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Mineral Nutrition forVegetable Crops
Liz Maynard, Dept. of Hort and LA, Purdue
January 5, 2017 Illiana Vegetable Growers Symposium1
$$FertilizerCost
15-50%preharvest
variablecosts3– 10%
GrossReturns
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6/25 7/5 7/15 7/25
FoliarBlackRotSymptoms(%)
Date
Fig. 2. Black rot at EcoHio and LIFE Farms. a. Soil amendment effects.
FTNSVDVM
a.
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HealthySoilPhysical
– Structure– PoreSpace– PoreSizes
Biological– Arthropods– Earthworms– Microbes
Chemical– pH– Mineralnutrients– Otherelementsandcompounds
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EssentialElementsforPlants
4
MacronutrientsNitrogen NPhosphorus PPotassium K
Calcium CaMagnesium MgSulfur S
MicronutrientsCopper CuIron FeManganese MnMolybdenum MoNickel NiZinc ZnBoron BChlorine Cl
soil minerals
soil organic matter
––
–
––
–
– –
–
H+H+H+
H+
H+
H+
–Ca++
Ca++Ca++
K+
K+
NH4+ NO3
-
H2PO42-
K+
SO4- Fe Mg2+
Ca2+
cation exchange sites
soil solution
Inputs:Fertilizers•OrganicMatter
NitrogenFixation
Losses:Leaching•PlantRemovalErosion•Denitrification E.Maynard
PurdueUniv.
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SoilTestforpHandPlantNutrients
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
pH6.0- 6.8
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Crop
N(lb
./100
0sq.ft.)
Bean
s, sn
ap0.9
Peas
0.9As
parag
us, e
stabli
shed
1.1Ra
dish
1.1Sw
eet p
otato
1.4Cu
cumb
er, sl
icers
1.8Pu
mpkin
1.8Sq
uash
, hard
1.8Sq
uash
, sum
mer
1.8Zu
cchin
i1.8
Turni
p2.1
Musk
melon
2.3W
aterm
elon
2.3Be
ets, re
d2.3
Gree
ns, le
afy
2.3Ru
tabag
a2.3
Swiss
chard
2.3Le
ttuce
, leaf
2.3Ca
rrots,
fresh
mark
et 2.3
Parsl
ey2.3
Parsn
ip2.3
Pepp
er, be
ll2.3
Eggp
lant
2.8To
mato,
fresh
mark
et 2.8
Swee
t corn
2.8Ca
bbag
e, Ch
inese
2.8Pa
k cho
i2.8
Garlic
2.8
Onion
, gree
n3.0
Broc
coli
3.2Br
usse
ls sp
routs
3.2Ca
bbag
e, fre
sh m
arket
3.2Ca
uliflo
wer
3.2Ko
hlrab
i3.2
Lettu
ce, h
ead
3.2Le
ttuce
, roma
ine
3.2Ma
rket g
arden
3.2
Celer
iac3.4
Leek
3.4Sp
inach
3.9Po
tato
4.1On
ion, d
ry bu
lb 4.4
Celer
y, fre
sh m
arket
4.6
01
23
45
Beans,snap
Peas
Asparag
us,esta
blished
Radis
h
Sweetp
otato
Cucumb
er,slicers
Pump
kin
Squash,hard
Squash,sum
mer
Zucchin
i
Turnip
Muskm
elon
Wate
rmelo
n
Beets
,red
Greens,le
afy
Rutab
aga
Swissch
ard
Lettu
ce,le
af
Carro
ts,freshm
arket
Parsley
Parsn
ip
Pepp
er,bell
Eggplan
t
Toma
to,fr
eshm
arket
Sweetcorn
Cabb
age,Ch
inese
Pakc
hoi
Garlic
Onion
,green
Broccoli
Brusselssprouts
Cabb
age,fre
shm
arket
Cauliflo
wer
Kohlr
abi
Lettu
ce,head
Lettu
ce,ro
maine
Mark
etgarden
Celer
iac Leek
Spina
ch
Potat
o
Onion
,dry
bulb
Celer
y,fre
shm
arket
N(Lb
/100
0sq.ft.)
