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Atlanta’s “Five Points” area, circa 1950.
Changes in Georgia and America 1945–1963
The U.S. and Georgia prosper and change in the years following World War II, but the nation faces several international crises.
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Changes in Georgia and America 1945–1963
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Postwar America
Cold War America
Georgia’s Growing Economy
SECTION 4 Political Changes in Georgia
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Section 1
Postwar America The years after World War II are a time of rapidchange in American society.
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The Baby Boom Generation
Postwar America
The G.I. Bill• U.S. population 140,000,000 in 1945 • 12 million in military in June 1945, including
320,000 Georgians- most reentering civilian life soon; need help
finding jobs, homes• G.I. Bill—Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944
- provides mortgage, business assistance; free education to veterans
• About eight million veterans attend school on G.I. Bill
SECTION
1
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Educating the Baby Boom Generation• Military personnel return as civilians; cause U.S.
birthrate to rise- Americans born between 1946 and 1964 called
baby boomers• Jump in birthrate creates need for more schools
and teachers• Government worried Soviet Union has
educational advantage over U.S.• Congress offers loans to students wanting to
become teachers- funds science, math programs in schools
continued The Baby Boom Generation
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Housing the Baby Boomers• G.I. Bill provides low-cost home loans• Many new homes located in suburbs— areas
outside city centers- suburban population rises 46% in 1950s
• Suburbs represent prosperity, but also segregation in society- many African Americans can’t afford suburban
homes- people in suburbs often will not sell to
minorities
continued The Baby Boom Generation
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SECTION
1
Music• Teens embrace rock ‘n’ roll; jazz, crooners also
popular
Popular Culture in the 1950s
Continued . . .
Georgia Musicians• Many Georgians contribute to music scene in
1950s and 1960s• Ray Charles, Gladys Knight, Little Richard, James
Brown, others
The Role of Women• Many Americans feel woman’s role is in home;
role starts to change- more women attend college, work outside home- idea of a woman having a long-term career still
rare
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SECTION
1
Literature• American postwar writers see problems in
American society• Ernest Hemingway, J.D. Salinger, John
Steinbeck well-known authors
continued Popular Culture in the 1950s
Georgia Writers• Flannery O’Connor perhaps best-known
Georgia writer- born in Savannah; writes two novels, 31 short
stories• Carson McCullers writes The Heart is a Lonely
Hunter at 23- style called “Southern Gothic”—set in South,
full of tragedy, danger
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Americans believe that new enemies, especially the Soviet Union, threaten their existence.
Section 2
Cold War America
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The Atomic Bomb
Cold War America
The Nuclear Arms Race• Many Americans believe communism is a threat
after World War II• Cold War—hostile relations between U.S. and
communist countries• Soviet Union detonates atomic bomb, 1949;
nuclear arms race begins- nuclear arms race—U.S., Soviet Union’s
competition for atomic weapons
SECTION
2
Civil Defense• Americans prepare to defend against nuclear attack• Schools practice nuclear attack drills; people build
fallout shelters
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Fighting a Hot and Cold War
Postwar Japan• U.S. occupies, rebuilds Japan; country becomes
democracy• Japan learns American industrial methods; some
industries take off
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
The Iron Curtain• Allied Powers—U.S., France, England, Soviet
Union—occupy Germany• Josef Stalin wants to concentrate on building
Soviet power, 1946 - cuts communication with allies; tries to control
nearby countries • Stalin’s iron curtain cuts Soviet Union off from
rest of world
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Marshall Plan• U.S. believes Great Depression was one cause
of World War II- believes Europe’s economy must be rebuilt to
prevent another war• Marshall Plan includes 17 western European
countries, Soviet Union• Soviets against rebuilding Germany, refuse to
participate• Soviets block access to western half of Berlin;
U.S. cannot send aid
SECTION
2
continued Fighting a Hot and Cold War
Continued . . .
