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Memory Strategies
Starter: Answer the following exam question on strategies for improving memory…
Tip: 1 mark for identifying a strategy, 1 mark for explaining how it works and 1 mark for an example…x2
Memory Strategies How did you do?
Swap your exercise books with your partner and mark their work, using the mark scheme below. Also write: WWW – What went well… EBI – What they could do to improve their answer…
Cognitive Psychology
MODELS OF MEMORY The Multi-Store Model of Memory [MSM] (Atkinson &
Shiffrin, 1968) The Working Memory Model
You need to outline & evaluate both models
What is a “Model of Memory”?
A model of memory is a representation of memory It helps us understand how memory works and what
memory looks like inside our heads
Today we will be learning about the multi store
model of memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
The Multi-Store Model
The information we learn passes through a number of STORES during the journey from Short term memory to Long Term memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
The Multi-Store Model
The information we learn passes through a number of STORES during the journey from Short term memory to Long Term memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
Sensory Memory (SM)
Short Term Memory (STM)
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Information
Attention
Rehearsal
Transfer
Retrieval
Forgetting
The Multi-Store Model
According to the model each store differs in terms of the way it encodes information, its capacity and duration
Task – What do we mean by…1.Capacity of information in each store?
2.Duration of information in each store?
3. How we encode information in each store?
Capacity
DurationEncoding
Space - The amount of information that can be stored
Time - How long the information can be stored
Format - The way in which the information is represented e.g. sound or image
Capacity, Duration and Encoding…
SM :•Capacity: Unknown but very limited•Duration: Very limited period (1-2 secs)•Encoding: Raw/Unprocessed (all 5 senses)
LTM •Capacity: Unlimited•Duration: Lifetime/Years•Encoding: Semantic (Meaning)
Sensory Memory (SM)
Short Term Memory (STM)
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Information
Attention
Rehearsal
Transfer
Retrieval
ForgettingSTM :•Capacity: Limited (about 7+- 2)•Duration: Very limited (20 secs)•Encoding: Acoustic (sound)
Robinson (2014) ExperimentA Petersons & Petersons Rip-Off
This experiment investigates the duration of your STM. You will be shown letter trigrams which you will then recall.
Ethical Issues:
Please raise your hand if I have your informed consent
You have the right to withdraw if you feel stressed
The Results
Task: 1)Summarise the results from the study. 2) What can we conclude about the duration of our STM?
After 18secs, fewer than 10% recalled
correctly.After only 3secs, 80% recalled
correctly.
Recall got progressively worse as the delaygrew longer!
Evaluating Peterson & Peterson (1959)
Sample IssuesHis sample lacked population validity – they were all students from America.
Methodological Issues
Trigrams are artificial – Therefore it lacks ecological validity
Participants may have mixed up the trigrams in the last conditions.
Ethical Issues Maybe he broke
protection from harm?
He dealt with many: Got informed consent from participants and gave the right to withdraw.
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