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+. +. +. +. +. Phylogeography: from database to genomics to discovery. OEB275br Scott Edwards, OEB 5 February 2013. Systematics -- revealing the sequence of ancestry and descent. Taxonomy -- how we organize life’s diversity. Phylogenetic tree. Biogeography -- - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Phylogeography:
from database to genomics to discovery
OEB275br Scott Edwards, OEB5 February 2013
Systematics -- revealing the sequenceof ancestry and descent
common ancestors
Taxonomy -- howwe organize life’s
diversity
Biogeography --the distribution of life
on earth
Process: what are the rules of biodiversification?
Phylogenetic tree
Two types of molecular tools forphylogenetic studies
Mitochondria
Cell Nucleus
Mitochondrial DNA• Small & circular molecule• Maternally inherited• Fast-changing• No recombination
Nuclear DNA• Large & linear molecule• Biparentally inherited• Slower evolution• No recombination
Phe 12s rRNAVal
16s rRNA
LeuIle
Gln
Met
Trp
Ala
Asn
Cys
Tyr
COI
SerAspCOII
LysATP8
ATP6COIII
GlyNADH3
Arg
NADH4L
NADH4
His
Ser
Leu
NADH5
Cyt b
Thr
Control Region
Pro
NADH6
Glu
noncoding
Overview of a birdmitochondrial genome (~17,000 bp)
rRNA genes
tRNA genes
ATP synthase genes
Cytochrome bc1 complex
Cytochrome Oxidase
NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase
NADH1
NADH2
Case studies
Grassfinches (Poephila)W. Bryan Jennings
Red-backed Wren (Malurus melanocephalus)
June Lee
Gray-crowned Babblers(Pomatostomus temporalis)
Zebra Finches (Taenopygia guttata)Chris Balakrishnan
Life in the Outback
Edwards, S. V. (1993) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 252, 177-185.
temporalis rubeculus
Mitochondrial gene tree for grey-crowned babblers
Central East Top End Pilbara
Carpentarian barrier
Sampling localities for grey-crowned babblers
New GuineaCape YorkSoutheast
Examples of large mtDNA breaks within species
Gene flow erodes population monophyly
Migration eventreconstructed byparsimony
Counting the number of interpopulation coalescent events
Examples of discordance between gene and species trees
Hawaiian Honeycreepers (Drepanididae)
Museum collections are archives ofenvironmental history
Traditional specimens
Genetic Resources
Drawings, photographs, field notes
Database search for availablegenetic resources for….
Malurus melanocephalus, the Red-backed Fairy Wren
Striated Grasswren (Amytornis) Southern Emu-wren (Stipiturus)
Superb Fairywren (Malurus)
Diversity of Australo-Papuan Fairy Wrens - Maluridae
Splendid Fairywren (Malurus)
Lee, Joseph, & Edwards 2012. Syst. Biol. 61:253-271.
Multiple genes resolve the phylogenetic tree for Fairy Wrens
Red-backed Fairy wren - discordant subspecies boundaries
B
A
B E
D
Modified from Cracraft Evolution 40: 977-996
Kimberley Plateau(KP)
Arnheim Land(AL)
Cape York(CY)Atherton Plateau
(AP)
Eastern Forests(EF)
Genetic Diversity among loci - A
nony
mou
s lo
ciIn
tron
s
Estimating genetic diversity ( within populations
= a function of the number of polymorphic sites in a population (S)
“Watterson’s theta”
Allele 1: ACTGGCTGAACTT
Allele 2: ACTGGTTGAACTT
Allele 3: GCTGGTTGAACCT * * * S=3
n = number of alleles€
=Sn
1
ii=1
n−1
∑
A second estimate of 4NAllele 1: ACTGGCTGAACTT
Allele 2: ACTGGTTGAACTT
Allele 3: GCTGGTTGAACCT
€
π =k12 + k 23 + k13
3
2
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
=k12 + k 23 + k13
3
k = number of differences between pairs of alleles i and jn = number of alleles
€
π = i=1
n
∑ kijj>1
n
∑
n
2
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
Nucleotide diversity in mammals
Determinants of nucleotide diversity in birds
Simple demographic models of Australian birds
Balakrishnan et al. 2010. Pp. 65-88 In: In Search of the Causes of Evolution: From Field Observations to Mechanisms. (Eds., Peter and Rosemary Grant),Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Testing neutralityTajima’s D statistic proportional to:
€
π −Under neutrality, Tajima’s D ≈ 0
Under directional selection, Tajima’s D < 0
Testing neutrality
Population assignment using ‘Structure’
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0
High-resolution geolocation using human SNPs
Novembre et al. 2008. Nature 456, 98-101
Neutral evolution
Positive Selection
Phylogenetic manifestations of natural selection
Edwards 2009 PNAS 106:8799-8800
Extraordinary Sperm ProductionIn Fairy Wrens
Sampling Gonads from Fairy Wrens
Non-Breeding Season
Breeding Season
10,284 Contigs 2,062 Contigs
All Year Round
5,809 Contigs
Transcriptomics: Higher diversity of genes in breeding vs. non-breeding season testes
Contig Gene Name Function Coverage
722 Kazal-type Serine Proteinase Inhibitor Protection of viable spermatozoa from the proteinase 125.583
5992 Beta Defensis (6e-05) Microbicidal peptides active many bacteria, fungi, viruses 97.053
1948 Proacrosin Mediating binding between acrosomal membrane and IPVL 91.025
1175 Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein Promoting tubulin assemblies and cell proliferation 86.585
10816 Outer Dense Fiber Protein Consists of sperm tail 64.102
5083 60.349
7574 Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 122 59.409
7761 Heat Shock Protein 40kd 42.143
5235 Creatine Kinase B-Variant Catalyses the conversion of creatine 34.376
2098 Family with Sequence Similarity 46 Member D Cancer/Testis Antigens 32.419
1895 Chromosome 20 Open Reading Frame 85 30.557
6856 Ribonuclease / angiogenin Inhibitor 1 Rnase Inhibitor 29.209
2639 Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit Vic 24.909
5768 19.38
6676 Myeloid Leukemia Factor 1 18.959
17202 13.465
13352 9.971
5085 9.316
7629 6.759
16688 6.496
20 highly expressed genes specific to breeding season
testis
Red=genes showing dn/ds ratio > 1
Natural selection? examples of genes showing reciprocal monophyly among
Fairy Wren species
Proacrosin Outer Dense Fiber Protein
Gene tree monophyly as an indicator of natural selection
European corn borer
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