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Organelles of the Cell & How They Work Together
Packet #5
Thursday, November 8, 2018Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 1
Introduction
Organization of cells is basically similar in all cells.
Additionally, most cells are tiny Ranging from 1 – 1000 cubic
micrometers in volume.
Cells are typically small because of the relationship between surface area and volume.
The multiple small cells must be able to support an entire living {large} organism.
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Entry Checkpoint #1KWHLAQ
Topic :-Nucleus
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Overview of the Cell
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Organelles of the Cell
Nucleus
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Nucleus
Large structure surrounded by double membrane.
Contains nucleous and chromosomes.
Processes occurring within the nucleus
Cell Cycle
Meiosis
DNA Replication
Transcription
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Nucleus—Nucleous
Granular body withinnucleus
RNA and proteins are found within the nucleous
Processes occurring within the nucleous: -
rRNA production
Ribosome assembly.Thursday, November 8, 2018Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 7
Nucleus—Chromosomes
Composed of complex DNA and protein known as chromatin.
Contain genes that govern structure and activity of cell.
More to come later.
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Nucleus—Nuclear Envelope
Controls “traffic” between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Pores in the nuclear membrane allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus.
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Exit Checkpoint #1AKWHLAQ
Topic: -Nucleus
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Organelles of the Cytoplasm
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Entry Checkpoint #2KWHLAQ
Topic :-Organelles of Cytoplasm
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Plasma Membrane
Encloses cell content
Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell
Helps maintain cell shape
Allows communication with other cells.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Major manufacturing center.
Network of internal membranes extending through cytoplasm.
Synthesizes lipids and proteins
Origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lacks ribosomes on outer surface.
Lipids are produced at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Involved in drug detox SER produces detoxifying
chemicals.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes are found on the surface
The ribosomes, found on the rough ER, are manufacturing proteinsdestined for secretion or for incorporation into membranes.
Translation
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Ribosomes
Granules composed of RNA and protein
Some may “attach” to ER {forming the RER}while others float free in the cytosol
Used in synthesis of polypeptides (proteins) once “attached” to ER.
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Golgi Apparatus
Stacks of flattened membranesacs.
Processes, sorts and modifies proteins. Packages secreted
proteins—arriving from rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Processed product is passed to other organelles or to the plasma membrane.
The Golgi complex also manufactures lysosomes.
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Working Together
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Lysosomes
Compartments, in the form of membranous sacs, that are used for digestion.
Contain enzymes to break down ingested materials, secretions and wastes.
Involved in apoptosis Programmed cell death.
Inappropriate apoptosis may be involved in cancer, AIDS and Alzheimer’s disease.
Mutated genes allow for “deformed” lysosomes.
Involved in the metamorphosis of amphibians and some human diseases Rheumatoid arthritis and Tay-Sachs disease. Thursday, November 8, 2018Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 20
Cell Cycle, Lysosomes & Cancer Cell Growth
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Vacuoles
Large fluid-filled membranous sacs that are mostly found in plant cells, cells of fungi and algae. Plant vacuoles allow cells
to increase in size. Protist vacuoles are
involved in digestion and excretion.
Store materials, wastes, water and maintain hydrostatic pressure.
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Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containinga variety of enzymes
Site of many diverse metabolic chemical reactions
Perform redox reactions
That involve the making or splitting of hydrogen peroxide by the addition or removal of a hydrogen ion.
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Redox Reaction(s)
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Redox Reaction(s) II
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Mitochondria
Transform energy originating from glucose, lipids or proteins into ATP.
Mitochondria are double membrane bound.
Involved in apoptosis by activating capsules.
Mitochondria contain their own DNA and mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been linked to several genetic diseases.
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The Mitochondria, Reproduction & Fertilization
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Plastids {Chloroplasts}
ATP and other energy-rich compounds are formed and then used to convert CO2 to carbohydrate.
Double membrane structure that encloses internal thykaloidmembranes.
Site of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll captures light
energy.
Chromoplasts contain pigments and are common in petals and ripe fruit.
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Exit Checkpoint #2AKWHLAQ
Topic: -Organelles of Cytoplasm
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Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
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Entry Checkpoint #3KWHLAQ
Topic :-Makeup/Structure of Cytoplasm {Cytoskeleton}
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Introduction
The cytoskeleton provides for cell shape and allows movement.
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The Three Filaments
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Microtubules
Hollow tubes composedof subunits of tubulinprotein.
Provide structural support
Play role in movementof cell and organelles.
Play role in cell division.
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Microfilaments
Solid, rod like structures composed of actin protein.
Provide structural support.
Actin and myosin are the contractile units of muscle cells.
Play role in cell and organelle movement and cell division.
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Intermediate Filaments
Tough fibers composed of proteins.
Help strengthen cytoskeleton.
Stabilizes cell shape.
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Centrioles
Pair of hollow cylinders located near the nucleus
Each centriole consists of ninemicrotubule triplets. (9 * 3 structure)
Mitotic spindle {spindle apparatus} forms between centrioles during animal cell division.
May anchor and organize microtubule formation in animal cells.
Absent in most plant cells.
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Microtubules, Centrioles, Spindle Fibers and Cell Division
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Cilia
Short projections extendingfrom surface of cell covered by plasma membranecomposed of microtubules.
Used for movement in some unicellular organisms.
Used to move materials on surface of some tissues.
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Flagella
Long projections made of peripheral microtubules.
Extend from surface of cell covered by plasma membrane.
Cell locomotion by sperm cells and some unicellular organisms.
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Exit Checkpoint #3AKWHLAQ
Topic: -Makeup/Structure of Cytoplasm {Cytoskeleton}
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Extracellular Matrix
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Entry Checkpoint #4KWHLAQ
Topic :-Extracellular Matrix
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Introduction
Surround most cells.
Most eukaryotic cells have a cell coat formed by molecules associated with the plasma membrane.
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Cell Membrane & ECM
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ECM & Animal Cells
Animal cells have extracellular proteins.
Collagen
The main protein
Fibronectin
Organizes the ECM
Integrins
Membrane protein receptors
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ECM, Plant Cells, Fungal Cells and Bacterial Cells
All may have cellulose-containing cell walls.
Primary cell wall
Expands as the cell grows.
Secondary cell wall
Formed between the primary cell wall and the cell membrane.
Middle Lamella
Glues adjacent plant cells together.
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Unlabeled Cell Membrane & ECM
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Exit Checkpoint #4AKWHLAQ
Topic: -Extracellular Matrix
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Overview of the Cell
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Review
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