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Οι εξελίξεις τόσο στο τεχνολογικό, όσο και στον επιστημονικό τομέα, δεν αφήνουν αδιάφορη τη δασική επιστήμη, μέρος της οποίας είναι και η δασική διαχειριστική. Η δασική διαχειριστική ασκείται σχεδόν 5 δεκαετίες και ορίζεται από προδιαγραφές που ισχύουν όλα αυτά τα χρόνια. Είναι επιτακτική ανάγκη να αλλάξουν οι προδιαγραφές αυτές και ήδη υπάρχουν νέες σκέψεις στο θέμα αυτό. Οι νέες προδιαγραφές θα πρέπει να στηρίζονται στην αειφορική διαχείριση των πολλαπλών χρήσεων ή σκοπών, όπως επιτάσσει η παγκόσμια τάση. Πλέον, η αειφορία της ξυλοπαραγωγής θεωρείται ξεπερασμένη και θα πρέπει να δίνεται σημασία στα υπόλοιπα προϊόντα του δάσους και τις λειτουργίες του. Στην κατεύθυνση αυτή κινείται και η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή. Θέλοντας να εφαρμόσει πολλαπλών χρήσεων διαχείριση στη περιοχή μελέτης, που είναι το δασικό σύμπλεγμα Γέρακα – Ξάνθης – Κιμμερίων. Για να ολοκληρωθεί η διαχείριση, προτιμήθηκε η λύση των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών (ΓΣΠ). Οργανώθηκε με όλα τα απαραίτητα η Γεωβάση Δεδομένων, αφού προηγήθηκε συλλογή, επεξεργασία, ταξινόμηση και επέκταση των δεδομένων. Ακολούθησε η χρήση των χωρικών δεδομένων που προέκυψαν, στη λήψη διαχειριστικών μέτρων βάσει την αειφορία των πολλαπλών χρήσεων και την χωρική τους κατανομή.The developments so much in technological and in the scientific sector, do not leave incurious the forestal science, part of which is also forest management. Forest management is practised almost 5 decades and it is fixed by specifications that are in effect all these years. It is imperative need to change these specifications and there exists already new thoughts in this subject. The new specifications will be supposed to support sustainable multipurposal or multifunctional management, as ordains the world tendency. Henceforth, the use of timber is considered exceeded and it will be supposed is given importance in the remainder products of forest and his operations. In this direction is moved also the present postgraduate thesis. Wanting applies multipurposal management in the region of study, that is the forestal cluster of Geraka – Xanthi - Kimmerion. In order to complete the management, was preferred the solution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Was organised with all essential the Geodatabase, after it preceded collection, treatment, classification and extension of data. Followed the use of territorial data that resulted, in the reception of management metres, based on the viability of multiple uses and their territorial distribution.
Citation preview
: :
. : 0288 , 2010
: :
. : 0288 , 2010
() , . . . 2006-2010. , . . . , , . . , . , , 4 . . , . , , . , , , . . . , 2010
I
..........................................................................................V .........................................................................................VI ........................................................................................................IX ..............................................................................................................X SUMMARY.............................................................................................................XI 1. ............................................................................................................2 1.1 .........................................................................................................3 1.2 ...........................................................................................................3 1.3 ....................................................................................................4 1.4 .............................................................................................4 2. .....................................................................5 2.1 .........................................................................5 2.2 ...............................................................................6 2.3 .................................7 2.4 (GIS) ............................................................9 2.5 ...............................................................................11 3. ..........................................................12 3.1 ...................................................................................12 3.1.1 ............................................................................13 3.1.1.1 ..........................................13 3.1.1.2 ...................13 3.1.1.3 .........................................................13 3.1.1.4 .........................................................14 3.1.1.5 .......................................................15 3.1.1.5.1 ......................................................................................15 3.1.1.5.2 .......................16 3.1.1.5.3 ..................................................17 3.1.1.6 ..........................................................17 3.1.1.6.1 ....................................................18 3.1.1.6.2 ....................................................................................19 3.1.1.7 .................................................20 3.1.1.7.1 ....................................................20 3.1.1.7.2 ......................................................20 3.1.1.7.3 ...........................................................................20 3.1.1.7.4 ................22 3.1.1.7.5 , ................................................................................23 3.1.1.7.6 ...............................................23 3.1.2 ...........................................................................23 3.1.2.1 ...............................................................23 3.1.2.1.1 ..........................................23 3.1.2.1.2 ....................................................25 3.1.2.2 ...............................................................27 3.1.2.2.1 (..)...............................................................................29 3.1.2.2.2 .. ........................29 3.1.2.2.3 ..............................................................29 3.1.2.2.4 .. .....................................................29
II
3.2 ..................................................................................................29 3.2.1 ......................................................................29 3.2.2 ............................................................31 3.2.3 .................................................................32 3.3 ...............................................................................32 4. ..........................................................................33 4.1 .........................................33 4.2 ........................................................34 4.2.1 ......................................................................34 4.2.1.1 .............................................................................34 4.2.1.2 ................................................................................35 4.2.2 ............................................................39 4.2.2.1 .............................................................................39 4.2.2.2 ................................................................................40 4.2.3 .................................................................45 4.3 ...................................................46 4.3.1 ......................................................................46 4.3.2 ............................................................47 4.3.2.1 .....................................................47 4.3.2.2 ........................................................49 4.3.2.3 ..................................................................................50 4.3.3 .................................................................................................55 4.3.3.1 ...........................55 4.3.3.2 ...........................56 4.3.3.3 .....................................................................................................................57 4.4 ...............................................................................57 5. ....................................58 5.1 ..............................58 5.2 ..........................................................................59 5.2.1 ................................................59 5.2.1.1 ......................................................................60 5.2.1.2 ...................................................69 5.2.1.3 ........................................................71 5.3 ..........................73 5.3.1 ..............76 5.3.2 ........................................78 5.3.3 ...................81 5.3.4 ....................................81 5.3.5 .....................................84 5.3.6 ..........................................................................................................84 5.3.7 ....................86 5.3.8 .......86 5.3.9 ...................88 5.4 ..........96 5.5 ...............................................................................96 6. - .....................................................................97 7. ...........................................................................................100
III
...................................................................................................101 ...............................................................104 ....................................................................................................105 ...................................................................................................114 ..................................................................................................116 V..................................................................................................117
IV
1. . ....................................................................................12 2. .............................24 3. . ................................28 4. (..). ..............................................................30 5. '87. .............................................................................35 6. . ........................................52 7. . ...........................................................54 8. . ....................................72 9. . ...............................................................74 10. . .......................................................75 11. . ....................................77 12. . ....................................................77 13. . ......................................................78 14. . ............................80 15. .........................................82 16. ( ). ................................83 17. . ............................85 18. .................................87
V
1. . ..............................................14 2. .................................................21 3. . ..........................25 4. ...........................26 5. . ........................26 6. . .........................................................................................................................27 7. ...............................................................................................................27 8. ( ). ..........................................................................60 9. ( )...........................................................61 10. ( ). ..............................................................61 11. , ( ). .................................................................61 12. ( ). ..........................................................................62 13. ( ). .........................................................63 14. ( ). ..............................................................63 15. , ( ). .................................................................63 16. ( ). ........................................................................64 17. ( ).........................................................64 18. ( ). ............................................................65 19. , ( ). ...............................................................65 20. ( ). .............................................66 21. ( ). ............................66 22. ( )..................................67 23. , ( ). ....................................67 24. ( ). ...........................................68 25. ( )............................68 26. ( ). ...............................68
VI
27. , ( ). ..................................69 28. . .....................................79 29. ( ). ..........................................................................89 30. ( )...........................................................89 31. ( ). ..............................................................89 32. , ( ). .................................................................90 33. ( ). ..........................................................................90 34. ( ). .........................................................90 35. ( ). ..............................................................91 36. , ( ). .................................................................91 37. ( ). ........................................................................91 38. ( ).........................................................92 39. ( ). ............................................................92 40. , ( ). ...............................................................92 41. ( ). .............................................93 42. ( ). ............................93 43. ( )..................................94 44. , ( ). ....................................94 45. ( ). ...........................................94 46. ( )............................95 47. ( ). ...............................95 48. , ( ). ..................................95 49. (1). ...........................................................................106 50. (2). ...........................................................................107 51. (3). ...........................................................................108 52. (4). ...........................................................................109 53. (5). ...........................................................................110 54. (6). ...........................................................................111 55. (7). ...........................................................................112
VII
56. (8). ...........................................................................113 57. .........................................................115
VIII
, , . , , , , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . .
IX
, , , . 5 . . , . , . . , . , (). , , , . , . : , , , , .
