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PerceptionofElectronicCigaretteUseandEffectsonDivisionIIIAthletes
ByronCampbellDamianPulos
KimberlyPritchardPhD,LAT,ATCMichaelKotelnickiMS,ATC
Introduction
• Anelectroniccigaretteisahandheldnicotinedeliverysystem.2-4
• ECarefoundinavarietyofsettings– Nicotinereplacementtherapy4
– Recreational/social5
– Performanceenhancement6-7
11
DidYouKnow?
• 22.4%highschoolstudent-athletesusetobaccoproducts8– 8.8%aresmokelesstobaccoproducts
• 15%UScollegemaleathletesaresmokers9
• DivisionIvs DivisionIIIbaseball10– DI– 62.5%smokelesstobaccouse– DIII– 14.3%smokelesstobaccouse
Purpose
• Tounderstandtheperceptionathletesandnon-athleteshaveofelectroniccigaretteuseinDivisionIIIcollegeathletes.
Methods:Design
IndependentVariables:
• Group– Athletes– Non-Athletes
DependentVariables
• Likert-typeresponses– 10questionsrelatedtouse
andperceptionofEC
ObservationalSurvey
Methods:Subjects
InclusionCriteria• Allparticipants
– CurrentlyenrolledatSU– 18-25yearsold
• Athlete– Currentlyonavarsityteamroster
• Non-athlete– Hasnotcompetedforanyvarsityteamwithinthelastyear.
ExclusionCriteria• Allparticipants– Notenrolledasfull-timestudent
Methods:Instruments
• Survey– Likert-typequestions
NO YES
Survey
Methods:Procedures
Participantsnotifiedofsurvey
Participantsreadandsigninformedconsentform
Participantscompletesurvey
Resultsarereportedintheaggregate
Methods:StatisticalAnalysis
• Responsefrequenciesweresummarizedforeachquestion
• Chisquaretestsofindependencewereusedtodeterminegroupassociations– Cramer’sphiwasusedtoassessthestrengthofassociation
• Α settop<0.05
Areyoucurrentlyauserofelectroniccigarettes?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.018
Haveyouevertriedelectroniccigarettes?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.004
Iamawareofelectroniccigarettesandtheiruses.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ED MD SD Neither SA MA EA
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.114
Athletesthatuseelectroniccigarettesfindtheirperformance-levelisenhanced.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ED MD SD Neither SA MA EA
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.867
Electroniccigaretteshavethesamehealthrelatedrisksastraditionalcigarettes.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ED MD SD Neither SA MA EA
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.138
Whichsportismostlikelytouseelectroniccigarettesthemost?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
La Bk Bb Vb Fb Fh So TF
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.001
Maleathletesaremorepronetoelectroniccigaretteusethanfemaleathletes.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ED MD SD Neither SA MA EA
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.745
Electroniccigarettesarerecreationallyandsociallyacceptable.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ED MD SD Neither SA MA EA
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.040
Thepresenceofelectroniccigarettesisrising?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ED MD SD Neither SA MA EA
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.056
Thepresenceofelectroniccigarettesinathleticsisrising?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ED MD SD Neither SA MA EA
Non-Athlete
Athlete
P=0.040
Discussion:BinaryResponses
• Therewasastatisticallysignificantassociation
• Majorityofbothgroupsare“currentlynotusers”.
• Non-Athleteswerefoundtobemorelikelytotryelectroniccigarettes.
Discussion:Likert-TypeResponses
• Resultsshowbothgroupshavesimilarviewpointsonmostofsurveyquestions.
• Athletesneitheragreednordisagreedthatelectroniccigarettesenhancedperformance
• Despitethenationtrend,bothAthletesandNon-Athletesneitheragreednordisagreedthatelectroniccigarettepresencewasrising.13
Discussion:MostLikelySport
• Collegiatebaseballathletesweremostperceivedtoengageinelectroniccigaretteuse.
• Lacrossewassecondmostperceived(moresoamongstathletes)
• Bothsportshavebeencommonlylinkedtosubstanceuse14
Limitations
• Samplesize• NeitherAgreenorDisagreeOption• Honesty/fearofpunishment• Subjectsknowledgeofelectroniccigarettes
FutureResearch
• ExamineperceptionofhookahuseandcigaretteusageinDivisionIIIathletes
• EliminateNA(Neitheragreeordisagree)optioninLikertscale.
ClinicalMeaningfulness
• HavinganunderstandingofthecorrelationbetweenvapingandathletesmayhelpATsfurtherenhancetheircounselingskillsonthisnewandsocialtrendtoathletesundertheircare
• HavinganunderstandingofpublicperceptiononECandhowtheyarethoughttoeffectathleticperformance.
ThankYou
Methods:StatisticalAnalysis
• Samplesize– Estimate350student-athletesatSU– Reachouttojustasmanynon-athletestudents• CI– 95%• Marginoferror– 5%• Samplesizeestimation– 120surveyscollected12
Survey(cont.)
Survey(cont.)
Survey(cont.)
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http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_theses/334/.AccessedJuly16,2016.11. Halpert M.E-cigarettesmighthelpsmokingcessation.DukeResearchBlog.Sites.duke.edu.DukeUniversity.PublishedSeptember10,
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