100lb./A
140lb./A
200lb./ANitrogenRecommendationsforVegetableCrops
Adaptedfrom
Warncke
etal.20
04
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NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer
12
PreviousCrop NitrogenCreditlb/AN
Alfalfa,established 40+%stand
Clover,established 40+0.5%stand
Wheat +Legume 30+0.5%stand
Soybeans 30
Warncke
etal.20
04
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer
13
CoverCrops• Needtoknowdryweightofcovercrop/AandpercentNManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPS
www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition
SoilOrganicMatter
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Presidedress NitrateTest(PSNT)
14
UsefulforestimatingnitrogensupplyduringthegrowingseasonSamplesoilshortlybeforerapidcropgrowthandsidedressing ortopdressingDrysamplequicklyorfreezeandsendtosoilanalysislabGuidelinesfromtheNortheast:Sweetcornnosidedressing neededifNO3-N>20-25ppmintop12inchesPumpkin,wintersquash,cabbage,peppers:nosidedressing neededifNO3-N>25-30ppm intop12inches
Reference:UsingthePre-Sidedress SoilNitrateTesttoImproveNitrogenManagementinVegetableCroppingSystems.Spargo,Mangan,andHowell,2013.https://soiltest.umass.edu/fact-sheets/using-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-improve-nitrogen-management-vegetable-cropping
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Phosphorus(P)
15
Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop
Warncke etal.2004
Soil Test P*(ppm)
Phosphorus Application
< 35 Build-up
35 - 80 Maintenance
> 80 None needed*Bray-KurtzP1extraction.
P2O5RemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Watermelo
n
Rhubarb
Radish
Tomato,freshmarket
Tomato,processing
Broccoli
Cucumber,slicers
Pumpkin
Swisschard
Turnip
Pepper,ba
nana
Pepper,be
ll
Pepper,ho
t
Cabbage,freshmarket
Eggplan
t
Zucchin
i
Carro
ts,freshm
arket
Celery,freshmarket
Greens,leafy
Lettuce,leaf
Muskm
elon
Beets,red
Squash,hard
Squash,sum
mer
Beans,snap
Sweetpotato
Cauliflower
Onion
,drybu
lb
Onion
,green
Potato
Spina
ch
Garlic
Marketgarden
Sweetcorn
Brusselssprouts
Parsn
ip
Asparagus,established
Peas
P2O5Removed(lb/ton) Lb./100lb.0.25
Adaptedfrom
Warncke
etal.20
04
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Potassium(K)
17
Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop
Warncke etal.2004
Soil K(ppm)
Potassium Application
Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100g)
4 16<85 <115 Build-up
85-135 115-165 Maintenance
>135 >165 None needed
K2ORemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Watermelo
n
Cucumber,slicers
Turnip
Onion
,drybu
lb
Onion
,green
Eggplan
t
Radish
Pepper,ba
nana
Pepper,be
ll
Pepper,ho
t
Garlic
Marketgarden
Sweetcorn
Greens,leafy
Zucchin
i
Squash,hard
Squash,sum
mer
Cauliflower
Pumpkin
Cabbage,freshmarket
Carro
ts,freshm
arket
Rhubarb
Tomato,freshmarket
Tomato,processing
Beets,red
Lettuce,leaf
Parsn
ip
Swisschard
Brusselssprouts
Asparagus,established
Peas
Broccoli
Muskm
elon
Beans,snap
Celery,freshmarket
Spina
ch
Potato
Sweetpotato
K2ORemoved(lb/ton)
Lb./100lb.0.70
Adaptedfrom
Warncke
etal.20
04
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Pumpkins
29
Nitrogen:– Preplant:50– Sidedress:30-40
Total:80-90lb./A
Sidedressing Nnotneededifsoilorganicmatterisgreaterthan3%andfollowingalegume
MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.104
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Pumpkins
30
Phosphorus– 0to150lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:36lb./AP2O5
Warncke etal.2004
Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25
Recommended Lb. P2O5/A
25 118 136
45 - 80 18 36
90 0 0
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Pumpkins
31
Potassium– 0to200lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:170lb./AK2O
Warncke etal.2004
Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25CEC-> 4 12 4 12
Recommended Lb. K2O/A
40 156 206 224 274
115 102 102 170 170
135 0 102 0 170
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Pumpkins.Option1.
