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PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran and Kraig Pencil
Information Systems Hardware
MIS 320
Kraig K. Pencil
Summer 2014
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
A. Game Plan
• Computer hierarchy
• Bits and bytes
• IS Hardware – Processing and storage
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B: Computer Hierarchy
Servers: computers that serve multiple users simultaneouslyPhoto: Facebook servers. (Time Magazine) http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218539,00.html
http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218543,00.html
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy1. Rank the following from largest to
smallest:• Micro computer• Mainframe• Workstation• PDA• Supercomputer
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)2. Supercomputer
– Most processing power– Common applications: Large simulation
models of real-world phenomena• E.g.,
– Price: $250k - $20 million
3. Mainframe Computer– “Big iron”, “Enterprise Server”– Used in large corporations for centralized transaction
processing and maintaining large databases– Example applications: E-commerce (e.g., servers for
Amazon WWW systems), Airline reservations– Price: > $100k
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
• http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/mainframe-computers-that-change-with-the-times/?ref=technology
•
• Main frame for 75,000 dollars. . . considered to be cheap, and an effective counter move from IBM against cloud based data centers.
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)
4. Workstation– Desktop machines– “PC on steroids”– Provide very high-speed calculations and high-
resolution graphics and 3-D graphics• Example applications: DSS for stock market analysts
and engineers, software development, animated movies
– Vendors include Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Apple Computer
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)5. Microcomputer
– Desktop PC, Mac, Laptop, tablet– Often single-user, but can be used
as servers– Example applications: TPS for smaller
organizations, MIS reports, DSS for decision makers
6. Smart Phone / Personal digital assistant (PDA)– I-Phone, Android, Blackberry … – Wireless capabilities: WWW and E-mail– Example business applications: communications,
inventory management, healthcare
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
C. Bits and Bytes1. Binary notation
– Common format (“language”) for computers– Expressed as a series of ___s and ___s
2. Bit– “Binary digit”
3. Byte– String of 8 bits 28 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 256)– Standard codes are used to represent characters/numbers– e.g., The character “A” = 01000001 (ASCII-8 code)
The number “1” = 00110001 (ASCII-8 code)
0 1
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
C. Bits and Bytes (cont.)4. Bytes in perspective
– Short document: 10,000 characters (or bytes)– Large SW program: Millions of bytes– Medium database: Billions of bytes– A large database: Trillions of bytes– A very large database: 1,000 trillions of bytes
5. Rank from largest to smallest– Megabyte– Terabyte– Petabyte– Kilobyte– Gigabyte
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
D. IS Hardware1. Recall the “5 Cs” of info processing
• Capture (input)• Convey (output)• Create (process)• Cradle (primary & secondary storage)• Communicate
2. Our focus: Processing and primary/secondary storage3. How are these hardware characteristics represented in
the PC ads?• Example: Dell PC component list (see figures)
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435
Processing
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435
Memory
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435
Storage
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
E. IS Hardware: Processing1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Performs the “bit crunching”• Microprocessor
Many transistors on a silicon “chip”• Now: Can include billions of transistors
• E.g., Intel “Tukwila” processor: 2 billion
Transistor diagram
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duzO0YX4WnA&feature=channel
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Components of a Personal ComputerTop half of diagram:
•Components on the motherboard.
Bottom half of diagram:
•Components attached to the motherboard
http://www.techautos.com/2010/03/14/smartphone-processor-guide/
CPU
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Motherboard
CPU
http://xkcd.com/730/
Technical view
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
E. IS Hardware: CPU ComponentsControl unit
Receives input signals and serves as “traffic cop” (tells computer what to do)
Image source: Rainer,et al, Introduction to IS, 2009
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)Performs arithmetic & comparison operations
RegistersHigh speed storage areas
Instructions and data go in Results come out
CPU{ Primary storage
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
E. IS Hardware: Processing (cont.)
3. Moore’s Law– Gordon Moore: Intel co-founder
– Prediction: Computer processor capacity per integrated circuit
Double ~ every two years
• Prediction made in 1965
• Expected the trend to last till 1975
• Trend has continued for much longer than Moore expected
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Moore’s Law: Number of transistors per integrated circuit [Source: Intel Corporation]
Image Source: Intel: http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm
Tukwila
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Data Storage1. Where is data kept?
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
F. Primary StoragePlace where information needed for current and most
frequent processing is stored. May include• Operating system instructions• Program instructions• Data to be processed
1. RAM• Dell PC Component List• Random Access Memory
• Information can be accessed directly
• Chips • “Volatile”• Example range for common micros: 2-6 GB (Can go higher)
Installing memory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiFIgSQOY7g
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
F. Primary Storage (cont.)
2. “Cache” memory• A special type of memory• Very fast, expensive, close to CPU• Stores info used most frequently by CPU• Not many bytes • Example range for common micros: 2-8 MB
3. “Built-in” ROM• Read Only Memory• “NonVolatile”• Example: Used to “boot” the computer at start-up
• Stores instructions to tell computer what to do• Initiates process of loading Operating System into RAM
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
G. Secondary Storage1. Place to store large amounts of
information for an extended period of time
2. Features• “Nonvolatile”
• Takes longer to retrieve
• Cost effective
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
G. Secondary Storage3. Example
– Flash memory*
• A cousin of ROM (non-volatile, no moving parts)
• USB 16 GB ~ $30
– Hard drive (magnetic disk)Example range for common micros:
500-750 GB) ~ $50
1000 GB ~$55-$80
– CD/DVD (optical disk)
*Prediction: Flash memory will replace hard drives in laptops within 5 years.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6wTZhsffEE&NR=1&feature=fvwp Cue at 1:05 and 2:10.
PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil
Fast …
……
……
……
Slow
Expensive …
……
…C
heap
Ranking Storage Devices
Cache
Ram
Rom
Flash
Hard drive
DVDsNon-volatile
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