X
SUMMARYThe developments so much in technological and in the scientific sector, do not leave incurious the forestal science, part of which is also forest management. Forest management is practised almost 5 decades and it is fixed by specifications that are in effect all these years. It is imperative need to change this specifications and there exists already new thoughts in this subject. The new specifications will be supposed to support sustainable multipurposal or multifunctional management, as ordains the world tendency. Henceforth, the use of timber is considered exceeded and it will be supposed is given importance in the remainder products of forest and his operations. In this direction is moved also the present postgraduate thesis. Wanting applies multipurposal management in the region of study, that is the forestal cluster of Geraka Xanthi - Kimmerion. In order to complete the management, was preferred the solution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Was organised with all essential the Geodatabase, after it preceded collection, treatment, classification and extension of data. Followed the use of territorial data that resulted, in the reception of management metres, based on the viability of multiple uses and their territorial distribution. Keywords: sustainable forest management, multiple purposes, multiple functions, Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
XI
Good foresters must always look toward harvests that they will not live to reap Wendell Berry
1. . , . (Forest Management) , - , , , , (, 2005). , . ( 86/89) 40 , . ( 63.1): , : 1) 10223/958/1953 , 2) 158072/1120/1965 . , . (Sustainable Forest Management), . , (2005) , . , (Multifunctional Forest Management). ( ) (, 2005). , , , , , , . . .... ( ) . / ( , 2008). ... ( - , , , , , ) (, 2009).
2
. , , , (GIS). , , . (, , ) . ( ) . , . , : 1. . , . 2. . . 3. . . 4. . , , , . 5. . . 6. - . .
1.1 . , , , ( ). , ( ) ().
1.2 . , , . , , , , , . , .
3
1.3 (Raster), (Vector), . 1:50.000 1:5.000 (...), 1:50.000 1:500.000 (....), 1:5.000 . , 1:20.000 .... DWG (AutoCAD) : , , , , , 20 ., , . Excel, ( , , , . , , . 4, .
1.4 , , . . ( Geodatabase). . 4 , , . , . 70 . Roger Tomlinson. , , . , , , , , , (Health GIS). . Intergraph, ESRI, Leica, Manifold . ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 ESRI. ArcInfo, .
4
2. . , , . , . . . , , . , .
2.1 , , 86/89. . . , . , . , , 70. , ... (2009) : , 20 10. , (10223/958/1953 158072/1120/1965). , , : , , ( , , . ( ) : , . . , : 10,
5
, (.. , , .) 20. , , (2008): (10) , . : , () . , ... : 10 , . , 1979 , . : 1981, , . , 1998 . 2004 / , / / . 2008 / ( ), ... ( - , , , , , ) 2009. , ... ... ( .. 2009) : .
2.2 . , , . .
6
, , (), (). , . ... (2009) (, , ). , , , , , , , ( ). (2008) , . (2007) , . , (Alabama Forestry Commission, West Virginia Silvicultural, North Carolina Forestry, South Carolina Forestry, Tennessee Department of Agriculture / Division of Forestry) Best Management Practices. .
2.3 . , (2005) ( ) . ... (2009) , . () : , 79/409/, 92/43/ ( Natura 2000), 2000/60/ , INSPIRE. , : 1) , , 2) ( ), 3) ( ), 4) ,
7
( ), 5) , ( ), 6) ( ), 7) , , ( ) ( ) 8) ( ). , . (2008) , . : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) ( , , , , .), 6) , 7) , 8) , 9) ( , ) 10) . (2007) , . (, , , .). , ( .) . (2002) (, , .) ( -, , .) , . (2001) : (, , ), , , , , , , , ., , , , , , ,
8
, , , (, , .) . Virginia Natural Resources Leadership Institute (2006) ( University of Virginia Institute for Environmental Negotiation, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Department of Forestry) : (Timber), (Wildlife), (Recreation) (Forest Cooperatives) , . (2007) , . , , , , . Stiptzov Duerr (2005) , . Assenova Dobrichov (2005) . .. . , , . , . (European Environment Agency Report 2008). WWF (2009).
2.4 (GIS) , . , , . , ..., ....,
9
. ... (2009) ..., 1:5.000 ( 20.) , ..., 1:50.000 ( 20.), . 1:5.000 LSO .., (< 1.), (geodatabase). . , . (2008) , , , , . Upadhyay (2009) , , . Bettinger Wing (2004) (, , , .), , . Rao (2006) , . Baral (2004) ( ) , . Wang (2010) , () . ESRI (2006, 2010) , Lidar Mapping Forestry. Lowell, Edwards, Gold (2006) . . . . , , , , ( ).
10
2.5 , , . ( ), . , 40 , . , . . , , , .
11
3. , . , 2006 2007 2016. , . , . , , . , , .
3.1 , (. 1). 30.665 Ha (306,65 ..) . , ..., .
1. . 12
3.1.1 3.1.1.1 , , , . : : , , . , , , . : , . : , , , . , , ( ). : , , ( ) . 3.1.1.2 24 40 25 6 41 4 41 15 . , , , . . , . . , . 3.1.1.3 , , ) 1/5 , , . 1.
