research FeedlotUniversity Research Feedlot Improved efficiencyImproved efficiency Uses a 4-Point Bunk Scoring SystemUses a 4-Point Bunk Scoring System
From Pritchard (1993)
SDSU 4-Point Bunk Scoring SDSU 4-Point Bunk Scoring SystemSystem
Score Description0 No feed remaining in bunk.1/2 Scattered feed present. Most of bottom of
bunk exposed1 Thin uniform layer of feed across bottom of
bunk.Typically about 1 kernal deep.
2 25-50% of previous feed remaining.3 Crown of feed is thoroughly disturbed. >50%
of feed remaining.4 Feed is virtually untouched. Crown of feed
still noticeable.
Bunk Score 0 to 1/2Bunk Score 0 to 1/2
Bunk score 1 and 2Bunk score 1 and 2
Example Bunk SheetExample Bunk Sheet
Feedlot:_________________
Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Pen#
Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______ Pen Crashed13 249 2 201 2 2011/ 2 207 0 207 1/ 2 207 0 213 0Pen#
Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______Consistent15 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2Pen#
Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______Right on track32 255 1/ 2 255 1/ 2 255 0 255 1/ 2- 255 1/ 2 255 0 258 0Pen#
Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______I ncreasing DMI35 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 240 0 246 0
Making Feed CallsMaking Feed Calls Cattle AggressivenessCattle Aggressiveness
25-50-25 Rule25-50-25 Rule WeatherWeather
HeatHeat MudMud RainRain ColdCold
Storm Rations?Storm Rations?
Other Bunk Mgmt FactorsOther Bunk Mgmt Factors Feed presentationFeed presentation
MixingMixing Processing (particle size)Processing (particle size) Fines (conditioners)Fines (conditioners)
Nutritional AdequacyNutritional Adequacy
Bunk Management PhilosophyBunk Management PhilosophyRhodes Pen 4 (1997)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101
105
109
113
117
121
125
129
133
Days on Feed
Dry
Mat
ter
Inta
ke
ADG - 3.59F/G - 6.34
Bunk Management PhilosophyBunk Management PhilosophyPrivate Lot (1984)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106
113
120
127
134
141
148
155
162
169
176
183
190
197
204
211
Days on Feed
Dry
Mat
ter
Inta
ke
Cumulative Performance of Cumulative Performance of Prescription Fed CattlePrescription Fed Cattle
Treatment Item Prescription Ad libitumCumulative (121 days) BW 1328 1331 ADG 3.84 3.85 DMI 23.57 26.39 F/G 6.15 6.90 Frequency of slick 69.3 39.7 bunks, %
Pritchard, 1997
Beef Nutrition via the Beef Nutrition via the BRANDS Software BRANDS Software
PackagePackageDrs. Daryl Strohbehn and Dan LoyDrs. Daryl Strohbehn and Dan Loy
Extension Beef SpecialistsExtension Beef Specialists
Beef Ration and NutritionDecisions Software
What is BRANDS?What is BRANDS?
BRANDS is a series of spreadsheet programs BRANDS is a series of spreadsheet programs which work in conjunction with Microsoft® which work in conjunction with Microsoft® Excel to assist producers and beef Excel to assist producers and beef professionals in balancing rations for all types professionals in balancing rations for all types of cattle.of cattle.
BRANDS features 5 ration modules.BRANDS features 5 ration modules.
FeedlotFeedlot Beef CowBeef Cow HeiferHeifer Growing BullGrowing Bull Breeding BullBreeding Bull
Beef Ration and NutritionDecisions Software
programmed usingprogrammed using
“Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle”
Seventh Revised Edition Update 2000
Beef Ration and NutritionDecisions Software
Comes in two different types of packagesComes in two different types of packages
Standard Edition ModulesStandard Edition ModulesFor the beginner (Excel 5.0 & beyond)For the beginner (Excel 5.0 & beyond)
Professional EditionProfessional EditionFor the experienced nutritionist that has For the experienced nutritionist that has
multiple clients (Excel 2000 & beyond)multiple clients (Excel 2000 & beyond)
Beef Ration and NutritionDecisions Software
Introduction Screen-BRANDS Professional
Feed Library Worksheet
Cow Module- Professional Edition Input Screen
Mature Cow Weight (lbs)
small 1100 1100
medium 1350 1350large 1600 1600
Ration Balancing ScreenRation Balancing ScreenRation composition Ration evaluation
Balanced for (head) 1 yes
% % of Total Feed delivered corresponds with mature cow.
lbs./day waste TMR mix Ration DM Balance 1st calf 2nd calf Mature cow
Alfalfa/Brome 12.00 2 35.1% Dry matter intake 23.4 25.6 27.5CornSilage-mat 45.00 2 x 64.2% Estimated DMI 22.1 23.7 25.0
cow mineral1 0.18 2 h 0.6% Consumption 106% 108% 110%
Salt 0.05 2 x 0.2% Net energy rqmt. 109% 114% 124%
x Met. protein rqmt. 144% 135% 147%x
x Vitamin A rqmt. 74% 74% 74%
x Calcium rqmt. 268% 285% 315%x Phosphorus rqmt. 189% 198% 213%
x CP DIP DIP+R eNDf %Conc. Ca:Px 11.0% 95.6% 100.0% 38 33 2.53x
x Projected performancex 30 day BCS change 0.43 0.56 0.77
x Desired ADG 0.85 0.82 0.60
Cow wt.gain (lb) 1.29 1.60 1.90
Feed delivered: lbs. Excess prot.-NE adj.
Feed consumed: lbs. Feed cost/group/day $7.76 $8.49 $38.02Feed cost for selected groups $54.26 Feed cost/hd/day $0.65 $0.71 $0.76
Supplement energy
56.08
57.23
Scale Intake?
CornSilage-mat
Beef Ration and NutritionDecisions Software
Feedyard Module- Professional Edition Input Screen
Beef Ration and NutritionDecisions Software
Heifer Module-
Professional Edition Input
Screen
Calendarized Heifer Development Screen
Nutritional Problems in Beef CattleNutritional Problems in Beef Cattle
Grass TetanyGrass Tetany Urinary CalculiUrinary Calculi Sulfur Toxicity (polioencephalamalacia)Sulfur Toxicity (polioencephalamalacia) Se deficiencySe deficiency Acidosis and BloatAcidosis and Bloat Nitrate and urea toxicosisNitrate and urea toxicosis Molds and mycotoxinsMolds and mycotoxins
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