Organelles of the Cell & How They Work...

Organelles of the Cell & How They Work Together

Packet #5

Thursday, November 8, 2018Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 1

Introduction

Organization of cells is basically similar in all cells.

Additionally, most cells are tiny Ranging from 1 – 1000 cubic

micrometers in volume.

Cells are typically small because of the relationship between surface area and volume.

The multiple small cells must be able to support an entire living {large} organism.

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Entry Checkpoint #1KWHLAQ

Topic :-Nucleus

Overview of the Cell

Organelles of the Cell

Nucleus

Large structure surrounded by double membrane.

Contains nucleous and chromosomes.

Processes occurring within the nucleus

Cell Cycle

Meiosis

DNA Replication

Transcription

Nucleus—Nucleous

Granular body withinnucleus

RNA and proteins are found within the nucleous

Processes occurring within the nucleous: -

rRNA production

Ribosome assembly.Thursday, November 8, 2018Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 7

Nucleus—Chromosomes

Composed of complex DNA and protein known as chromatin.

Contain genes that govern structure and activity of cell.

More to come later.

Nucleus—Nuclear Envelope

Controls “traffic” between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Pores in the nuclear membrane allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus.

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Exit Checkpoint #1AKWHLAQ

Topic: -Nucleus

Organelles of the Cytoplasm

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Topic :-Organelles of Cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane

Encloses cell content

Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell

Helps maintain cell shape

Allows communication with other cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Major manufacturing center.

Network of internal membranes extending through cytoplasm.

Synthesizes lipids and proteins

Origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lacks ribosomes on outer surface.

Lipids are produced at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Involved in drug detox SER produces detoxifying

chemicals.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes are found on the surface

The ribosomes, found on the rough ER, are manufacturing proteinsdestined for secretion or for incorporation into membranes.

Translation

Ribosomes

Granules composed of RNA and protein

Some may “attach” to ER {forming the RER}while others float free in the cytosol

Used in synthesis of polypeptides (proteins) once “attached” to ER.

Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of flattened membranesacs.

Processes, sorts and modifies proteins. Packages secreted

proteins—arriving from rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Processed product is passed to other organelles or to the plasma membrane.

The Golgi complex also manufactures lysosomes.

Working Together

Lysosomes

Compartments, in the form of membranous sacs, that are used for digestion.

Contain enzymes to break down ingested materials, secretions and wastes.

Involved in apoptosis Programmed cell death.

Inappropriate apoptosis may be involved in cancer, AIDS and Alzheimer’s disease.

Mutated genes allow for “deformed” lysosomes.

Involved in the metamorphosis of amphibians and some human diseases Rheumatoid arthritis and Tay-Sachs disease. Thursday, November 8, 2018Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 20

Cell Cycle, Lysosomes & Cancer Cell Growth

Vacuoles

Large fluid-filled membranous sacs that are mostly found in plant cells, cells of fungi and algae. Plant vacuoles allow cells

to increase in size. Protist vacuoles are

involved in digestion and excretion.

Store materials, wastes, water and maintain hydrostatic pressure.

Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs containinga variety of enzymes

Site of many diverse metabolic chemical reactions

Perform redox reactions

That involve the making or splitting of hydrogen peroxide by the addition or removal of a hydrogen ion.

Redox Reaction(s)

Redox Reaction(s) II

Mitochondria

Transform energy originating from glucose, lipids or proteins into ATP.

Mitochondria are double membrane bound.

Involved in apoptosis by activating capsules.

Mitochondria contain their own DNA and mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been linked to several genetic diseases.

The Mitochondria, Reproduction & Fertilization

Plastids {Chloroplasts}

ATP and other energy-rich compounds are formed and then used to convert CO2 to carbohydrate.

Double membrane structure that encloses internal thykaloidmembranes.

Site of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll captures light

energy.

Chromoplasts contain pigments and are common in petals and ripe fruit.

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Topic: -Organelles of Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton

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Topic :-Makeup/Structure of Cytoplasm {Cytoskeleton}

Introduction

The cytoskeleton provides for cell shape and allows movement.

The Three Filaments

Microtubules

Hollow tubes composedof subunits of tubulinprotein.

Provide structural support

Play role in movementof cell and organelles.

Play role in cell division.

Microfilaments

Solid, rod like structures composed of actin protein.

Provide structural support.

Actin and myosin are the contractile units of muscle cells.

Play role in cell and organelle movement and cell division.

Intermediate Filaments

Tough fibers composed of proteins.

Help strengthen cytoskeleton.

Stabilizes cell shape.

Centrioles

Pair of hollow cylinders located near the nucleus

Each centriole consists of ninemicrotubule triplets. (9 * 3 structure)

Mitotic spindle {spindle apparatus} forms between centrioles during animal cell division.

May anchor and organize microtubule formation in animal cells.

Absent in most plant cells.

Microtubules, Centrioles, Spindle Fibers and Cell Division

Short projections extendingfrom surface of cell covered by plasma membranecomposed of microtubules.

Used for movement in some unicellular organisms.

Used to move materials on surface of some tissues.

Flagella

Long projections made of peripheral microtubules.

Extend from surface of cell covered by plasma membrane.

Cell locomotion by sperm cells and some unicellular organisms.

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Topic: -Makeup/Structure of Cytoplasm {Cytoskeleton}

Extracellular Matrix

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Topic :-Extracellular Matrix

Introduction

Surround most cells.

Most eukaryotic cells have a cell coat formed by molecules associated with the plasma membrane.

Cell Membrane & ECM

ECM & Animal Cells

Animal cells have extracellular proteins.

Collagen

The main protein

Fibronectin

Organizes the ECM

Integrins

Membrane protein receptors

ECM, Plant Cells, Fungal Cells and Bacterial Cells

All may have cellulose-containing cell walls.

Primary cell wall

Expands as the cell grows.

Secondary cell wall

Formed between the primary cell wall and the cell membrane.

Middle Lamella

Glues adjacent plant cells together.

Unlabeled Cell Membrane & ECM

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Topic: -Extracellular Matrix

Overview of the Cell

Review

Organelles of the Cell & How They Work...

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