13
) 27, 29, 59 103 : 103 ERICA VERTICILLATA ( ) , 59 ( .), 27 29 . / . ( ) 265 254 155 147 118/123 45 26 118/1306 61 18/93 137/44 95 112 143 142 100, 107, 235 242, 256, 263 182 106 95, 230, 237, 248, 251 173 156/1289 . . . 78/1931
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22
180 100 120 80 200 100 100 170 200 1000 180 700 250 200 250 270 320 375 375 250 225 5870
24/1933
19/1934
1. .
3.1.1.4 , . ... 2005-2006.
14
3.1.1.5 3.1.1.5.1 , . 1992-2002 80. : 1. : : 14,86C : 4,95C : 26,26C : 37,48C : -4,21C 2. : 1992-2002 649,39 mm, . 25%. , , . 3. : : 61,29% : 71,18% : 92,06% : 28,91% .
4. : , , , 500-600 . ( ), , , , -, , , . , , , , . . , .
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3.1.1.5.2 1:50000 .... .... , . , . , . , . , , . , . , , : , . , , . , , , , , ... . , , . . . . . . : . . , . . . ... , , , (, ), . , , , , . , , ,
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. , , , . 60 1402 ( ) 600 . , , . , . 891 ., , 7.000 . 5 % 80%. 3.1.1.5.3 3 . 6 . , 5 , . 4 , , . , , , . 6 5 . 5 6 45 . . , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , , , . 3.1.1.6
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3.1.1.6.1 , , , , , . , , . , , . , , (, , , .) , : , , , , , , , ( 30-40 ), , , , , , , , , , . , 1933-36, 1938-39 194546 Pinus Brutia, Cupressus Sempervirens Pinus Nigra. , , , . . ( , ) : Fragaria sp, Hypericum parforatum, , , Primula sp, Galanthus sp, Scilla messeniana, Crocus sp, Rosa canina, , , Rosa sp, Erica sp, Trifolium sp, Hypericum sp, Campanula cervicaria, Erythroniym dens-canis, Driopteris Filia-mas, , Citiscus sp, , Hedera helix, Ruscus aculeatus, Viola sp, Festuca sp, Poa sp, Rubus sp, Crataegus sp, Briza sp, Corydalis sp, Muscari sp, Eurhorbia sp, , Belis perenis, Ruscos sp, Clematis vitalba, Thimus sp, . Natura 2000. ( SPA / Special Protection Areas) GR1120004
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, ( SCI / Sites of Community Importance) GR1120005 . , , (). : , , Fraxinus angustifolia, Quercus frainetto, - Salix alba Populus alba. ( 500 taxa). 11/7/1977. (: ). 3.1.1.6.2 , . , , , , , , , , , , , . , . . - , () (-) . , "" . . , Natura 2000, GR1120004 , GR1120005 . : Lutra lutra, Testudo hermanni, Testudo graeca, Emys orbicularis, Mauremys caspica, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Barbus plebejus, Cobitis taenia, Lycaena dispar. , (Lutra lutra). (Tadorna ferruginea). (: ). , : 1) " " ( 632/22-8-94), 2) " - " 3788 ./2006 ( 931/19-7-2001, 3) " " ( 561/23-9-85) 4) " " ( 1011/22-8-2001, . , . ,
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. , , . 3.1.1.7 3.1.1.7.1 , , .. , , . 11.675 2001 (....). . 2. ( ). , . 2, , , , . . 3.1.1.7.2 , , . , , , , . , 12 . . , . , " " "" . 8,41 m/Ha, . , , , , . 3.1.1.7.3
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, : : 19.063 Ha 62% : 4.052 Ha 13% : 2.991 Ha 10% : 4.3563 Ha 14% : 203 Ha 1% : 30.665 Ha / 1 .. / 2 3 4 . . 5 . 6 . . 3.222 7 5 4 3.238 1726 638 13 713 683 3.773 928 928 926 121 124 960 2.131 26 137 79 125 367 751 338 71 53 25 1.238 3.736 11.675
2. . 21
CORINE Land Cover 2000, : 111 - : 4,5 Ha 0,01% 112 - : 428,6 Ha 1,40% 121 - : 390,4 Ha 1,27% 131 - : 27,4 Ha 0,09% 211 - : 1635,5 Ha 5,33% 221 : 45,3 Ha 0,15% 231 : 313,0 Ha 1,02% 242 - : 210,5 Ha 0,68% 243 - : 2138,1 Ha 6,97% 311 - : 10714,2 Ha 34,94% 312 - : 362,1 Ha 1,18% 313 - : 263,0 Ha 0,86% 321 - : 3652,4 Ha 11,91% 323 - : 6621,5 Ha 21,59% 324 - : 3369,2 Ha 10,99% 331 - , , : 56,8 Ha 0,19% 332 - : 136,0 Ha 0,44% 333 - : 97,0 Ha 0,32% 511 : 199,5 Ha 0,66% 3.1.1.7.4 . , 30 . . , . , , : , , , , , , . , , . , . . . 37.000 (36.500 500 : 2006) . , . , . 22
, . , . , . . 3.1.1.7.5 , . , . . , 3.1.1.3. , , . 3.1.1.7.6 . , , . , , .
