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7/23/2019 OE Grammar II
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/oe-grammar-ii 1/3
Old English
Tutor: Andrei Avram
Old English grammar II
The verb
Finite forms
macian ‘make’
Tense Number Person Mood
Indicative Subjunctive Imerative
Present Singular !st
"nd
#rd
macie
macast
macað
macie maca
Plural all
ersons
macia$ macien macia$
Tense Number Person Mood
Indicative Subjunctive Imerative
Past Singular !st
"nd
#rd
macode
macodest
macode
macode ─
Plural all
ersons
macodon macoden ─
Number
Number is shown throughout the paradigm by a formal contrast.
Person
The 1st, nd, !rd persons are distinguished only in the present, indicati"e, singular
Tense
#resent and past, contrasting in the indicati"e and in the sub$uncti"e.
The present tense% present and future meanings
&1' ... þonne þū þā in bringst, he ytt and blētsaþ.‘... when you bring them, he will eat and bless you.’
The past tense% past tense and past perfect meanings
&' ... ond þæs ofer Ēastron gefōr Æþerēd cyning; ond hē ricsode fīf gēar .‘... and then after (aster king )thered died and he had reigned fi"e years.’
Mood
The indicati"e, the sub$uncti"e and the imperati"e. *ome forms do not contrast.
The sub$uncti"e is also used to e+press uncertainty.
&!' Hē sæde [... þæt þæt !and sīe s"īþe !ang .‘e said -... that that land is "ery long.’
7/23/2019 OE Grammar II
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Asect
/mperfecti"e "s. perfecti"e
0erbs prefi+ed with ge fre2uently ha"e a perfecti"e meaning%
&3' "innan ‘fight’ "s. ge"innan ‘con2uer, win’
%oiceTwo "oices% the acti"e and the passi"e "oice.
The "erbs bēon ‘be’ and "eor#an ‘become’ occur in analytical structures with a
passi"e meaning
&4' a. "ær$n ofs!æg ene ‘were slain’
b. "$rdon gefoht en‘were fought’
Non&finite forms
The infinitiveThe infiniti"e% a "erbal noun, with two case endings.
&5' a. nominati"e he!%an ‘help’
b. dati"e he!%enne.
The dati"e is used after the preposition tō ‘to’%
&6' þæt "eorc is s"ī#e %!ēo!ic mē [... tō $nderbeginnenne‘that work is "ery difficult for me -... to undertake’
The articile
The past participle% a "erbal ad$ecti"e, with both "erbal &tense and "oice' and nominal
categories &case, gender'. 7ike ad$ecti"es, participles had a weak and a strong
declension.
&8' a. present, acti"e% maciende b. past, passi"e% &ge'macod
'ea( declension
Present Past
Singular Nominative Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
macienda
maciende
maciende
macoda
macode
macode
)enitive MasculineFeminine
Neuter
maciendan macodan
Strong declension
Present Past
Singular Nominative Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
maciende
maciendu
maciende
macod
macodu
macod
)enitive Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
maciendes
maciendre
maciendes
macodes
macodre
macodes
7/23/2019 OE Grammar II
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9greement of the predicati"ely used past participle with the sub$ect is optional.
&:' a. ... "$rdon ())) fo!cgefeoht gefoht en fought#9*T #9;T
‘... eight battles were fought’
b. ... "ær$n ofs!æg ene )* eor!as and ān cyning slain#9*T #9;T #7
‘... nine earls were slain and a king’
*lasses of verbs
<eak "erbs% inflectional suffi+es.
Infinitive Past tense Past articile
*lass ! dēman
‘deem’
cē%an ‘keep’"er ian ‘wear’
te!! an ‘count’
dēmde
cē%te
"er edetea! de
dēmed
cē%ed
"er ed tea! d
*lass " !$f ian ‘lo"e’ !$f ode !$f od *lass # !ibban !if de !if d
*trong "erbs% apophony=9blaut.
Infinitive Past tense
singular
Past tense
lural
Past articile
*lass ! r + san ‘rise’ r ,s r ison r isen
*lass " s-oðan ‘seethe’ s-að sudon soden
*lass # f indan ‘find’ f and f undon f unden
*lass . beran ‘bear’ b/r b/ron boren
*lass 0 wesan ‘be’ w/s w/ron weren
*lass 1 f aran ‘tra"el’ f 2r f 2ron f aren
*lass 3 h,tan ‘call, name’ h-t h-ton h,ten
>#reteritepresent? "erbs% past tense form, but present meaning%
āg ‘ought’, c$nnan ‘can’, dearr ‘dare’, d$gan ‘be fit’, geneah ‘be enough’,magan ‘may’, mōt ‘must’, m$nan ‘remember’, sc$!an ‘shall’, #$rfan ‘need’, $nnan‘wish’, "itan ‘know’
!
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