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CELL RESPIRATION
Respiration is the process in which nutrients are convertedinto useful energy in a cell
The main substrate for respiration is glucose
Glucose is obtained from:
Digestion of carbohydrates in humans and animalsThe process of photosynthesis in plants
Respiration at the cellular level is known as cellular
respiration
The process occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm ofcells
Respiration involves a series of reactions controlled by
enzymes
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Cellular
respiration
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron
transport
chain
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Respiration
supplies
the energy for
muscle
contraction
germination
cell divisionchemical changes in cells
Some examples of the use
of energy in organisms
10
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Step
coenzy
me
yield
ATP yield Source of ATP
Glycolysis
preparatory phase-2
Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate
uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis pay-off
phase
4 Substrate-level phosphorylation
2 NADH 6 Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative
decarboxylation of
pyruvate
2 NADH 6 Oxidative phosphorylation
Krebs cycle
2 Substrate-level phosphorylation
6 NADH 18 Oxidative phosphorylation
2 FADH2 4 Oxidative phosphorylation
Total yield 38 ATP
From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to
carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced
coenzymes.
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Energy release (2x)
During respiration (2x)Rate of respiration increase
Oxygen decrease
CO2 increase
Heartbeat rate increase
During vigorous exercise
Muscle cell need..
More oxygen
And glucose
All the rate is increaseTo pump more blood
Into circulation (2x)
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What is the mostimportant point about
respiration?
(a) it uses oxygen
(b) It produces energy
(c) It produces carbon
dioxide
(d) It needs food and air
Question
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Correct
21
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Incorrect
22
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Normal heartbeat rate is between 60 and 79
beats per minute. During vigorous exercise, the heartbeat rate
increase to 120 beats per minute.
Increase of breathing rate will increase in
ventilation rate.
The rate of gaseous exchange
between alveoli and blood
capillaries.
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When a person is fear
heartbeat rate also
increase.
Higher respiration rate isneeded to produce more
energy. To cope the
process during moment of
distress.
Adrenal gland will secrete
adrenaline hormone.
As hormone produce
increase heartbeat and
breathing rate alsoincrease.
More glucose and oxygen
are supplied to the
muscles.
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Try holding
your breath.
but
most of the timebreathing is controlled
by an autonomic
mechanism
Breathing is an
involuntaryprocess which is
controlled by
respiratory
centre located in
the medulla
oblongata of the
brain.
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When respiration rate increase,
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide increase
Carbon dioxide react with water to formed carbonic acid.
High level of carbonic acid will drop the pH value of blood and body
fluid.
Drop of pH detected by central chemoreceptor in medulla
oblongata.
Central chemoreceptor send nerve impulses to the respiratory
central which is turn the send nerve impulses to the diaphragm andintercostal muscles.
Cause respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster.
Then, increase in breathing and ventilation.
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