3.1.2 3.1.2.1 , , . 3.1.2.1.1 GPS . (1,2,3,4,) (,,,,). 101 , 247 (. 2). , (, .) .
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3.1.2.1.2 ( ), , 5 : . 113 . , . , , - ( ) . , ( , -). , 7978,388 Ha : 1. . . . . . 2. 3. 4. 5. (Ha) 4573,269 260,1689 88,2745 122,4535 402,5044 5446,671 1078,245 399,0483 1030,517 23,9078 7978,388
3. . . 41 . , . , . 2981,87 Ha : 1. . . . (Ha) 166,4149 1948,496 1,6715
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. . 2. 3. 4. 5.
169,5067 137,196 2423,286 294,6678 14,6175 241,5946 7,704 2981,87
4. . . 9 , . ( ). , , . 1049,36 Ha : 1. . . . . . 2. 3. 4. 5. (Ha) 41,0203 473,7316 85,9375 600,6894 98,1595 232,2442 35,735 82,5288 1049,36
5. . . 36 . , , , , , . , , , (Oxycedrus Foetetidissima), , (Celtis Australis). 7780,445 Ha : 1. . . . . (Ha) 26,0495 81,7429 12,4196 4235,447
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. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1141,031 5496,69 838,4482 365,9564 1051,685 27,6661 7780,445
6. . . 48 . , , , , , ( ) . 10781,76 Ha : 1. . . . . . 2. 3. 4. 5. (Ha) 129,3744 67,7205 140,0957 424,862 4296,839 5058,892 1713,002 1974,562 1974,34 60,9624 10781,76
7. . , . . 3 . . . 3.1.2.2 , .
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3.2.2 , , . AutoCAD . , DWG : 20 .. 1:50.000 ... ( ). .. 1:50.000 ... ( ). , .. 1:50.000 ... ( ). .. 1:50.000 ... ( ). (Labels / Annotations).
31
1:5.000 . ( ). ( ). GPS 1:5.000 . ( ). ( ). ( ) 1:5.000 . ( ). .. 1:50.000 ... ( ). .. 1:50.000 ... ( Labels). . , . , (shapefiles shp) , ( , .). , , AutoCAD.
3.2.3 Excel, . Excel : . .. . . . . . .
3.3 . , . , ... , . 32
4. . , , , , , ( , ) . , . , . , , , . , , . (Remote Sensing). . , , , .
4.1 3.2 , , . . (Raster) (..., .... .), , , , (DEM, DTM). (TIFF, JPEG, GIF, IMG .) GRID (ESRI) . , , . , , , , . (Spaces) , (Conflicts) . , (Vector) . DWG DXF (AutoCAD), SHP Coverage (ESRI), GDB MDB (ESRI), KML KMZ (Google Earth) .
33
, , . . , (Tables) . DOC (Microsoft Word), XLS (Microsoft Excel), DBF ( ), MDB (Microsoft Access), TXT ( binary files) . , . , .
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, , , . , , RMS. , , .) 1:5.000 ... AutoCAD 2009 (Correlation / Rubbersheet), Raster Design 2009. ArcGIS. . . , 1 . RMS 0,9 3 m. , . , . (: RMS 5 m. , , ., .) 1:50.000 .... 1:50.000 ..., . (: ...) 1:500.000 .... . ArcGIS, . .. 1:50.000 ... , , . , .. 1:50.000 ..., . RMS 38 m. 20 3 , RMS (). . (: RMS 100 m . , ....: 1) 1:500.000 2) 1:500.000 .) 1:20.000 .... ArcGIS. . . 1 RMS 38 42 m. (: RMS 50 m.) 1:5.000 . . . . ,
36
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, : 1:50.000 ... , , . . 1:5.000 ... . 1:50.000 .... , , . 1:500.000 .... ( ). . 1:20.000 .... , . 1:5.000 . . , . . , . (RRD Reduced Resolution Dataset), , , . . (: , , . , .) , . : Landsat 7 ETM+. (http://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/EarthExplorer/), 2000 2001, : elp182r031_7t20000614, elp182r032_7t20010820, elp183r031_7t20000621. 1,2,3,4,5 7 (ERDAS Layer Stack), (Spatial Enhancement) (ERDAS Resolution Merge). (ArcGIS Clip) WGS 84 UTM Zone 35N 87 (ArcGIS Project Raster). , . ASTER DEM. (http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/search.jsp), ASTGTM_N41E024_dem ASTGTM_N41E025_dem. (ArcGIS Mosaic), . WGS 84 UTM Zone 35N 87 (ArcGIS Project Raster) (Resample) 20 m. . Google Earth. Google Earth Pro.
