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Modules 3-6. Research Strategies Neural & Hormonal Systems Tools of Discovery/brain structures The Cerebral Cortex & our divided brain. Research Strategies. Scientific Method *operational (objective) definitions *replicate the study *valid (tests what it is supposed to) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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RESEARCH STRATEGIES
NEURAL & HORMONAL SYSTEMS
TOOLS OF DISCOVERY/BRAIN STRUCTURES
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX & OUR DIVIDED BRAIN
Modules 3-6
Research Strategies
Scientific Method *operational (objective) definitions *replicate the study *valid (tests what it is supposed to) *reliable (consistent results)
Correlation vs. CausationDescriptive Correlational ExperimentalCase Study (Collect data on 2 or more
variables – no manipulation)
Laboratory Study
Naturalistic Observation
(Just observe and record – look for
(manipulate one or more factors)
Survey natural relationships.)
WORDING – IMPORTANT!RANDOM SAMPLE
POPULATION SIZE & MAKE-UP
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT(STRONG VS. WEAK)
(POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE)
SCATTERPLOT (REVEALING)
More about research …
Experimentation
Control Group & Experimental GroupDependent Variable (depends on what you do to
the other one!)Independent Variable (manipulated by
researcher)Confounding Variables (other factors that can
impact results)Blind Study – participants don’t know if they get
the “treatment”Double Blind Study – participant and researcher
don’t know if participant gets “treatment”
STATISTICS (YEAH!! ! )
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (MEAN/MEDIAN/MODE)
MEASURES OF VARIATION(RANGE/STANDARD DEVIATION)NORMAL CURVE (BELL CURVE)
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO PAGE 41
REMEMBER – DIFFERENCES MAY BE SIGNIFICANT BUT STILL NOT IMPORTANT.
*great summary on page 37.
I highly recommend!
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES ARE BETTER THAN BIASED SAMPLES
LESS-VARIABLE OBSERVATIONS ARE MORE RELIABLE THAN THOSE THAT
ARE MORE VARIABLE
MORE CASES ARE BETTER THAN FEWER
Just a bit more about statistics…
Module 4 – Biology…
Phrenology & Dr. GallNeurons – cell body, dendrite fibers (receive
information), axon fibers (send messages)“Dendrites Listen & Axons Speak”Myelin Sheath = insulator
No insulator = multiple sclerosis – degenerative loss of muscle control
~ Action potential – electrical impulse (2-180 mph)~ Threshold – if this is exceeded, the party’s on! All or nothing response, though. One neural impulse doesn’t get stronger - more neurons fire
Previous slide taken from:
http://www.kizoomlabs.com/products/the-adventures-of-ned-the-neuron/
Other images from: Google Images
Neurotransmitters
Synapse=meeting point between neurons
Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers. Enable the connections between neurons. When fired, neurotransmitters are released and connect (like lock & key) to another neuron. This excites (or inhibits) the continued firing of the message.
Reuptake is when the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess chemical.
Neurotransmitters, continued
Please look at the table on page 52 Endorphins – neurotransmitter similar to morphineDrugs/other chemicals affect brain chemistry by
exciting or inhibiting the firing of neurons. Agonist molecules – mimic neurotransmitters Antagonist molecules – inhibit/block transmitter functions
Read about Botulin (Botox) on page 53.
Nervous System
Previous slide taken from: http://www.rhsmpsychology.com/
I would recommend visiting this site. This instructor uses the same textbook and has some relevant handouts and study materials that may help you. ~I will let you know if I find helpful resources for you to use – if you find any, I would appreciate it it you would please share them with me.
Central Nervous System
Reflexes – a warm headless body can do it.
What about paralysis and sex?
Direct stimulation (reflex) vs. images/feelings…(mental)
Endocrine System and Hormones
Hormones – chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream.
Sex/Food/AggressionSlower than neurotransmitters but some are
similar. If it takes time to effect you, also may take longer to dissipate. “Simmer Down”
In times of stress/danger – Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) tells adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenalin/noradrenaline) ~ Raises BP, HR and blood sugar
GROWTH HORMONES
OXYTOCIN – AIDS BIRTH AND …
MASTER GLAND – IMPACTS OTHER GLANDS.
Pituitary Gland
EEG – ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
SHOWER-CAP-LIKE HAT FILLED WITH ELECTRODES & CONDUCTIVE GEL
NO DIRECT ACCESS TO BRAINSTIMULUS – SEE CHANGES DUE TO
STIMULUS
“LISTEN TO THE HUM”
Brain Scans
PET – POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
SHOWS BRAIN’S CONSUMPTION OF GLUCOSE – ACTIVE NEURONS EAT IT UP!
RADIOACTIVE GLUCOSE TRACKED BY MACHINE – SHOWS “HOT SPOTS” WHERE
BRAIN IS MOST ACTIVE
Brain Scans
MRI – MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
PERSON’S HEAD IS PUT IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD THEN RADIO-WAVE
PULSE DISRUPTS ALIGNED ATOMS AND WHEN THE ATOMS RETURN TO A NORMAL SPIN, THEY PROVIDE A PICTURE OF THE SOFT TISSUES
Brain Scans
Brain Scans
fMRI – functional MRI
Where the brain is especially active, blood goes. Repeated MRI scans can show where the blood is
going as a patient performs different functions
Mind Reading?
Structures of the Brain
Brain StemCerebellum – base of skull – “little brain”
Nonverbal learning & memory Time / emotions Balance / walking / shaky hands
Limbic SystemAmygdala – aggression / fear
Hypothalamus –hunger / thirst / body temp / sexual behavior
Module 6
Cerebrum=85% of brain’s weightCerebral Cortex – like the bark on a tree. “Thinking Crown”
Size of a large pizza Ultimate Control Center 20-23 billion nerve cells
300 trillion synaptic connections
4 lobes of the brain
FrontalParietalOccipitalTemporal
• ALL THESE INTERPLAY
Cortex
Motor Cortex – mapping brain activity – every thought is a neural event
Sensory Cortex – occipital lobe – sensory area – bash=blindness – stimulation=flashes of light (see stars)
Auditory Cortex – Schizophreniaauditory hallucinations seen via MRI
Association areas: stimulation doesn’t result in any observable response – more difficult to map
Phineas Gage – page 74
Plasticity – ability of brain to repair itself following injury.
NeurogenesisSplit Brains
We don’t know much about the brain!
Brain Damage
Sometimes brain can re-route pathways. Plasticity Neurogenesis Stem Cells May change personality
Everything psychological is also biological.
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