35
Preplant:– 36lb./ANfrom80lb.urea(45-0-0)– 14lb./ANand– 36lb.P2O5from78lb.DAPbanded2x2– 170lb./AK2Ofrom283lb.KCl (0-0-60)
Sidedress:– 30lb./ANfrom10gallons28%UAN
Urea:45-0-0(N-P2O5-K2O)36lb./Adividedby0.45=80lb./ADAP:18-46-014lb./Adividedby0.18=78lb./A36lb./Adividedby0.46=78lb./AKCl:0-0-60170lb./Adividedby0.60=283lb./AUAN:28-0-0,10.65lb./gal30lb./Adividedby0.28=107lb.AUAN107lb./10.65lb./gal=10gal
Formulas:1.Lbs.nutrientperAdividedby%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal,e.g.10%=0.10)=Lbs.fertilizerperA
2.Lbs.fertilizerperAtimes%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal)=Lbs.nutrientperA
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Tomatoes
38
Nitrogen:– Preplant:30– Transplantstarter:– Sidedress:60-80
Total:100-120lb./A
Reducebycreditsfromlegumesandsoilorganicmattergreaterthan3%
MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.125-126
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Tomatoes
40
Phosphorus– 0to240lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:24lb./AP2O5
Warncke etal.2004
Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30
Lb. P2O5/A
25 116 124
45 - 80 16 24
90 0 0
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Tomatoes
41
Potassium– 0to300lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:210lb./AK2O
Warncke etal.2004
Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30CEC-> 4 12 4 12
Lb. K2O/A
40 194 244 264 300
115 140 140 210 210
135 0 140 0 210
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AcresorLinearBedFeet?
42
Acres175ft.X90ft.=15,750ft2
15,750ft2/43,560ft2/A=0.36A
LinearBedFeet(LBF)Bedson5-ftcenters175ft.X18beds=3,150LBF
90ft.
175ft.
90ft.
175ft.
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BedSpacing LBF/A
Fertilizer Rate (lb/A)30 60 90 120 150 180 210
(ft.) FertilizerRate(lb./LBF)3 14,520 0.0021 0.0041 0.0062 0.0083 0.0103 0.0124 0.0145
4 10,890 0.0028 0.0055 0.0083 0.0110 0.0138 0.0165 0.0193
5 8,712 0.0034 0.0069 0.0103 0.0138 0.0172 0.0207 0.0241
6 7,260 0.0041 0.0083 0.0124 0.0165 0.0207 0.0248 0.0289
8 5,445 0.0055 0.0110 0.0165 0.0220 0.0275 0.0331 0.0386
FertilizerRatesperLinearBedFoot
Seepp.16-17of2017ID-56
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Tomatoes– Option2.1000LBF
48
Nitrogen:– Preplant:3.4lb Nfrom7.6lb.urea.Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.
– Transplantstarter:0.27lb.Nfrom30fl.oz.10-34-0– Fertigate:8.0lb.N
• 5.0lb.NfromCalciumnitrate,32.4lb.–3.2lb.CNperweekfor10weeks
• 3.0lb.NfromPotassiumnitrate,21.2lb.–2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks
Total:11.7lb./1000LBFCost:$2.27+$16.77+$15.58=$34.62(doesnotincludestarter)
CalculationsforstarterfertilizerRecommendedrateis48fl.oz.10-34-0in50gal.solution,use8oz.perplant.1.Howmuch10-34-0isneeded?Assume500plantsX8fl.oz.solutionperplant=31gal.ofsolutionneededfor1000LBFFor31gal.ofsolution,use31/48=30fl.oz.10-34-0.
2.HowmuchNandP2O5isinthesolution?1gallon10-34-0weighs11.65lb.30fl.oz.of10-34-0weighs(30/128)X11.65=2.7lb.10-34-0is10%Nbyweightand34%P2O5
2.7lb X0.10=0.27lb.N2.7lb.X0.34=0.93lb.P2O5
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Tomatoes– Option2.,cont.1000LBF
49
Phosphorus:– Starter:0.93lb.P2O5 from30fl.oz.10-34-0
Total:0.93lb./1000LBFCost:$0.61Potassium:
– Preplant:9.75lb K2Ofrom16.3lb.potassiumchloride(0-0-60).Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.
– Fertigate:9.75lb K2Ofrom21.2lb.potassiumnitrate• 2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks
Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCost:$4.84+$15.58(alreadyincludedinNcost)
N-P-KTotalcost:$40.07
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Tomatoes– Option3.1000LBF
50
Nitrogen:– Preplant:
• 4.4lb.Nfromhairyvetch/ryecovercrop,killedearlyMay• 3.4lb.Nfrom48.6lb.13-0-0organicfertilizer(assume7%available)0.8lb.Nfrom4bushels(140lb)compost3-2-2(assume0.6%available)
– Sidedress:2.9lb.Nifneeded• from41lb.13-0-0
Total:11.5lb./1000LBFCostfor13-0-0:$58
Ifsoilishighinorganicmatterandthereisahistoryofaddingorganicsoilamendments,13-0-0maynotbeneeded
Pricesfor13-0-0frompricepaidin2013forbaggedproduct.
