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OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDSHEALTH HAZARDS
CHEMICAL HAZARD
PHYSICAL HAZARD
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
ERGONOMIC HAZARD
HAZARD AND RISKHAZARD AND RISK
HAZARD
- any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work.
RISK
- the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard.
WORKPLACE HAZARDSWORKPLACE HAZARDSSafety Hazards
working conditions where harm to the workers is of an immediate and violent nature
result in broken bones, cuts, bruises, sprains, loss of limbs, etc.
the harm results in some kind of injury to the worker
associated with poorly guarded or dangerous equipment and machinery
Health Hazards
working conditions which result in an illness
exposure to dangerous substances or conditions, such as chemicals, gases, dusts, noise etc.
often, latency between exposure and disease
CHEMICAL HAZARDSCHEMICAL HAZARDS
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Routes of entry into the body
Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin Contact
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Routes of excretion
Gastro-intestinal (feces)
Renal (urine) Respiratory (exhalation)
Skin (sweat, hair, nails)
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Classification of Toxic Effects
Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact
Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact, may involve many organ systems
Acute toxicity-Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure
Chronic toxicity-Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems; occurs many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Health Effects
Renal Diseases Respiratory Diseases Skin Diseases Hematologic Diseases Cardiovascular
Diseases Neurologic Diseases Carcinogenic Teratogenic
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process
Renal Diseases: acute/chronic renal failure
Mercury, cadmium, chloroform
Battery, chemical industries, pesticide
Respiratory Diseases: Irritation, inflammation Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries
Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction, sandblasting, coal
Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Blood Diseases: Anemia Lead Battery mfg., lead
smelting
Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.
Skin Diseases: Allergic/contact dermatitis
Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish
Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool operators
Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar Petroleum refinery
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Liver Disease: Acute liver toxicity Carbon
tetrachlorideCleaning fluids, dry cleaners
Liver cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl chloride mfg.
Cardiovascular Disease: Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry cleaning
Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, trichloroethylene
Refrigeration, solvent workers
PHYSICAL HAZARDSPHYSICAL HAZARDS
Physical HazardsPhysical HazardsNoise
Vibration
Extreme Temperature
Illumination
Radiation
NOISENOISETypes of Noise-Induced Hearing
Loss
Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)◦ temporary loss of hearing acuity after
exposure to loud noise ◦ recovery within 16-48 hrs
Permanent Threshold Shift◦ irreversible loss of hearing
Other Harmful Effects of Noise
• Hypertension• Hyperacidity• Palpitations • Disturbs relaxation and sleep
Segmental Vibration:Segmental Vibration:
• Health Effects:—Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
—tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
—pain
Whole Body Vibration:Whole Body Vibration:
Health effects:◦ Fatigue◦ Irritability◦ Headache◦ Disorders of the
spine
Disorders Clinical features
Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra)
Pruritic rash
Heat cramps Cramps in the body, usually legs
Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting attack, blurring of vision, cold, clammy and sweaty skin
Heat stroke Cyanosis, muscle twitchings, disorientation, delirium, convulsions
Health Effects of Heat Stress
Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized burning pain and numbness. Fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, ears are most susceptible.
trench foot or immersion foot: numbness, pain, cramps, ulceration and gangrene.
Health Effects of Cold Temperature
Inadequate IlluminationInadequate Illumination
Health Effects ◦Visual Fatigue◦Double Vision◦Headaches◦Painful irritation ◦Lacrimation◦Conjunctivitis
RADIATIONRADIATION
Non-ionizing Ultraviolet
Infrared
Laser
skin redness, premature skin ageing, and skin cancer
corneal and conjunctival burns, retinal injury, cataract
Skin and eye problem
Types Sources Health Effects
Ionizing X-rays
Gamma rays
Cancer, congenital defects, death
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDSBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDSBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
VIRUSES FUNGI
BACTERIA PARASITES
Selected Infectious Diseases Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupationsand Occupations
Agent / Disease Occupation
Colds, influenza, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox
May be contracted anywhere
Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed to heat and organic dusts, and medical personnel
Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers of carcasses, skins, hides, or hair of infected animals, including wool carpet processors and handlers.
Selected Infectious Diseases Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupationsand Occupations
Agent / Disease Occupation
Ringworm (in horses, cattle, deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds)
Pet shop salesmen, stockmen, breeders of cats and dogs, and other animal handlers
Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or anyone in contact with manure.
Selected Infectious Diseases Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupationsand Occupations
Agent / Disease Occupation
Psittacosis (in parrots, parakeets, pigeons, ducks, turkeys, chickens, etc.)
Pet shop personnel, gardeners, housewives, veterinary surgeons, and researchers.
Hookworm Miners, agricultural laborers, planters of sugar, tobacco, tea, rice and cotton, and brick and tunnel workers.
Selected Infectious Diseases Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupationsand Occupations
Agent / Disease Occupation
Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, pigs, cats)
Veterinarians, letter carriers, laboratory research workers, agricultural workers.
Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers, animal handlers
Body Fluids with High Viral LoadBody Fluids with High Viral Load
BloodSemenVaginal and cervical mucusBreastmilkAmniotic fluidCerebrospinal fluid
ERGONOMIC HAZARDSERGONOMIC HAZARDS
ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS
thetool
theworkstation
the task(job content &
context)
theorganization
theenvironment
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICSRisk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Static posture
Forceful exertion
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICSRisk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Repetitive movement
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICSRisk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Extreme range of motion
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICSRisk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Awkward posture
STRESSSTRESS
STRESSSTRESSManifestations of Stress
PHYSIOLOGICAL Heart rate Blood pressure Indigestion
BEHAVIORAL Drug use Alcohol intake Heavy smoking Impulsive emotional
behavior
Poor work & family
relationship Social isolation Family abandonment Sleep problems
PSYCHOLOGICAL Fatigue Anxiety Tension Irritability Depression Boredom Inability to
concentrate Low esteem
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
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