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Containment• U.S. creates North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 1949• U.S., 11 European nations ally in case of Soviet
invasion• Containment becomes U.S. foreign policy for next
40 years- containment—stopping spread of communism
• Soviet Union, Europe’s communist countries sign Warsaw Pact in 1955- pact to defend each other if attacked; counters
NATO; dissolves, 1991
SECTION
2
continued Fighting a Hot and Cold War
Map
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Threats from Within
Joseph R. McCarthy• Government concerned about communism in
U.S. as early as 1940• House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) established- investigates charges of communists influencing
society• Joseph R. McCarthy tries to expose communists
in government, 1950s• McCarthy lacks evidence for accusations; ruins
many careers, lives- public opinion turns against McCarthy in 1954,
ends political career
SECTION
2
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The Korean Conflict
Communism in Asia• Communist Mao Tse Tung takes over China,
1947; U.S. views as threat• Communist-controlled North Korea invades South
Korea, June 24, 1950• U.S. sends troops to stop invasion; China assists
North Korea• Neither side wins after three years; ceasefire
signed July 27, 1953
SECTION
2
Map
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The Kennedy Years
The “New Frontier”• Democrat John F. Kennedy wins presidency,
1960 • Campaign promises “New Frontier,” and to attack
U.S. social problems• Cold War, containment issues keeps Kennedy
from social issues
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
Bay of Pigs• Fidel Castro takes over Cuba; nearby communist
rule worries U.S. • Kennedy supports group of Cubans trying to
remove Castro, April 1961• Cuba captures Anti-Castro forces at Bay of Pigs,
invasion fails
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The Berlin Wall• Soviet Union concerned about people leaving
communist East Berlin• Soviets build wall separating West, East Berlin;
1961
SECTION
2
continued The Kennedy Years
Continued . . .
Cuban Missile Crisis• Cuban Missile Crisis, fall 1962—Kennedy’s worst
diplomacy problem• U.S. spy planes detect Soviet missiles in Cuba• Kennedy blocks Soviet access to Cuba, demands
weapon removal • U.S., Soviets at brink of nuclear war; Soviets
remove weapons
Image
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Vietnam• U.S. considers North Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh a
threat to South Vietnam- U.S. supplies money, weapons, military
advisors to South Vietnam
SECTION
2
continued The Kennedy Years
Civil Rights• Supreme Court rules segregation illegal (1954);
much of South resists• Some Georgia politicians fight integration, take
states’ rights position• Over time, many Georgians try to make integration
go smoothly
President Kennedy is Assassinated• Kennedy shot and killed November 22, 1963 in
Dallas; nation mourns
Section 3
Georgia’s GrowingEconomy Georgia’s farms and cities go through significant changes from the 1940s through the 1960s.
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Population Trends in Georgia
Georgia’s Growing Economy
Shifting Populations• Many African American, white farmers move to cities
from 1930s to 1960s• Rural population falls, from 1.3 million in 1940 to
228,000 by 1970
SECTION
3
Urban Growth• Many people move to Georgia, offsetting population
loss- defense industry, other businesses attract skilled
workers• City growth strains public services; many people
move to suburbs
Map
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Changes in Business and Industry
SECTION
3
Increased Prosperity• Georgia’s post-war economy grows; people earn
more than ever before- factory workers, farmers still make less than
national average• Service industry makes up 33% of state’s
workforce by 1960
Continued . . .
Urban Centers• One-third of new factory jobs in 1940s, 1950s in metro
Atlanta area• After war, Savannah grows; becomes one of largest U.S.
port cities• Georgia’s 12 military bases provide jobs, contribute to
economy
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Industry• Auto assembly, textiles remain important
industries• Banking, transportation, utilities, other industries
grow important
continued Changes in Business and Industry
SECTION
3
Labor Unions• Unions renew efforts to organize in Georgia after
World War II• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) launches
Operation Dixie• Operation Dixie—attempt to set up unions in South
- attempts to unionize textile workers meet violence, intimidation
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Changes in Agriculture
SECTION
3
Mechanization• Wartime prosperity ends for most Georgia
farmers, sharecroppers• Farmers begin to rely more on tractors to till soil,
harvest crops• Mechanization lowers demand for sharecroppers,
forces many off land
Continued . . .