38
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4.2.2 , , , . , , . , . , (Feature Class) . , , . , . 4.2.2.1 4.1, DWG (AutoCAD). (Layers), , , . , . ArcGIS ESRI . : SHP (shapefiles), , , , Coverage, . . , . , , (Geodatabase) MDB GDB, (Microsoft Access, Oracle, Microsoft SQL ). . . , , , , 39
, , ( ), . . , : , , , , , , , (MDS ... ArcGIS I). , ( - - .mdb) . (Feature Dataset), . , , , ANNOTATION . 4.2.2.2 . (Fields) (Attribute Table) (Feature Class) . DWG (Export to Geodatabase Single). DWG (Export to Geodatabase Multiple), . : . , , ANNOTATION. .. 1:50.000 ... . , . (EIDOS ): , , , , . , , . . __. . TEXT, DWG , ARI8MHSH () (Field Calculator). _, _, __. .
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TEXT , (Selection) . (Switch Selection) . , TEXT (Field Calculator). , (Spatial Join) . , (Merge) . . . ELEVATION, , YPSOMETRO () (Field Calculator). (: (Add XY Coordinates.) _. ( ), , , _ . (Topology) : Must Not Overlap ( ), Must Not Intersect ( ), Must Not Have Dangles ( ), Must Not Have Pseudos ( ), Must Not Self-Overlap ( ), Must Not Self-Intersect ( ), Must Be Single Part ( ), Must Not Intersect Or Touch Interior ( ). . , , , , , . (Intersect) . , . __. (Merge), (). (Feature To Polygon) __. _. (Editor Merge). _. . (Editor Merge). (Feature To Polygon), . _. . (Multipart 41
Features), Must Be Single Part. , . _. . _. . . . , , . , , (Editor Flip ). , , , 4.4. Strahler. , 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 3 ... , 2 , 2 , . , 6 . , , .. 1:50.000 ... , , . , (Dissolve Multipart Features) . , Strahler -__STRAHLER, __, Strahler __STRAHLER_. _20. . ELEVATION DWG , YPSOMETRO () (Field Calculator). (Multipart Features), Must Be Single Part. , (Dissolve No Multipart Features) . (Clip) __20. 100 (Select By Attributes) __100. (: , , . . , , (Must Not Overlap With), . .) . (Feature To Polygon).
42
, , (Spatial Join) , . , Ha, (Field Calculator), Shape_Area .. 10000, Ha. Ha (Calculate Geometry Area Ha). . : Must Not Overlap ( ) Must Not Have Gaps ( ). . , , , (Feature To Polygon). (Spatial Join) , . Ha, , . _. . (Spatial Join) , . , , , , . . . (Spatial Join) , . , . __. . , , ( ). , : , ( , ), , ( ), ( ), , , , , . , (Merge) . (Field Calculator). (Merge) .
43
, , (Erase) . , , , (Snap) , ( ) . , (Copy) (Eliminate By Area). : Must Not Overlap ( ) Must Not Have Gaps ( ). . (Dissolve) , . , (Eliminate By Area). 100 .., (1:20.000), 100 .. , (1995) , . __ . (Intersect) , ____, . , (Dissolve) , (Multipart Features) _____. , ( ). _. . : , , , , , . (Dissolve) ___. , , . (: , , ( ), a .
44
(Statistics) Shape_Length (). : Must Be Covered By Feature Class Of ( ), Must Cover Each Other ( ), Must Be Covered By ( ), Area Boundary Must Be Covered By Boundary Of ( ). : , , , __, ___, ____. .) , , , , . . , , . , Text , Double ( ) (Field Calculator, Calculate Geometry). , (Alias), (Attribute Table) . , , , (Smooth) (Edges), 0,001 mm, . . . (Vertices). , , .
4.2.3 , , , . , Excel. Excel, ArcGIS. , , 10 . , . _. , . , , (ODBC), , .
45
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() , . , , NDVI (Normalized Vegetation Index). , . . . , , . , , (Normalized Difference Water Index) ENVI , . , , . .. ( 25/5/2010). , 2007 2009 , . : : http://gis.ktimanet.gr/wms/ktbasemap/default.aspx, WMS (WebMappingService) 1.1.0 WGS84. , . ArcGIS, . ArcCatalog, (Catalog Tree) GIS Servers, Add WMS Server. , URL : http://gis.ktimanet.gr/wms/wmsopen/wmsserver.aspx? , . ArcMap .
