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PathophysiologyUnit 1
Neoplasms
Pathophysiology - Borders - Spring 2012
Neoplasms
• TEST• Next class• Neoplasms and Cellular Functions• Multiple choice • Use this PPT and highlighted Notes• This longer PPT will be uploaded on
my website to replace the shorter one that was used for the quiz
Prokaryotic—no nucleus, circular DNA, ribosomes
Eukaryotic—larger, nucleus, linear chromosomes, membranous organelles
Cell types
Eukaryotic Cells
• Have numerous internal structures
• Various types & forms• Plants, animals, fungi, protists
• Multicellular organisms
Cell Parts and FunctionsCell Membrane
Protects the cell
Lets things in and out of the cell
Location: around the cell
Nucleus
Control center
Location: inside the cell,
near the center
Cell Parts and FunctionsNucleolus (Nucleoli)Makes ribosomesLocation: inside the nucleus (dark spot)
Nuclear MembraneProtects nucleusLets things in/out of nucleus (pores)Location: around nucleus
cell
Cell Parts and Functions
Mitochondria
Makes energy/powerhouse
Location: in cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
Packages and secretes
(gets rid of) waste
Location: in cytoplasm
Mitochondria
GOLGI APPARATUS
Cell Parts and Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell
Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes)
Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane
Rough E.R.
Cell Parts and Functions
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Location: in cytoplasm or
Attached to E.R.
Vacuole
Stores food and water
Location: in cytoplasm
Vacuole
Cell Parts and Functions
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes
Destroys bacteria, old cell parts…
Location: in cytoplasm
Centrioles
Helps the cell to divide
Location: in cytoplasm
Cell Parts and Functions
Cytoplasm
Gel-like substances, holds all
Organelles in cell
Location: in cell
Chromatin/Chromosomes
Contains genetic information/traits
Location: in nucleus
Cell Parts and Functions
CiliaShort hair-like projections Used for movementLocation: outside of cell
FlagellaLong whip-like tailUsed for movementLocation: outside of cell
FLAGELLA
Characteristics of Normal Cells
• Reproduce themselves exactly• Stop reproducing at the right time• Stick together in the right place• Self destruct if they are damaged• Become specialized (differentiated) or 'mature'
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
• Cancer cells don't stop reproducing• Cancer cells don't obey signals from other cells• Cancer cells don't stick together• Cancer cells don't specialize or differentiate , but stay immature
Comparing Normal and Cancer Cells
Neoplasms or Tumors
• Cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal body controls• Cells continue to reproduce when there is no need for them• The excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients
Characteristics of Benign Tumors
• Usually consist of differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher than normal rate
• Often encapsulated and expands but does not spread• Usually freely moveable on palpation• Tissue damage results from compression of adjacent structures
such as blood vessels• Not considered life threatening unless in area such as the brain
where pressure can become critical
Characteristics of Malignant Tumors
• Usually made-up of undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not appear organized
• Tend to reproduce more rapidly than normal• Cells have lost cellular connections with each other• Reproduction is not inhibited in presence of similar cells
Terminology
• Tumor : Pathologic disturbance of growth, characterized by excessive and unnecessary proliferation of cells
Terminology
• Hamartoma : Excessive but focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs. Cellular elements are mature, but do not produce normal architecture• Hamartroma of lung• Angiomas• Pigmented nevi
Terminology
• Choristoma (Heterotopia) : Normal cells or tissues, that are present in abnormal locations• Pancreatic cells in the wall of stomach or intestine• Nests of adrenal cells in kidney , lung or ovaries
Terminology
• Neoplasms : Persistent , abnormal and relatively autonomous proliferation of cells occurring as a result of permanent cellular defect that is passed to
the progeny.
Types of Neoplasms
• Benign: localized and amenable to surgical removal; patient usually survives
• Malignant: invasive tumor capable of destroying structures and spread to distant sites (metastasis); may result in early death of the patient
Types of Neoplasms
• The terms “benign” and “malignant” describe the biologic behavior of a tumor
• The biologic behavior is characterized by degree of differentiation of the tumor , rate of growth (and rate of cell death) , infiltration of surrounding tissue, and dissemination to distant sites
Examples of Malignant Tumors
• Sarcoma (mesenchymal derivation: fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma)
• Carcinoma (epithelial derivation: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)• Squamous• Adeno• Transitional
• Lymphoma/leukemia
Examples of Benign Tumors
• Epithelial• Adenoma: benign glandular tumor• Papilloma : benign surface epithelial tumors• Polyp : benign tumor projecting over mucosal
surface• Cystadenoma : benign epithelial tumor forming
hollow cystic mass
Different Kinds of Cancer
Lung
Breast (women)
Colon
BladderProstate (men)
Some common sarcomas:Fat
Bone
Muscle
Lymphomas:Lymph nodes
Leukemias:Bloodstream
Some common carcinomas:
leiomyomas
adenoma
adenocarcinoma
carcinoma
Differentiation
• Well-differentiated tumors contain cells that resemble the normal cells of origin
• Poorly-differentiated or undifferentiated tumors contain cells that do not resemble their normal counterparts (ancillary studies may be needed to determine the cell of origin)
well-differentiated
poorly-differentiated
Differentiation
• Benign tumors are composed of well-differentiated cells.• Malignant tumors are characterized by a wide range of cellular
differentiation.
Rate of Growth
• In general, benign and well-differentiated malignant tumors have a slower rate of growth than moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated malignant tumors.
• There are exceptions. Blood supply, site, and hormonal stimulation are factors that can affect the growth rate of tumors.
Invasion
• Benign tumors usually grow by slow expansion.
• Malignant tumors usually infiltrate and may destroy surrounding tissue (cell surface and the extracellular matrix play an important role).
Functional characteristics
• Benign tumors are more likely to function• Hormonal production can be unregulated• Inappropriate production of hormones by
different type of cells• Abnormal receptor and antigenic
expression
Metastasis
• indicates malignancy• a discontinuous spread of the tumor
metastatic ovarian carcinoma
MRI: metastatic adenocarcinoma
metastatic adenocarcinoma
meningioma
basal cell carcinoma
melanoma
cytology smear: adenocarcinoma
Summary
• Neoplasm- an abnormal mass of tissue which has lost its responsiveness to growth controls
• Benign neoplasms tend to be slow-growing, well-differentiated tumors which lack the ability to metastasize
• Benign neoplasms, in general, remain localized and are amenable to surgery
Summary
• Malignant neoplasms tend to be fast-growing lesions which invade normal structures
• Malignant neoplasms vary in the degree of differentiation
• Malignant neoplasms are capable of metastasis
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