Dairy and Livestock• Improved transportation, new markets make dairy
profitable in South• Poultry farming grows after war; now state’s largest farm
industry
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Improved Farming Methods• New crop strains, pesticides, better organization
improve farm production• Operation costs also rise; small farmers,
sharecroppers can’t keep up• Small farms sell; land bought to create larger
farming operations
continued Changes in Agriculture
SECTION
3
Crop Diversity• Agriculture becomes less important to Georgia economy• Crops diversify; by 1960 only 10 percent of farmland used
for cotton• Poultry, livestock, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans are
dominant by 1980
Continued . . .
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Changes in Urban Georgia
SECTION
3
Transportation• Atlanta becomes rail, highway, and airline hub• MARTA rapid transit created to cut Atlanta’s
traffic congestion- traffic problems still exist
Lake Sidney Lanier• Atlanta’s growth creates need for more water • Dams on Chattahoochee River create lake for water
source- Lake Sidney Lanier completed 1956
Section 4
Political Changesin Georgia The political scene in Georgia undergoes many changes.
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Politics in World War II Georgia
Political Changes in Georgia
The Board of Regents Controversy• Eugene Talmadge elected governor in 1941
opposing New Deal programs- wants non-Georgians, political opponents out of
Georgia colleges- tries to get two college teachers fired for promoting
integration- forces two Board of Regents members to quit, new
board fires teachers• Talmadge’s actions become known as the Board of
Regents Controversy• Georgia public schools lose recognition; Talmadge
loses 1942 election
SECTION
4
Continued . . .
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Governor Ellis Arnall• Ellis Arnall defeats Talmadge in 1942 election,
promises reform- disagrees with Talmadge’s use of power,
reduces power of office• Arnall’s prison reform abolishes chain gangs,
selling pardons• Lowers voting age from 21 to 18; first state to do
so• Begins process of revising state constitution;
approved in 1945
continued Politics in World War II Georgia
SECTION
4
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William Berry Hartsfield• William B. Hartsfield becomes Atlanta’s mayor,
1937–40, 1942–62- convinces whites, African-Americans to work
together for progress• Atlanta grows in population, size; is known for
“doing business”• While councilman in 1920s, Hartsfield starts
Atlanta’s airport- supports Atlanta’s zoo; reforms police, fire
departments
Atlanta’s Political Leadership
SECTION
4
NEXT
Gaining Political Power through the Vote• African-American leaders work to register
Atlanta’s black voters, 1946• Helen Douglas Mankin becomes first Georgia
woman in Congress, 1947• Multiracial coalition elects Mankin—major change
in Georgia politics
Georgia Politics
SECTION
4
1946 Governor’s Race• Eugene Talmadge runs again in 1946 on white
supremacy platform• Talmadge wins election but dies before taking office
- resulting confusion known as three governors controversy
Continued . . .
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Three Governors Controversy• Eugene Talmadge’s son Herman claims to be
governor• M.E. Thompson elected Lieutenant Governor,
says he should take over• Ellis Arnall refuses to leave office until court
settles matter• All three set up governor’s offices• Georgia Supreme Court names Thompson
governor until special election• Herman Talmadge wins 1948 special election,
serves two terms
continued Georgia Politics
SECTION
4
Continued . . .
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County Unit System Struck Down• County unit system gives rural counties control of
state politics- rural more conservative; their control keeps
segregation in place• Federal courts rule county unit system
unconstitutional, 1962- change to “one man, one vote” system
• Carl Sanders from Augusta elected 1962- vows to improve state’s image
continued Georgia Politics
SECTION
4
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Richard B. Russell, Jr.• Richard B. Russell, Jr. serves in U.S. Senate,
1933–1971• Initially supports New Deal, but support drops as
Depression goes on• Supports segregation, strong defense; opposes
Vietnam involvement
Georgia Politicians on the National Scene
SECTION
4
Carl Vinson• Carl Vinson elected to Congress at age 30,
youngest member at time• Serves 50 years in Congress, supports military
expansion• Develops “two-ocean” navy, aircraft carrier named in
his honor
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