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Tomatoes– Option3.,cont.1000LBF
51
Phosphorus:– Preplant:2.8lb.from4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)
Total:2.8lb./1000LBFCost:??Potassium:
– Preplant:• 2.8lb K2Ofrom4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)• 16.7lb K2Ofrom33lb.potassiumsulfate(0-0-52)
Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCostforpotassiumsulfate:$15- $40
CostofbaggedNandK2O:$73- $98
Plus:covercropseed,compost
PricesforKSfromwholesalesupplierwebsiteandpricequotein2014.
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EfficientFertilizerUseClosetotimeofcropuseInrootzoneofcrop
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FoliarFertilization
53
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Product Rate*Sprays*Nutrients Applied % ofTomatoCropUptake†
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2ON-P2O5-K2O lb/A no. lb/A
18-18-18 5-10 3-5 2.7-9 2.7-9 2.7-9 1.5- 5 5.6-19 0.8- 3
20-5-5 3-10 5-10 3-20 0.75-5 0.75-5 1.6- 11 1.6- 10 0.2- 1.5
4-41-27 5-10 3-5 0.6-2 6-20 4-13 0.3- 1 12- 42 1.2- 3.8
ExampleFoliarFertilizationRatesfromProductLabels
*Rateandnumberofsprayssuggestedbyproductlabel.ThisisnotaPurduerecommendation.†TomatouptakeestimatedatN:182lb/A;P2O548lb/A,K2O337lb/A,foryield30tons/A.LorenzandMaynard1980.
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FoliarFertilizationWhenRootUptakeisPrevented–PrimaryandSecondaryNutrients
60
Nutrient Lb/A Source
N 4- 5 Urea,UAN,AN,AS,Ca N
K 1- 4 Ksulfate
Ca 1-2 Canitrate,Cachloride
Mg 1- 2 Mgsulfate
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FoliarFertilization
61
Micronutrients–Responsivecrops– Identifieddeficiency– Soilapplicationnotpracticaloreffective
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FoliarFertilization- Micronutrients
62
Element Lb/A Source HighlyResponsiveCrops
B 0.1- 0.3Sodium
borate,boricacid
Beet,Broccoli, Carrot,Cauliflower,Celery,Parsnip,Rutabaga,Tomato,Turnip
Mn 1-2 Mn sulfateBean,Cuke,Garlic,Greens,Lettuce,Onion,Pea,Potato,Pumpkin,Radish,
Spinach,Squash,Sweetcorn
Zn 1/2 Znsulfate Bean,Onion, Spinach,Sweetcorn
Chelatedelementsmayalsobeused;followlabelinstructions.Reference:NutrientRecommendationsforVegetableCropsinMichigan,E2934.Warncke,DahlandZansdtra,2004.
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MonitoringandAdjustingaPlan
63
InSeason– Soilnitratetest– Planttissuesampling–On-farmplantorsoiltesting
AfterorBetweenSeason– Soiltest– Endofseasonsoilnitrate?
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Recordkeeping
64
SoiltestresultsLime:typeandtons/AFertilizers:
– Type,analysis,lbs./A– Applicationmethod
Othersoilamendments– Type,nutrientcontent,lbs./A
Covercrops:– Species,seedingrates,plantandterminationdates,terminationmethod
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ResourcesMidwestVegetableProductionGuidefor2017(ID-56)mwveguide.org/PurdueEducationStoreedustore.purdue.edu SoilSamplingforP,K,andLimeAY-281-WNutrientRecommendationsforVegetableCropsinMichigan(E2934)msue.anr.msu.edu/resources/nutrient_recommendations_for_vegetable_crops_in_michigan_e2934ManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPSwww.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-EditionUsingthePre-Sidedress SoilNitrateTesttoImproveNitrogenManagementinVegetableCroppingSystems.https://soiltest.umass.edu/fact-sheets/using-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-improve-nitrogen-management-vegetable-croppingIndianaNutrientManagement/SoilHealthhttps://inagnutrients-public.sharepoint.com
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LizMaynard219-548-3674emaynard@purdue.eduClinicalEngagementAssistantProfessorandVegetableExtensionSpecialistDept.ofHorticultureandLandscapeArchitecturePurdueUniversityPOBox1759Valparaiso,IN46384
66
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