4.3.2 , , . 4.3.2.1
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. , , . : . . KML : www.hellaspath.gr. ArcGIS (Data Interoperability Quick Import). WGS 84 87 (Project). (Merge) . . , , . . CDDA_GR ( ) CDDA_GR_ ( ). Natura . .. ( European Environment Agency) (http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/gr/eea/cdda1). (Clip) . . , . CORINE_LAND_COVER_2000 CORINE_LAND_COVER_2000_. .. CORINE Land Cover 2000. (http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/corine-land-cover-20002006). (Clip) . . , . . NATURA_SCI19A ( ) NATURA_SPA19 ( ). Natura. (http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/natura-2000). . , . , . __1_50000_, __1_5000_, __5000_, __5000_. .... . , . .
48
__1_50000_, __1_20000_. __1_50000_ . __1_5000_, (Editor Merge), 8 . 8 , 1 8 4. , . . . _. .... . . . 4.3.2.2 , , , , . : _. 1:50.000 1:500.000 .... ( , ). . : Must Not Overlap ( ) Must Not Have Gaps ( ). , , . . ___. (Feature To Polygon). . , . , . _. 4.2.2.2 . , . (TYPE) : , , , , -, -, , . .. 1:50.000 ..., , . (SURFACE) .
49
, . (WIDTH) , , 6., 1:5.000 . . (CONDITION) , , , . GPS, . . 4 , , % . , . (Feature Vertices To Points BOTH ENDS). (Add XY Coordinates) (DEM), 4.3.3 , (Surface Spot). (Dissolve) , , . , (Field Calculator). _ . (Spatial Join Intersected by it Min, Max) . . MIN_Z, MAX_Z (Field Calculator). (Field Calculator) (DZ). % (SLOPE) : (DZ * 100) / Shape_Length. / (VELOCITY_K), , , GPS ( 3 ). TIME_SECON ( ) . SLOPE_CATE % 2% 12% , 6 >12%. (Cost Weighted), (Feature To Raster) Raster 5, VALUE_RAST. , , . 4.3.2.3 , . , (Networks)
50
, (Logical Network) , (Undirected Network) . , , . , , . 4.2.2.2 , . , . , (Sources) (Sinks). 1 , , . , 1 (Select By Attributes) . (Feature Vertices To Points START), , 4.2.2.2. (__SOURCES), __GEOMETRIC_NETWORK, , 4.2.2.2. , , (Feature Vertices To Points END). , . (: , +1 -1 , .) (Geometric Network). (Build Geometric Network Wizard) : (Build a geometric network from existing features), ( , ), (Complex Edges), (No), , (Need to be Snapped), (No), , (Sources or Sinks), (Yes) , (Weights), , , (Finish) . __GN __GN_Junctions . ArcMap, AncillaryRole ( ) (Field Calculator) (Sink). Utility Network Analyst, . 6 ( ). 51
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53
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55
( ) . (Focal Statistics). (: , .) , . ArcGIS (3D Analyst) (Slope), (Aspect) (Hillshade). To . , . (: . ASTER 30m, (http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/search.jsp). , (ASTGTM_N41E024_dem.tif ASTGTM_N41E025_dem.tif). (Mosaic), WGS 84 87 (Project Raster) (Resample NN 20m), . .) 4.3.3.2 . . , , . , (Mosaic), . (Flow Direction). (Basin), (Raster to Polygon Simplify polygons). . (25 .) (Editor Merge). ( , , , ) .. (http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/european-river-catchments-1) (Spatial Join). , Strahler . (_). , (Editor Merge). (_). , ( ..) Strahler . , .
56
4.3.3.3 4.3.2.2 , . (3D). (Interpolate Shape) ( ). (__3D __3D) (ArcScene), .
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57
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59
, , , . , . , , ( ) , . , (2005) , . . : 749.583 m3 328.459 m3 109.301 m3 V 30.840 m3 : 1.218.181 m3 , . 5.2.1.1 , , . 5 , 3.1.2.1.2. , . , , , , , , . - . (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) 260,1689 13,7702 10,0309 88,2745 15,9276 4573,2693 663,813 274,2847 782,9131 122,4535 402,5044 6,6975 378,0367 39,0259 124,7636 198,5468 (Ha) 8,6341 15,2737
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60
(m3)
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(m3) 13207 1324 20029
(m3) (m3) 19996 28841 10412 6592 85466 285891 658 2371
(m3) 62044 18328 397749 658 2371
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9. ( ). (m3/Ha) 238,4758516 207,6250786 86,97257343 5,373468296 5,890618835 (m3/Ha) 6,98776833 4,553976516 4,556477792 0,01633273 0,00993778 (%) 2,930178583 2,193365343 5,238982373 0,303951368 0,168705188
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10. ( ). (m3) 62044 18328 397749 658 2371 (m3/) 1818 402 20838 2 4 (m3) 2201 562 13566
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61
19026,227 Ha , ( ), 4936,128 Ha 25,94% 427.003 m3, 35,05% . , . , : . , . . , , . . (, ), , . . , . , (, , , ) . 4%-10%. - . (Ha) (Ha) 1948,496 175,2321 1,6715 166,4149 36,8215 169,5067 137,196 11,9656 70,6486 (Ha) 119,8727 110,8682 6,8536 4,0001 (Ha) 7,704
(Ha) 13,4078 1,2097
(Ha) 2264,713 1,6715 315,3143 188,3259 211,8447
2423,286
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12. ( ). (m3) 22946 (m3) 21331 241 (m3) 95688 63 2602 (m3) 208590 181 11623 249 (m3) 348555 244 14466 249 (m3) 10896 5 777 1
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(m3/Ha) 178,8840872 145,9766677 86,9273124 1,468968483 0,255109478
(m3/Ha) 5,592004173 2,991325157 4,669053072 0,005899472 0
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14. ( ). (m3) 348555 244 14466 249 35 (m3)/) 10896 5 777 1 (m3) 16142 461
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15. , ( ). 19026,227 Ha , 2358,128 Ha 12,39% 438.975 m3, 36,04% , , , . , .
63
, , . 50% , 25% , . , -, . , , . , , . ( (, Hetsch 2005), .) 3-12% . - . (Ha) (Ha) 473,7316 41,0203 2,4548 0,9931 (Ha) (Ha)
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(m3/Ha) 301,2423068 77,76637421
(m3/Ha) 6,849870264 3,924885971
(%) 2,273873924 5,047021944
0,802909091
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18. ( ). (m3) 142708 3190 (m3)/) 3245 161 (m3) 4440 156
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19. , ( ). 19026,227 Ha , 716,192 Ha 3,76% 189.347 m3, 15,54% . ( 300/13-42006), . , . , 2/3 . , . 4998/11-09-2003 . . . . , , , . 2% - 5%.
65
- . (Ha) (Ha) 81,7429 5,7563 12,4196 26,0495 1,1222 4235,447 1141,031 257,7491 573,8206 (Ha) 29,7335 (Ha) 1,0961
(Ha)
(Ha) 118,3288 12,4196 27,1717 5723,954 1898,571
361,729 4,2274
843,2404 178,7106
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20. ( ). (m3) 1531 (m3) 272 3383 358 1584 (m3) 4162 8705 3521 8857 (m3) 9211 12613 5921 10851 13032 (m3) 15176 24701 9800 21292 13032 (m3) 461 541 545 47 24
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(m3/Ha) 224,0975775 176,3151903 75,74914357 50,1150962 3,032927229
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25. ( ). (m3/Ha) 161,4819146 271,1842571 69,02243805 28,4390263 4,11733006 (m3/Ha) 5,089127007 5,555734484 3,76206837 0,085469129 0,008764006 (%) 3,151515152 2,048693587 5,450500556 0,300534653 0,212856535
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27. , ( ). 19026,227 Ha , 6063,507 Ha 31,87% ( ) 20.205 m3 1,66% . . , (, , , ) . , 3%- 5%. 39.958 m3 ( : 40,87 %, : 41,55%, : 11,50 %, . : 1,01%, : 5,08%,) 3,28 % . 5.2.1.2 , . , . - . . (: 36.177, : 502), . , , . : , . , . , , . , . . 69
... ( ), 10 5 . : : 190.262 . 5 . , 190.262 / 5 = 38.052 / . : 40.225 . 1,2 . , 40.225 / 1,2 = 33.520 / . : 29.864 . 2,5 . , 29.864 / 2,5 = 11.945 / . : 43.338 . 1,2 . , 43.338 / 1,2 = 36.115 / . 46.174 12 3.847 . 3.847 12.738 . - . . : () . . . - . ... , () , . - . , . , , , , , , , , , , , . : . . . 5 " ".
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5.3 . , 5.1 . , , , . , , ( ) . , , , . . , , , , , 4. , . , , , . . , (2005) , . 73
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5.3.1 , , , , . , , . Best Management Practices (BMP) . . , 35 (10,668 .) , 50 (15,24 .) (Alabama). , (, ), . , 8% 35 , 8% 50 . (Buffer) (Merge), (Explode) 56 , 2288 Ha, , , . . 11 ( ) . , . (Selection) , , . (Merge) (Explode). 32 , 594 Ha, . . 12 ( ). , (2008), , . . 13 . , .
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18 . Natura, . . , () - . , . . 18 ( . , . . (. 18), . , , , , , , . .
5.3.7 . . , . , . , . .. . , , Natura, ..
5.3.8 . , . .. . . , , . , . , -
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